Sonochemical and high-speed optical characterization of cavitation generated by an ultrasonically oscillating dental file in root canal models

Ultrasonically Activated Irrigation makes use of an ultrasonically oscillating file in order to improve the cleaning of the root canal during a root canal treatment. Cavitation has been associated with these oscillating files, but the nature and characteristics of the cavitating bubbles were not yet fully elucidated. Using sensitive equipment, the sonoluminescence (SL) and sonochemiluminescence (SCL) around these files have been measured in this study, showing that cavitation occurs even at very low power settings. Luminol photography and high-speed visualizations provided information on the spatial and temporal distribution of the cavitation bubbles. A large bubble cloud was observed at the tip of the files, but this was found not to contribute to SCL. Rather, smaller, individual bubbles observed at antinodes of the oscillating file with a smaller amplitude were leading to SCL. Confinements of the size of bovine and human root canals increased the amount of SL and SCL. The root canal models also showed the occurrence of air entrainment, resulting in the generation of stable bubbles, and of droplets, near the air–liquid interface and leading eventually to a loss of the liquid.     

Noblest of all metals is structurally unstable at high pressure

In a series of experiments in externally electrically heated diamond anvil cells we demonstrate that at pressures above approximately 240 GPa gold adopts a hexagonal-close-packed structure. Ab initio calculations predict that at pressures about 250 GPa different stacking sequences of close-packed atomic layers in gold become virtually degenerate in energy, strongly supporting the experimental observations.     

Reaction rate oscillations during CO oxidation over Pt/γ-Al2O3; experimental observations and mechanistic causes

In this paper we present experimental observations of reaction rate oscillations during CO oxidation over Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ at atmospheric pressures. Based on our experimental observations and prior experimental literature on this reaction we propose a mechanistic scheme, which we believe explains in qualitative terms the oscillatory behavior exhibited by this catalytic reaction system. This mechanistic scheme involves a Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction between adsorbed CO and oxygen and a slow formation and reduction step of an inactive surface oxide species. Our experimental observations and mechanistic ideas, furthermore, support the existence of multiple time scale phenomena for this catalytic reaction system, an idea originally suggested by Chang and Aluko.     

Origin of surface microwave discharges

The high-pressure gas discharge initiated at the focus of pulsed powerful microwave radiation is a branched network of thin plasma channels completely filling the volume of the focal zone. A detailed experimental investigation of such discharges is carried out with a setup operating at a wavelength of 8.9 cm and at pressures ranging from 0.05 to 1.00 atm. When the initiator is placed on a dielectric plate, the discharge channels are found to propagate solely over the surface of the dielectric. It is shown that electrodynamic interaction between the gas discharge and dielectric is the main reason for the surface propagation of the discharge.     

Parameters of the Plasma Sheet Generated by a Sheet Beam in the Range of Forvacuum Pressures

Results of experimental investigations into the spatial distribution of the parameters of the plasma (electron concentration and temperature) generated by a sheet beam with energy up to 2 keV in argon at pressures from 6 to 9 Pa are presented. The electron beam was produced by a source with a plasma cathode specially designed for emission of beams in the range of forvacuum pressures. It is demonstrated that the character of distribution of the plasma parameters is caused by the corresponding distribution of the electron current density over the beam cross section, and the plasma parameters themselves also noticeably depend on the gas pressure and the magnetic field. A model of ionization processes that provides satisfactory agreement between the calculated and experimental dependences is suggested.     

基于分形理论的尖-板电极短空气隙放电现象研究

气体放电的发展过程非常复杂, 实验观测结果表明非均匀场短空气隙放电过程中经常产生随机并伴有分岔现象的放电通道. 由于这些放电现象的整体结构表现出一定的自相似性, 因此, 结合经典流注放电与分形理论而建立的介质击穿模型成为描述气体中放电通道分岔现象的一种有效的分析方法, 而放电通道的复杂程度可以用分形维数表征. 为了明确此模型参数中发展概率指数的取值, 本文对直流高压作用下的10 mm针板电极空气隙放电通道图像进行了分析、处理和分形计算, 并与理论模型的仿真结果对比. 由于空气隙主放电通道的亮度明显高于其他弱分支, 导致各放电通道的宽度各异, 需要对所拍摄图像进行灰度变换和边界识别处理, 最后运用盒维数法计算出分形维数. 研究结果表明在其他参数与实验条件相同条件下, 调整理论模型中的发展概率指数, 使得仿真结果与实验结果相吻合, 依据本文实验条件下和理论模型分析, 发展概率指数η 在0.04-0.05范围. 本文的研究印证了尖-板电极短空气隙放电复杂现象的可测性并提供了一种分析方法.     

Single quantum dot coupled to a scanning optical antenna: a tunable superemitter

The interaction of a single quantum dot with a bowtie antenna is demonstrated for visible light. The antenna is generated at the apex of a Si3N4 atomic force microscopy tip by focused ion beam milling. When scanned over the quantum dot, its photoluminescence is enhanced while its excited-state lifetime is decreased. Our observations demonstrate that the relaxation channels of a single quantum emitter can be controlled by coupling to an efficiently radiating metallic nanoantenna.     

Spatial mode control of radiation generated by frequency difference in periodically poled crystals

We demonstrate the possibility to control the spatial mode of a narrow-linewidth, continuous-wave, infrared radiation beam generated by difference frequency in a periodically poled crystal. This can be achieved by acting directly on a few experimental parameters. We show that hollow beams can be generated. A numerical routine has been developed and results agree with experimental observations, without requiring any free parameters. The relevance of these results for high-resolution spectroscopy and atom manipulation is discussed.     

The plasma oscillations spectrum of a periodically inhomogeneous 2D electron system near the perforation threshold

The transformation of the spectrum of plasma oscillations with the zero reduced wave vector in the spatially modulated two-dimensional electron system moving to the regime of isolated quasi-one-dimensional electron channels is theoretically investigated. The results provide an explanation of the well-known experimental observations of the plasma resonance transformation when a two-dimensional electron system crosses the continuity violation threshold.     

Non-equilibrium behavior on pulsed laser evaporated surfaces

Absorption of intense pulsed laser optical fields by metallic surfaces generates dense neutral atomic beams with high average translational energies. Mechanisms explaining this behavior are based on an equilibrium model invoking high temperatures and pressures. We have made experimental observations on yttrium and uranium atomic beams produced from laser evaporated targets which suggest an alternative mechanism involving a non-equilibrium process.     

高温度ACE格式连续能量点截面数据产生程序SIGACE的验证

以最新发布的ENDF/BVII.1评价库为基础, 使用SIGACE程序将低温ACE格式中子截面文件加工成较高温度的ACE格式文件, 生成了一个与温度相关的中子截面文档。 为校核截面数据, 选取ICT、 标准CANDU组件燃料温度反应性系数、 LWR栅格多普勒系数以及SEFOR基准题对SIGACE加工的核数据进行了验证。 基准题计算结果均与参考值符合较好, 表明SIGACE生成的高温度ACE格式截面数据可用于反应堆相关中子学参数的计算。 Based on the recently released ENDF/B-VII.1 library, high temperature neutron cross section files are generated through SIGACE code using low temperature ACE format files. To verify the processed ACE file of SIGACE, benchmark calculations are performed in this paper. The calculated results of selected ICT, standard CANDU assembly, LWR Doppler coefficient and SEFOR benchmarks are well conformed with reference value, which indicates that high temperature ACE files processed by SIGACE can be used in related neutronics calculations.     

Experimental and theoretical observations on DDT in smooth narrow channels

A combined experimental and theoretical study of deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) in smooth narrow channels is presented. Some of the distinguishing features characterizing the late stages of DDT are shown to be qualitatively captured by a simple one-dimensional scalar equation. Inspection of the structure and stability of the traveling wave solutions found in the model, and comparison with experimental observations, suggest a possible mechanism responsible for front acceleration and transition to detonation.     

Self-organization of the channel structure of a nanosecond diffuse discharge in a wire-plane electrode system

The results of an experimental study of the spatial structure of a high-voltage diffuse discharge in a wire-plane electrode system are presented. Self-organization of the discharge current channels into regular cells is observed in the plane perpendicular to the electric field vector. The dependences of the structural parameters of the discharge in centimeter-sized gaps on the interelectrode distance are studied at air pressures within the range 220–760 torr. Self-organization of the discharge structure is explained in terms of the electric interaction among charges of the diffuse channel heads during bridging of the gap.     

Information Hiding in the DICOM Message Service and Upper Layer Service with Entropy-Based Detection

The DICOM (Digital Imaging and COmmunication in Medicine) standard provides a framework for a diagnostically-accurate representation, processing, transfer, storage and display of medical imaging data. Information hiding in DICOM is currently limited to the application of digital media steganography and watermarking techniques on the media parts of DICOM files, as well as text steganographic techniques for embedding information in metadata of DICOM files. To improve the overall security of the DICOM standard, we investigate its susceptibility to network steganographic techniques. To this aim, we develop several network covert channels that can be created by using a specific transport mechanism – the DICOM Message Service and Upper Layer Service. The bandwidth, undetectability and robustness of the proposed covert channels are evaluated, and potential countermeasures are suggested. Moreover, a detection mechanism leveraging entropy-based metrics is introduced and its performance has been assessed.     

强激光场阈上电离理论

本文提出一种统一的阈上电离理论。根据该理论,可以定量描述较真实的原子阈上电离过程并能清楚地阐明实验观测的阈上电离现象。该现象可理解为前后相继的两个过程:(1)先从无场的初态吸收N个光子而到场缀末态的量子跃迁过程。(2)欲定量描述实验测量,还需考虑光电子逃离光场时与光场相互作用的“后作用效应”。该“后作用效应”是由非均匀激光场所形成的无质动力所引起的经典物理过程。 关键词：     

Structure of magnetic fields generated in laser produced plasmas

A numerical model is used to interpret recent results on magnetic fields generated in laser plasma experiments. Satisfactory agreement is found between model predictions and experimental observations of the morphology of the field. The principal features of the measured density profile are also reproduced.     

泰克频谱仪IQT文件的后台处理及在电子冷却实验中的应用

泰克实时频谱仪存储的IQT格式数据文件的特殊结构给后期实验数据处理带来不便。分析了IQT文件的存储结构,说明了泰克实时频谱仪的IQT格式数据文件的后台处理过程,通过数学方法提高了文件中频变弱信号的强度;通过对频谱仪实验数据进行数学处理,得到了兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环36Ar18+离子束的纵向电子冷却力大小随离子-电子相对速度的变化曲线。该处理方法弥补了频谱仪离线分析软件的局限性。     

Conductance anomalies in strained quantum wires: the case of PbSe and PbTe

We show that conducting edge channels are formed in free standing wires of PbSe/BaF₂and PbTe/BaF₂as the temperature is lowered. We interpret the effect as a result of spatially inhomogeneous strain caused by a difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the epilayer and the substrate. The presence of these edge channels can explain anomalous mesoscopic effects observed previously in these wires. Theoretical calculations based on the stress maps obtained by Jainet al.for narrow epitaxial stripes seem to support the experimental observations.     

利用红外高光谱资料CrIS反演大气温湿廓线的模拟研究

大气温湿廓线是数值预报中最基本的气象参数,高光谱红外卫星可以观测到较高垂直分辨率的大气信息,为了准确获取廓线信息,利用搭载于美国对地观测卫星Suomi NPP(national polar-orbiting partnership)平台上的CrIS(cross-track infrared sounder)红外高光谱观测资料,讨论了通道选取方法,采用特征向量统计法反演法得到初始大气廓线,利用非线性牛顿迭代法进一步提高反演精度。将反演结果和全球数据同化系统GDAS(global data assimilation system)模式分析数据以及配对的无线探空值进行比较,发现反演结果与真值趋势一致,较之初始廓线有显著提高,在100～700 hPa之间,温度廓线反演精度最高,均方差小于1 K,在300～900 hPa之间,湿度廓线反演精度最高,均方差小于20%,与所选取通道的雅各比峰值区间一致。