膨胀石墨制备及其1.064μm激光消光性能（英文）

基于两步氧化插层先驱体法制备了不同膨胀体积的膨胀石墨,分析了先驱体、膨胀石墨的微观结构和微观形貌;利用静态测试系统测试了膨胀石墨对1.064μm激光的消光行为,据此计算了其对1.064μm激光的质量消光系数,得到了该系数与膨胀体积的依赖关系,并从消光机理进行了原因分析。结果表明:通过控制和优化先驱体合成条件,可以制得膨胀体积高达600mL·g-1的膨胀石墨;两步插层导致先驱体的层间距(d002)明显大于天然石墨,当其d002从0.359 0nm增至0.371 1nm时,所得膨胀石墨的膨胀体积从267mL·g-1增至600mL·g-1;膨胀石墨平均质量消光系数与膨胀体积呈近似线性关系,当膨胀体积由233mL·g-1增至600mL·g-1时,该系数从0.20m2·g-1升至0.48m2·g-1;膨胀石墨对1.064μm激光呈非选择性散射,膨胀体积大,导致几何面积大,对1.064μm激光的散射能力增强;同时,膨胀石墨中出现了更深的孔隙或孔腔,可作为等效黑体增强对入射激光的吸收.     

先驱体成型压强对膨胀石墨性能的影响

为了实现石墨插层化合物在光电干扰领域的应用,对不同成型压强可膨胀石墨先驱体的微观形貌、膨胀体积及膨胀后的红外干扰性能进行了研究.制备了一系列压强下的成型样品,采用扫描电镜分析其微观形貌变化并用体视显微镜观察了由成型先驱体制得的膨胀石墨蠕虫的形貌.对各样品的膨胀体积进行了测量,并测试分析了各样品所得膨胀石墨对8~14μm波段红外的干扰性能.结果表明:可膨胀石墨先驱体受压成型后其鳞片和片层发生弯折、扭曲甚至碎裂,被打开的片层间距变小,插层结构被破坏;成型压强由0MPa增至50MPa,其膨胀体积由356mL/g减小到216mL/g,相应膨胀石墨的红外遮蔽率从0.87减小到0.42.因此,可膨胀石墨先驱体受压成型会破坏其形貌,其膨胀体积和红外干扰性能随着成型压强的增大而减小.     

膨胀石墨体积膨胀率对毫米波衰减性能的影响

膨胀石墨是一种具有潜在应用价值的红外/毫米波无源干扰一体化材料.本文依次以硝酸和磷酸、硝酸和乙酸的混酸为插层剂,高锰酸钾为氧化剂,采用分步插层法制备了不同体积膨胀率的膨胀石墨.采用扫描电镜分析了膨胀石墨微观结构随膨胀体积的变化;采用静态测试方法测试了不同体积膨胀率膨胀石墨的毫米波衰减性能.结果表明:随膨胀体积的增大,膨胀石墨层壁更薄,片层被充分打开,其有更多的微小薄片的尺度分布介于几微米到几十微米之间;膨胀石墨对毫米波的衰减性能随膨胀体积的增大而增大,当膨胀体积从233mL/g增大到450mL/g时,其3mm波衰减性能从5.7dB增大到8.68dB.     

膨胀石墨 3 mm波消光数值计算

为探讨膨胀石墨作为3 mm波干扰材料的消光、散射特性及其影响因素, 基于有限长度、有限电导率圆柱状导体的电磁散射, 利用矩量法建立了膨胀石墨的消光、散射、吸收及后向散射截面(雷达散射截面RCS)的计算式. 运用Mathematica编程计算并分析了膨胀石墨长度、半径、电导率、磁导率等因素与膨胀石墨消光、散射、吸收截面及RCS的关系. 结果表明: 当膨胀石墨的长度为1.5 mm、半径为0.05 mm时, 具有较好的消光、散射效果; 适当增大膨胀石墨的电导率、磁导率, 有利于提高其消光、散射能力. 本研究为探索增强膨胀石墨干扰3 mm波效果的技术途径提供了有价值的参考. 关键词： 膨胀石墨 石墨层间化合物 消光截面 矩量法     

基于Monte Carlo方法的雾红外传输仿真及分析

为了研究多次散射效果下红外辐射在雾中的传输衰减特性,基于Mie散射理论,计算了1.064μm、3.8μm和10.6μm激光在平流雾和辐射雾中的消光参量和多粒子散射相位函数.利用Monte Carlo法建立了辐射传输模型,分析了多次散射效应下接收屏、能见度和传输距离对透过率的影响,并与Lambert-Beer定律计算结果进行了比较.结果表明:当能见度和传输距离均为1km时,1.064μm激光在平流雾中的接收屏粒子数随接收屏边长的增加而显著增加;相同的能见度和传输距离下,激光在辐射雾中的衰减小于在平流雾中的衰减;10.6μm激光在平流雾中具有很好的传输性;当粒子散射能力越强、前向散射概率越大时,多次散射对透过率的贡献越明显;激光在雾中的传输衰减特性不仅与消光系数有关,还与散射系数密切相关;能见度和传输距离存在最佳组合,使得此传输条件下多次散射对透过率的贡献最大.     

激光在云雾中传输的消光特性（英文）

研究了大气分子和云雾粒子对入射激光的吸收与散射效应.采用Kruse模型、单次散射近似法和蒙特卡洛法计算了谱分布参量不同的三种云雾对0.86μm波长激光的消光特性,结果表明:能见度小于0.5km时,Kruse模型不再适用于云雾消光系数的计算;能见度相同时,消光系数的单次散射近似结果大于蒙特卡洛的仿真结果,导致传输距离相同时,云雾对0.86μm波长激光透过率的单次散射近似结果小于蒙特卡洛的仿真结果;同一能见度下谱分布参量不同的三种云雾,消光特性的差别较小,云雾粒子尺度分布对消光特性的影响不明显.     

碳纳米管对信息激光的消光系数测试研究

消光系数是表示烟幕干扰材料消光性能的重要参数,研究测试了三种不同尺寸的碳纳米管对1.06μm激光的消光系数。利用室内大型烟箱,根据Lambert-Beer定律,通过测量激光透过率和烟幕质量浓度,得到了不同时刻的碳纳米管烟幕对激光的消光系数。结果表明消光系数是一个变量,随碳纳米管材料的时空变化而变化。三种尺寸的碳纳米管对1.06μm激光的平均消光系数分别为1.3568 m2/g、1.3008 m2/g和1.6408m2/g,表明碳纳米管对信息激光具有显著的消光效果。     

大气气溶胶消光特性和折射率的测量

 介绍了一种综合利用能见度仪、微脉冲激光雷达和光学粒子计数器测量大气气溶胶折射率的新方法。首先使用能见度仪和激光雷达测量出大气气溶胶的消光系数和消光后向散射比,然后使用粒子计数器测量出粒子谱分布,结合气溶胶粒子折射率,根据球形粒子的米（Mie）散射理论,可以得到气溶胶消光系数和消光后向散射比。通过分析消光系数、消光后向散射比、粒子谱分布和折射率之间的关系,结合已知的消光系数和消光后向散射比,反演出大气气溶胶粒子的折射率。     

激光诱导炽光法与消光法诊断烧蚀羽烟消光性能

为了研究流场中碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料在激光辐照时产生的烧蚀羽烟对入射激光的屏蔽效应,通过对朗伯-比尔定律进行分析,得到了评价羽烟消光性能的平均质量消光系数的表达式,其与羽烟场浓度和激光透过率相关。采用激光诱导炽光法(LII)和激光消光法,搭建了羽烟消光性能联合诊断实验平台,使待测激光落于LII的激发光平面上,通过同步采集待测激光的透过率和LII信号,获得激发光平面上羽烟浓度场和激光消光比,得到羽烟在不同气流速度下的平均质量消光系数。实验得到气流速度为7,10,20m/s时羽烟对1064nm激光的归一化质量消光系数分别为2.51,1.08,1.00。实验发现,质量消光系数受到气流速度影响,当气流速度较低时质量消光系数曲线波动幅度大,且曲线均值较大;当气流速度较高时质量消光系数趋于稳定且均值较小。     

水雾包裹沙尘颗粒核壳结构的散射特性研究

基于离散偶极子近似法(DDA),对水雾包裹沙尘颗粒的核壳结构光学特性进行研究,计算了长短轴比例为2∶1的椭球形粒子的核壳结构内、外层厚度及散射角度变化对光散射特性的影响。结果表明,内核大小不变,外层厚度由1.2 μm增大到4.8 μm,核壳双层颗粒散射系数和消光系数由3.4和3.43降低到2.543和2.545,且散射相对强度也明显增大。外层厚度不变,内核厚度由0.6 μm增加到2.4 μm,散射系数和消光系数由3.105和3.111变化为2.76和2.9;可见外层厚度对核壳双层颗粒散射特性的影响更大,这是由于散射光主要与外层物质相互作用引起的。散射相对强度随波长的增加而降低,随核壳结构尺度的增加呈现递增的规律。该结果对大气中气溶胶和水雾共同作用时的散射特性,激光在其中的传输特性等研究有参考价值。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.