Li-O2 battery with a dimethylformamide electrolyte

Stability of the electrolyte toward reduced oxygen species generated at the cathode is a crucial challenge for the rechargeable nonaqueous Li-O(2) battery. Here, we investigate dimethylformamide as the basis of an electrolyte. Although reactions at the O(2) cathode on the first discharge-charge cycle are dominated by reversible Li(2)O(2) formation/decomposition, there is also electrolyte decomposition, which increases on cycling. The products of decomposition at the cathode on discharge are Li(2)O(2), Li(2)CO(3), HCO(2)Li, CH(3)CO(2)Li, NO, H(2)O, and CO(2). Li(2)CO(3) accumulates in the electrode with cycling. The stability of dimethylformamide toward reduced oxygen species is insufficient for its use in the rechargeable nonaqueous Li-O(2) battery.     

Reactions in the rechargeable lithium-O2 battery with alkyl carbonate electrolytes

The nonaqueous rechargeable lithium-O(2) battery containing an alkyl carbonate electrolyte discharges by formation of C(3)H(6)(OCO(2)Li)(2), Li(2)CO(3), HCO(2)Li, CH(3)CO(2)Li, CO(2), and H(2)O at the cathode, due to electrolyte decomposition. Charging involves oxidation of C(3)H(6)(OCO(2)Li)(2), Li(2)CO(3), HCO(2)Li, CH(3)CO(2)Li accompanied by CO(2) and H(2)O evolution. Mechanisms are proposed for the reactions on discharge and charge. The different pathways for discharge and charge are consistent with the widely observed voltage gap in Li-O(2) cells. Oxidation of C(3)H(6)(OCO(2)Li)(2) involves terminal carbonate groups leaving behind the OC(3)H(6)O moiety that reacts to form a thick gel on the Li anode. Li(2)CO(3), HCO(2)Li, CH(3)CO(2)Li, and C(3)H(6)(OCO(2)Li)(2) accumulate in the cathode on cycling correlating with capacity fading and cell failure. The latter is compounded by continuous consumption of the electrolyte on each discharge.     

双功能离子液体的合成及二氧化碳捕集性能

采用两步法合成了新型功能化离子液体1-甲氧基乙基-3-甲基咪唑甘氨酸([C_3O_1mim][Gly]),并研究了其对CO_2的吸收性能.利用核磁共振、红外光谱及热重分析等手段进行表征,验证了该离子液体的结构,且发现其具有较高的热稳定性.对比单乙醇胺(MEA),考察了[C_3O_1mim][Gly]在不同温度下对CO_2的捕集能力,结果表明,[C_3O_1mim][Gly]在40℃下的吸收容量可达1.26 mol CO_2/mol IL,远高于MEA,这表明[C_3O_1mim][Gly]对CO_2具有良好的吸收能力,吸收容量随着温度升高而降低.该离子液体同时具有良好的循环稳定性,进行5次吸收解吸操作后仍可保持较高的CO_2吸收量.对该离子液体吸收CO_2进行了动力学研究,结果表明,Pseudo-second-order模型能够较好地描述该吸收过程.     

Evaluation of the impact of H2O, O2, and SO2 on postcombustion CO2 capture in metal-organic frameworks

Molecular modeling methods are used to estimate the influence of impurity species: water, O(2), and SO(2) in flue gas mixtures present in postcombustion CO(2) capture using a metal organic framework, HKUST-1, as a model sorbent material. Coordinated and uncoordinated water effects on CO(2) capture are analyzed. Increase of CO(2) adsorption is observed for both cases, which can be attributed to the enhanced binding energy between CO(2) and HKUST-1 due to the introduction of a small amount of water. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the binding energy between CO(2) and HKUST-1 with coordinated water is ~1 kcal/mol higher than that without coordinated water. It is found that the improvement of CO(2)/N(2) selectivity induced by coordinated water may mainly be attributed to the increased CO(2) adsorption on the hydrated HKUST-1. On the other hand, the enhanced selectivity induced by uncoordinated water in the flue gas mixture can be explained on the basis of the competition of adsorption sites between water and CO(2) (N(2)). At low pressures, a significant CO(2)/N(2) selectivity increase is due to the increase of CO(2) adsorption and decrease of N(2) adsorption as a consequence of competition of adsorption sites between water and N(2). However, with more water molecules adsorbed at higher pressures, the competition between water and CO(2) leads to the decrease of CO(2) adsorption capacity. Therefore, high pressure operation should be avoided in HKUST-1 sorbents for CO(2) capture. In addition, the effects of O(2) and SO(2) on CO(2) capture in HKUST-1 are investigated: The CO(2)/N(2) selectivity does not change much even with relatively high concentrations of O(2) in the flue gas (up to 8%). A slightly lower CO(2)/N(2) selectivity of a CO(2)/N(2)/H(2)O/SO(2) mixture is observed compared with that in a CO(2)/N(2)/H(2)O mixture, especially at high pressures, due to the strong SO(2) binding with HKUST-1.     

长寿命、高倍率(Li4Ti5O12-AC)/( LiMn2O4-AC)电池电容的制备及性能研究

以商业微米级锰酸锂(LiMn2O4)为正极,钛酸锂(Li4Ti5O12)为负极,分别与商业活性炭(AC)复合,组装成软包装电池电容样品并进行电化学测试。测试结果表明：当样品正负极均复合AC时,其电化学性能要优于只有正极复合AC和未复合AC的样品。其中,正负极活性炭复合比例为5 wt.%,负极与正极的理论容量比(N/P)为1.01时,电池电容样品拥有良好的倍率性能,且其在0.5 C时的放电比容量为56.4 mAh/g,5 C时的容量保持率为0.5 C的72.2%。此外,与未复合AC的样品相比,单体在5 C倍率下经2000次循环后的容量保持率仍有77.5%,远高于前者的30.4%。     

Preparation and electrochemical property of Fe2O3 nanoparticles-filled carbon nanotubes

Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles with a mean diameter of ~9 nm were homogeneously filled into the hollow core of high aspect ratio CNTs synthesized by the AAO template method with tunable filling ratios. These Fe(2)O(3)-filled CNTs were employed as the anode material of lithium-ion battery, and desirable electrochemical properties of high reversible lithium storage capacity and good rate capability were demonstrated.     

Ion exchange membranes as electrolyte to improve high temperature capacity retention of LiMn(2)O(4) cathode lithium-ion batteries

A LiMn(2)O(4) cathode lithium-ion battery using lithiated ion exchange membranes swollen with organic non-aqueous solvent as the electrolyte to overcome capacity fading at high temperature is first demonstrated, and shows very good capacity retention compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries using liquid electrolyte.     

CO2 adsorption over Si-MCM-41 materials having basic sites created by postmodification with La2O3

Moderate basic sites could be created onto mesoporous Si-MCM-41 materials by postsynthesis modification with highly dispersed La2O3. The La2O3-modified MCM-41 materials (designated here as LaM) have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and N2 adsorption/desorption and have been tested as model adsorbents for CO2 adsorption. XRD and N2 adsorption results showed that all LaM materials still maintained their uniform hexagonal mesoporous structure even after postsynthesis modification with La2O3 loading up to 20 wt %. Although the surface area, pore size, and pore volume of LaM materials decreased with increasing La2O3 loading, their capacity for CO2 storage could be significantly improved when La2O3 loading was increased from 0 to 10 wt %. Unidentate and bidentate carbonates have been identified by in situ FTIR as the two types of CO2 species adsorbed on LaM surface. The LaM material also possesses good thermal stability, allowing the model adsorbent to be regenerated at high temperature and recyclable.     

H2O、CO2组分对NOx存储-还原性能的影响

NOx存储-还原技术是控制汽车稀燃NOx排放的重要手段之一,在汽车尾气中H2O、CO2组分含量均相对较高,有必要弄清这些组分对NOx存储-还原特性的影响。论文以MnOx改性Pt/Ba/Al2O3催化剂为研究对象,评价在不同气氛下的NOx存储能力和催化还原性能。结果表明：CO2、H2O组分均抑制催化剂的NOx存储性能,H2O的抑制作用主要表现在低温区,CO2抑制NOx存储的现象在高温区更为显著。CO2对NOx存储速率的抑制作用较H2O更为明显,且其NOx存储速率随着温度的升高表现的差异性更为明显。对于NOx催化还原过程,CO2、H2O或CO2 H2O添加均导致N2选择性降低,其N2选择性按CO2 > H2O > CO2 H2O的顺序降低。     

High capacity of an Fe-air rechargeable battery using LaGaO(3)-based oxide ion conductor as an electrolyte

Rapid growth and improved functions of mobile equipment present the need for an advanced rechargeable battery with extremely high capacity. In this study, we investigated the application of fuel cell technology to an Fe-air rechargeable battery. Because the redox potential of Fe is similar to that of H(2), the combination of H(2) formation by the oxidation of Fe with a fuel cell has led to a new type of metal-air rechargeable battery. By decreasing the operating temperature, a deep oxidation state of Fe can be achieved, resulting in enlarged capacity of the Fe-air battery. We found that the metal Fe is oxidized to Fe(3)O(4) by using H(2)/H(2)O as mediator. The observed discharge capacity is 817 mA h g(-1)-Fe, which is approximately 68% of the theoretical capacity of the formation of Fe(3)O(4), 1200 mA h g(-1)-Fe, at 10 mA cm(-2) and 873 K. Moreover, the cycle stability of this cell is examined. At 1073 K, the cell shows a discharge capacity of ca. 800 mA h g(-1)-Fe with reasonably high discharge capacity sustained over five cycles.     

LiV3O8在Li2SO4水溶液中的电化学性能

采用低温固相法合成了具有纳米结构的LiV₃O₈材料.扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及透射电子显微镜（TEM）测试显示该材料具有纳米结构.X射线衍射（XRD）表明该材料属于单斜晶系,P2₁Im空间群.并采用循环伏安法（CV）及电化学阻抗谱图测试对该材料在1、2 mol·L^-1Li₂SO₄水溶液及饱和Li₂SO₄水溶液中的电化学行为进行了研究.结果表明,LiV₃O₈在饱和Li₂SO₄水溶液中具有最好的电化学性能.以LiV₃O₈作为负极材料,LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂作为正极材料,饱和Li₂SO₄水溶液作为电解液组成了水性锂离子电池,进行恒流充放电测试,结果表明,在0.5C(1C=300 mA·g^-1)的充放电倍率下,该水性锂离子电池的首次放电比容量为95.2 mAh·g^-1,循环100次后仍具有37.0 mAh·g^-1的放电比容量.     

钙改性的Pd/CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂催化甲醇裂解反应

采用共沉淀法制备了未改性的和Ca掺杂的CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3样品,进一步用浸渍法制备了Pd/CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3(Pd/CZA)和Pd/CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3-CaO (Pd/CZACa)催化剂.运用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、储氧量测定、CO化学吸附、NH3程序升温脱附、CO2程序升温脱附、...     

Gas-phase oxidation reactions of Ta2+: synthesis and properties of TaO(2+) and TaO2(2+)

Gas-phase reactions of Ta(2+) and TaO(2+) with oxidants, including thermodynamically facile O-atom donor N(2)O and ineffective donor CO, as well as intermediate donors C(2)H(4)O (ethylene oxide), H(2)O, O(2), CO(2), NO, and CH(2)O, were studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. All oxidants reacted with Ta(2+) by electron transfer yielding Ta(+), in accord with the high second ionization energy of Ta (ca. 16 eV). TaO(2+) was also produced with N(2)O, H(2)O, O(2), and CO(2), oxidants with ionization energies above 12 eV; CO reacted only by electron transfer. The following charge separation products were also observed: TaN(+) and TaO(+) with N(2)O; and TaO(+) with O(2), CO(2), and CH(2)O. TaOH(2+), formed with H(2)O, reacted with a second H(2)O by proton transfer. TaO(2+) abstracted an electron from N(2)O, H(2)O, O(2), CO(2), and CO. Oxidation of TaO(2+) by N(2)O was also observed to produce TaO(2)(2+); on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) results, this species is a dioxide, {O-Ta-O}(2+). TaO(2)(2+) reacted by electron transfer with N(2)O, CO(2), and CO to give TaO(2)(+). Additionally, it was found that TaO(2)(2+) oxidizes CO to CO(2) and that it acts as a catalyst in the oxidation of CO by N(2)O. TaO(2)(2+) also activates H(2) to form TaO(2)H(2+). On the basis of the rates of electron transfer from N(2)O, CO(2), and CO to Ta(2+), TaO(2+), and TaO(2)(2+), the following estimates were made for the second ionization energies of Ta, TaO, and TaO(2): IE[Ta(+)] = 15.8 ± 0.3 eV, IE[TaO(+)] = 16.0 ± 0.5 eV, and IE[TaO(2)(+)] = 16.9 ± 0.4 eV. These IEs, together with recently reported bond dissociation energies, D[Ta(+)-O] and D[OTa(+)-O], result in the following bond energies: D[Ta(2+)-O] = 657 ± 58 kJ mol(-1) and D[OTa(2+)-O] = 500 ± 63 kJ mol(-1), the first of which is in good agreement with the value obtained by DFT.     

Ag4V2O6F2: an electrochemically active and high silver density phase

Low-temperature hydrothermal techniques were used to synthesize single crystals of Ag(4)V(2)O(6)F(2). This previously unreported oxide fluoride phase was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy and was also evaluated as a primary lithium battery cathode. Crystal data: monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n (No. 14), with a = 8.4034(4) A, b = 10.548(1) A, c = 12.459(1) A, beta = 90.314(2) degrees , and Z = 4. Ag(4)V(2)O(6)F(2) (SVOF) exhibits two characteristic regions within the discharge curve, an upper plateau at 3.5 V, and a lower sloped region around 2.3 V from reduction of the vanadium oxide fluoride framework. The material has a nominal capacity of 251 mAh/g, with 148 mAh/g above 3 V. The upper discharge plateau at 3.5 V is nearly 300 mV over the silver reduction potential of the commercial primary battery material, Ag(2)V(4)O(11) (SVO).     

Computational Study of Adsorption and Separation of CO(2), CH(4), and N(2) by an rht-Type Metal-Organic Framework

In this work, a computational study is performed to evaluate the adsorption-based separation of CO(2) from flue gas (mixtures of CO(2) and N(2)) and natural gas (mixtures of CO(2) and CH(4)) using microporous metal organic framework Cu-TDPAT as a sorbent material. The results show that electrostatic interactions can greatly enhance the separation efficiency of this MOF for gas mixtures of different components. Furthermore, the study also suggests that Cu-TDPAT is a promising material for the separation of CO(2) from N(2) and CH(4), and its macroscopic separation behavior can be elucidated on a molecular level to give insight into the underlying mechanisms. On the basis of the single-component CO(2), N(2), and CH(4) isotherms, binary mixture adsorption (CO(2)/N(2) and CO(2)/CH(4)) and ternary mixture adsorption (CO(2)/N(2)/CH(4)) were predicted using the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST). The effect of H(2)O vapor on the CO(2) adsorption selectivity and capacity was also examined. The applicability of IAST to this system was validated by performing GCMC simulations for both single-component and mixture adsorption processes.     

Photodetachment and photofragmentation pathways in the [(CO2)2(H2O)m]- cluster anions

The mass-selected [(CO(2))(2)(H(2)O)(m)](-) cluster anions are studied using a combination of photoelectron imaging and photofragment mass spectroscopy at 355 nm. Photoelectron imaging studies are carried out on the mass-selected parent cluster anions in the m=2-6 size range; photofragmentation results are presented for m=3-11. While the photoelectron images suggest possible coexistence of the CO(2) (-)(H(2)O)(m)CO(2) and (O(2)CCO(2))(-)(H(2)O)(m) parent cluster structures, particularly for m=2 and 3, only the CO(2) (-) based clusters are both required and sufficient to explain all fragmentation pathways for m>/=3. Three types of anionic photofragments are observed: CO(2) (-)(H(2)O)(k), O(-)(H(2)O)(k), and CO(3) (-)(H(2)O)(k), k6) is attributed to hindrance from the H(2)O molecules.     

On the N2O correction used for mass spectrometric analysis of atmospheric CO2

To obtain accurate values of delta(13)C(CO(2)) and delta(18)O(CO(2)) on environmental CO(2) by mass spectrometry, the raw isotope data must be corrected for the isobaric N(2)O contribution. This is one of the analytical problems limiting inter-laboratory delta(13)C(CO(2)) data consistency. The key parameter, the N(2)O relative ionisation efficiency (E(N2O)), cannot be determined with sufficient accuracy by direct measurements of pure N(2)O. The determination of (E(N2O)) by analyses on N(2)O--CO(2) mixtures of known isotope composition and mixing proportions has been recently suggested. In this work we propose a new method of N(2)O correction which uses the m/z 30 signal as a measure of the N(2)O/CO(2) ratio, so that determinations of (E(N2O)) and N(2)O content are not required. The method uses the fact that fragment-ion spectra of N(2)O and CO(2) are very specific. The formalism of the correction is considered. Various tests demonstrate that the new method is robust, stable and easy to implement in practice. The effective value (E(N2O)) (the key parameter for the new correction) has to be calibrated on known N(2)O--CO(2) mixtures by measuring (30)R signals only. The method accuracy we presently achieved is around 2.5% and any error which appears to come mostly from our N(2)O--CO(2) mixture preparation. Based on our tests and error considerations, the error of the proposed method that may be achieved is as low as +/-1.5% (relative to the correction magnitude). For tropospheric CO(2) this means +/-0.003 per thousand and +/-0.005 per thousand for delta(13)C(CO(2)) and delta(18)O(CO(2)), respectively. The proposed method may be valuable for small samples where no separate N(2)O determinations are available (e.g. ice core samples and CF-IRMS measurements) as well as for determination of (E(N2O)) and testing the 'traditional' N(2)O correction based on mass balance calculations.     

CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3-Al2O3 composite oxide and its supported palladium catalyst for the treatment of exhaust of natural gas engined vehicles

Composite supports CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3 (CZA) and CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3-La2O3 (CZALa) were prepared by co-precipitation method. Palladium catalysts were prepared by impregnation and their purification ability for CH4, CO and NOx in the mixture gas simulated the exhaust from natural gas vehicles (NGVs) operated under stoichiometric condition was investigated. The effect of La2O3 on the physicochemical properties of supports and catalysts was characterized by various techniques. The characterizations with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the doping of La2O3 restrained effectively the sintering of crystallite particles, maintained the crystallite particles in nanoscale and stabilized the crystal phase after calcination at 1000 ℃. The results of N2-adsorption, H2-temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) and oxygen storage capacity (OSC) measurements indicated that La2O3 improved the textural properties, reducibility and OSC of composite supports. Activity testing results showed that the catalysts exhibit excellent activities for the simultaneous removal of methane, CO and NOx in the simulated exhaust gas. The catalysts supported on CZALa showed remarkable thermal stability and catalytic activity for the three pollutants, especially for NOx. The prepared palladium catalysts have high ability to remove NOx, CH4 and CO, and they can be used as excellent catalysts for the purification of exhaust from NGVs operated under stoichiometric condition. The catalysts reported in this work also have significant potential in industrial application because of their high performance and low cost.     

锂钛复合氧化物锂离子电池负极材料的研究

采用 3种化学方法合成锂钛复合氧化物 .应用X -射线衍射分析对其结构进行表征以及电化学性能测试 ,结果表明 :由Li2 CO3、TiO2 高温合成的锂钛复合氧化物为尖晶石结构的Li4Ti5 O12 .Li4Ti5 O12 电极在 1 .5V左右有一放电平台 ,充放电可逆性良好 ,即充电电压平台与此接近 ,且电极的比容量较大 ,循环性能良好 .以 0 .30mA·cm- 2 充放电时 ,首次放电容量可达 30 0mAh·g- 1,可逆比容量为 1 0 0mAh·g- 1,经多次充放电循环后 ,其结构仍保持稳定性 .试验电池测试表明 ,Li4Ti5 O12 可选作Li4Ti5 O12 /LiCoO2 锂离子电池的负极材料 .     

Dynamic porous coordination polymer based on 2D stacked layers exhibiting high sorption selectivity for CO2

A new dynamic porous coordination polymer (PCP) [Ni(dcpy)(bipy)(0.5)(H(2)O)]·1.5H(2)O (1) was synthesized by assembly of 3-(2',5'-dicarboxylphenyl)pyridine (dcpy), 4,4'-bipyridine (bipy) and NiSO(4)via solvothermal, hydrothermal and microwave methods, displaying a wavelike 2D stacked layer framework. Gas adsorption studies for 1 shows a high selective adsorption of CO(2) over other gases (N(2), CH(4) and CO). The adsorption capacity for N(2) can be moderately altered by different activation temperatures demonstrating the framework flexibility of 1.