Transition metal anchored on C9N4 as a single-atom catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation: A first-principles study

To alleviate the greenhouse effect and maintain the sustainable development, it is of great significance to find an efficient and low-cost catalyst to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) and generate formic acid (FA). In this work, based on the first-principles calculation, the catalytic performance of a single transition metal (TM) (TM = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Ir, Pt, Au, or Hg) atom anchored on C₉N₄ monolayer (TM@C₉N₄) for the hydrogenation of CO₂ to FA is calculated. The results show that single TM atom doping in C₉N₄ can form a stable TM@C₉N₄ structure, and Cu@C₉N₄ and Co@C₉N₄ show better catalytic performance in the process of CO₂ hydrogenation to FA (the corresponding maximum energy barriers are 0.41 eV and 0.43 eV, respectively). The partial density of states (PDOS), projected crystal orbital Hamilton population (pCOHP), difference charge density analysis and Bader charge analysis demonstrate that the TM atom plays an important role in the reaction. The strong interaction between the 3d orbitals of the TM atom and the non-bonding orbitals (1π_g) of CO₂ allows the reaction to proceed under mild conditions. In general, our results show that Cu@C₉N₄ and Co@C₉N₄ are a promising single-atom catalyst and can be used as the non-precious metals electrocatalyst for CO₂ hydrogenation to formic acid.     

Interaction of CO2 with Cs-promoted Fe(110) as compared to Fe(110)/K+CO2

The interaction of CO₂ with Cs-promoted Fe(110) at 85 K as well as temperature-dependent reactions between 100 and 700 K have been studied by means of ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Several surface species could be detected at 85 K, i.e. carbon monoxide (CO), carbonate (COⁿ⁻₃), physisorbed linear carbon dioxide (CO^lin₂) and very small amounts of oxidic oxygen (O_ox). An oxalate species (C₂O^m−₄) could not be identified definitively, but from comparison with the literature there is evidence that C₂O^m−₄ is present. Increasing the temperature after saturation with CO₂ leads to a complicated reaction behaviour. CO₂ either desorbs or dissociates into CO and COⁿ⁻₃ or forms C₂O^m−₄ at temperatures between 85 and 160 K. Above 160 K C₂O^m−₄, decomposes in parallel reactions into CO₂, COⁿ⁻₃ and CO. Above 320 K, adsorbed CO either desorbs into the gas phase or dissociates into C and O. In the temperature region between 500 and 700 K a recombination of C and O to CO and the desorption of Cs take place. As in the case of Fe(110)/K+CO₂, at high alkali coverages two carbonate species could be detected which dissociate upon heating at different temperatures. The system Fe(110)/Cs+CO₂ is proved to be very similar to the system Fe(110)/K+CO₂.     

沸石类咪唑骨架材料吸附分离天然气的分子模拟

采用巨正则蒙特卡洛方法研究C₂H₆, CO₂和CH₄三种气体在两种沸石类咪唑骨架材料 (ZIF)-ZIF-2和ZIF-71中的吸附与分离性能. 考察了C₂H₆, CO₂和CH₄三种气体在ZIF-2和ZIF-71中的单组分吸附等温线、吸附热; C₂H₆-CH₄, CO₂-CH₄ 与C₂H₆-CO₂等摩尔二元混合物的分离; 以及C₂H₆-CO₂-CH₄三元体系的分离性能. 研究结果表明: 低压下不同气体的吸附量大小与其吸附热关系紧密; 而高压下因有限的孔空间, 尺寸较小的气体分子吸附量增长趋向更快; 多组分吸附分离中, 低压下能量效应通常占据主导, ZIF优先吸附作用力较强的组分; 高压下堆积效应影响显著, ZIF会优先吸附尺寸较小的组分. ZIF-2和ZIF-71对这3种二元体系的分离性能良好. 对于三元混合物吸附分离, 在常温下3000-4000kPa范围内, ZIF-2具有良好的天然气净化性能, 可有效地分离出天然气中的C₂H₆和CO₂. 关键词： 巨正则蒙特卡洛模拟 天然气分离 沸石类咪唑骨架     

CHClF2在强红外激光作用下C2*d3Пg态的形成机制

用TEACO₂激光辐照CHCIF₂分子生成电子激发态C₂^*自由基,观察到斯旺带系的六个谱带。本文根据C₂分子态位能曲线的特点,提出C₂^*d³Π_g态的形成机制。C₂是少数较特殊的分子之一,其激发态b³Σ_g^-与第一激发态a关键词：     

The interaction of C2Cl4 with fe(110)

Quantitative adsorption studies, temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and Auger spectroscopy have been used to study the interaction of C₂Cl₄ with Fe(110) at 90 and 325 K. At 90 K, multilayer C₂Cl₄ adsorption occurs. The following desorption products are observed in the temperature range of 90–1050 K: C₂Cl₄ from the multilayer and the monolayer, FeCl₂, and a high mass iron chloride species with mass spectrometer cracking products FeCl⁺₂, FeCl⁺, and Fe⁺. Irreversible dissociative C₂Cl₄ adsorption occurs at 325 K and the only desorption product which is observed is the high mass iron chloride species. Auger spectroscopy shows that surface carbon from C₂Cl₄ starts to diffuse into the bulk of the crystal at ˜ 480 K while small coverages of chlorine remain on the surface of the crystal even after heating to 1050 K. Comparison of the behavior of C₂Cl₄ and CCl₄ on Fe(110) indicates that radical products (·CCl₃ and :CCl₂) observed to be produced from CCl₄ adsorption are not produced from C₂Cl₄ adsorption. This difference is probably due to the enhanced surface reactivity of the C=C bond in C₂Cl₄. A special reactivity of iron defect sites for C₂Cl₄ is observed through the production of associated FeCl₂ species which desorb via zero-order kinetics with an activation energy of 44.8 ± 8.5 kcal/mol, the sublimation enthalpy of FeCl₂.     

CO吸附和加氢反应过程的原位高压MAS NMR研究

应用原位变温高压MAS核磁共振技术,对比研究了CO在不同Rh基催化剂上的吸附和加氢反应过程. ²⁹Si MAS NMR研究结果表明：Rh基催化剂中加入金属助剂后,载体Silicate-1上的表面硅羟基减少,助剂金属与硅羟基作用锚锭在载体表面.¹³C MAS NMR研究结果表明：当引入CO/H2混合气后,在Rh/Silicate-1催化剂上只能观测到气相CO、线式吸附CO和孪式吸附CO的快速交换信号;而在Rh-Mn/Silicate-1和Rh-Mn-Li/Silicate-1催化剂上,还观测到了倾斜式吸附的CO共振信号,表明助剂Mn或Mn-Li的加入促进了CO的吸附. 随着反应温度升高,CO/H₂在Rh/Silicate-1催化剂上转化生成CO_²,进一步升高温度会有CH₄生成;而CO/H₂在RhMnLi/Silicate-1催化剂上反应活性更高,在较低的温度下就会转化生成CO₂,但未观测到甲烷的生成. ¹H MAS NMR 谱显示,反应后载体Silicate-1上硅羟基的量会减少,表明CO与载体部分表面硅羟基反应生成了CO₂.     

1,2-环己二酮基态光解离反应的理论研究

通过密度泛函理论计算研究了1, 2-环己二酮(α-CHD)基态光解离反应的势能面. 通过IRC方法确定了5个主要的反应通道, 相应的产物分别为P₁(c-C₅H₈O+CO), P₂(2C₂H₄+2CO), P₃(CH₂CHCH₂CH₂CHO+CO), P₄(2CH₂CO+C₂H₄)和P₅(CH₃CHCO+CH₂CHCHO). 获得了反应过程中反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的结构参数. 详细阐述了这些通道的反应过程, 分析了其反应机理, 总结出最优的反应路径为α-CHD→c-C₅H₈O+CO. 理论分析与实验结果相符. 获得的结果为进一步进行与1, 2-环己二酮相关的研究提供有价值的信息.     

Coverage dependent promoter action: K coadsorption and reactions with CO and CO2 on Pd{1 1 0}

The adsorption of CO and CO₂ on K-predosed Pd{1 1 0} at room temperature has been examined via reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). CO₂ adsorbs on 0.37 ML K-predosed Pd{1 1 0} with high sticking probability and a reactive chemisorbed intermediate, CO₂⁻, is detected in RAIRS at room temperature. Reaction of this species ultimately yields carbonate. The same high K precoverage induces dissociation of CO at low CO exposure. Carbonate is detected at higher CO exposure and is probably produced via stepwise oxidation of molecularly adsorbed CO. In contrast at low K precoverage (0.11 ML), CO remains intact but the C–O bond is considerably weakened with respect to CO chemisorbed on clean Pd{1 1 0}. These findings illustrate a dual promoter mechanism of K in the adsorption and reaction of CO or CO₂ at high K coverage. The alkali metal induces dissociation of these molecules and directly participates in the formation of a surface compound, K₂CO₃.     

Cluster and periodic DFT calculations of adsorption and activation of CO2 on the Cu(hkl) surfaces

The adsorption behavior and thermal activation of carbon dioxide on the Cu(1 1 1), Cu(1 0 0), and Cu(1 1 0) surfaces have been investigated by means of density functional theory calculations and cluster models and periodic slabs. According to the cluster models, the optimized results indicate that the basis set of C and O atoms has a distinct effect on the adsorption energy, but an indistinct one on the equilibrium geometry. For the CO₂/Cu(hkl) adsorption systems studied here, the final structure of adsorbed CO₂ is near linear and the preferred modes for the adsorption of CO₂ onto the Cu(1 1 1), Cu(1 0 0), and Cu(1 1 0) surfaces are the side-on adsorption at the cross bridge site with an adsorption energy of 13.06 kJ/mol, the side-on adsorption at the short bridge site (13.54 kJ/mol), and the end-on adsorption on the on-top site with C–O bonds located along the short bridge site (26.01 kJ/mol), respectively. However, the calculated adsorption energies from periodic slabs are lower as compared to the experimental data as well as the cluster model data, indicating that the periodic slab approach of generalized gradient approximation in the density function theory may be not suitable to obtain quantitative information on the interaction of CO₂ with Cu(hkl) surfaces.     

Mechanical anisotropy and electronic properties of X2N2 (XH2 ): first-principles calculations*

The mechanical anisotropy, structural properties, electronic band structures and thermal properties of C₂ N₂ (CH₂ ), Si₂ N₂ (SiH₂ ) and Ge₂ N₂ (GeH₂ ) are detailed and investigated in this work. The novel silicon nitride phase Si₂ N₂ (SiH₂ ) and germanium nitride phase Ge₂ N₂ (GeH₂ ) in the Cmc 2₁ structure are proposed in this work. The novel proposed Si₂ N₂ (SiH₂ ) and Ge₂ N₂ (GeH₂ ) are both mechanically and dynamically stable. The electronic band calculation of the HSE06 hybrid functional shows that C₂ N₂ (CH₂ ), Si₂ N₂ (SiH₂ ) and Ge₂ N₂ (GeH₂ ) are all wide band gap semiconductor materials, and C₂ N₂ (CH₂ ) and Si₂ N₂ (SiH₂ ) are direct band gap semiconductor materials, while Ge₂ N₂ (GeH₂ ) is a quasi-direct band gap semiconductor material, the band gap of C₂ N₂ (CH₂ ), Si₂ N₂ (SiH₂ ) and Ge₂ N₂ (GeH₂ ) are 5.634 eV, 3.013 eV, and 2.377 eV, respectively. The three-dimensional and plane distributions of Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio of C₂ N₂ (CH₂ ), Si₂ N₂ (SiH₂ ) and Ge₂ N₂ (GeH₂ ) show that these materials have different degrees of mechanical anisotropy. The order of Young’s modulus of Si₂ N₂ (SiH₂ ) and Ge₂ N₂ (GeH₂ ) in different directions is different from that of C₂ N₂ (CH₂ ). When the tensile axis is in a particular direction, the order of the Young’s modulus of Si₂ N₂ (SiH₂ ): E _[110] <E _[120] <E _[111] <E _[101] <E _[010] =E _[100] <E _[011] <E _[001], and the order of the Young’s modulus of Ge₂ N₂ (GeH₂ ): E _[110] <E _[111] <E _[101] <E _[120] <E _[100] <E _[010] <E _[011] <E _[001] .     

光声光谱多组分气体分析仪的交叉干扰特性研究

设计了一套基于红外热辐射光源的光声光谱多组分气体分析仪。通过分析多组分气体间交叉干扰的主要因素以及特征气体的红外吸收谱线,确定了中红外带通滤光片的参数。利用标准气体对设计的光声光谱仪进行标定,研究了待测气体之间交叉干扰的定量关系,并利用湿度发生器对装置受到水气干扰情况进行分析。实验结果表明,C₂H₂对CH₄、CH₄对C₂H_6的干扰水平分别达到10.49μV/(μL/L)、18.66μV/(μL/L),其他烃类气体间的干扰可以忽略。CO₂对CO、CH₄、C₂H₂和C₂H₄干扰响应度分别为1.615μV/(μL/L)、0.055μV/(μL/L)、0.130μV/(μL/L)以及0.016μV/(μL/L)。此外,水气对C₂H₂、CH₄、C₂H_6、C₂H₄、CO和CO₂都会产生一定的干扰,干扰的响应度分别为0.591μV/(μL/L)、0.421μV/(μL/L)、0.071μV/(μL/L)、0.007μV/(μL/L)、0.051μV/(μL/L)和0.055μV/(μL/L)。实验结果表明C₂H₂对CH₄、CH₄对C₂H_6、CO₂对CO以及高浓度水气对其他气体的检测会产生较高水平的干扰,在测量过程中应当考虑扣除。     

原位漫反射FTIR研究Fe改性的Cu-Mn/ZrO_2催化剂上CO的吸附行为

利用原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)技术,研究了Fe改性的Cu-Mn/ZrO_2催化剂的CO吸附行为。通过测定单组元及其不同组合催化剂的CO吸附以及催化剂的CO-TPD-IR特征、不同温度CO吸附的红外光谱,研究了Fe助剂对催化剂上CO吸附行为的影响,发现Fe通过提高铜的分散度,改变铜的化学环境,影响催化剂上CO线式吸附的特征,而且形成CO桥式吸附中心,从而提供了低碳醇合成的催化剂表面,并探讨了催化剂上CO吸附形式变化的规律。     

原位漫反射FTIR研究Fe改性的Cu-Mn/ZrO2催化剂上CO的吸附行为

利用原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)技术，研究了Fe改性的Cu—Mn／ZrO2催化剂的CO吸附行为。通过测定单组元及其不同组合催化剂的CO吸附以及催化剂的CO-TPD-IR特征、不同温度CO吸附的红外光谱，研究了Fe助剂对催化剂上CO吸附行为的影响，发现Fe通过提高铜的分散度，改变铜的化学环境，影响催化剂上CO线式吸附的特征，而且形成CO桥式吸附中心，从而提供了低碳醇合成的催化剂表面，并探讨了催化剂上CO吸附形式变化的规律。     

CO探针原位红外光谱研究Pt/Sn双金属重整催化剂

催化重整是生产芳烃原料和高辛烷值清洁汽油调和组分的重要工艺。以目前应用广泛的铂锡工业重整催化剂金属含量为参比,用工业剂制备方法合成了Pt含量为0.6%的一系列铂锡重整催化剂,建立CO探针原位红外的表征方法,并对其进行系统表征,首次获得了1%以下低含量助剂Sn的CO探针红外谱图。研究结果表明,系列剂的金属Pt的CO吸附特征峰主要以线式吸附状态存在。0.6%纯Pt剂上1 826 cm-1处CO桥式吸附特征峰,因添加助剂Sn后,强度下降,而CO线式吸附特征峰的强度则增加,说明Sn的加入使得Pt的分散度增加。变温CO探针吸附原位红外研究表明,对负载质量分数0.3%的纯Sn催化剂,当脱附温度升高至120 ℃时,吸附在Sn上的CO特征峰会完全消失。对负载质量分数0.6%的纯Pt催化剂,当脱附温度升高至300℃时,吸附在Pt中心上的CO特征峰会完全消失。当Pt-Sn双金属负载质量分数Pt为0.6%、Sn为0.3%时,CO的脱附温度明显提高达350 ℃。与纯Pt剂相比,随着Sn助剂的加入,使得CO的脱附温度稍有提升,Pt-Sn催化剂Pt的CO特征峰向高波数方向移动,说明Sn的加入一定程度上减弱了活性金属Pt中心上的电荷密度。因而,CO探针原位红外是表征低金属铂锡工业重整催化剂的有效手段,为阐明多金属重整催化剂的助剂作用和研究反应机理提供重要信息。     

Detection of small N2O concentrations using a frequency doubled CO2 laser

A reliable procedure for remote high-accuracy laser detection of N₂O as one of the principal destroyers of the protective ozone layer of the Earth has been developed. The procedure is based on using a CO₂-laser system emitting efficiently in the 4.5 μm range. In this case lasing from isotopic modification ¹²C¹⁸O₂ of carbon dioxide with its subsequent frequency doubling by a nonlinear crystal is used. With the object of reducing the price the composition of the active medium (both for TEA laser and low-pressure longitudinal-discharge-excitation laser) has been optimized. New high-efficiency intracavity frequency doubling schemes based on nonlinear AgGaSe₂ crystals have been developed for CO₂-lasers of both types. Low concentrations of N₂O and concentrations of the principal background gases CO and H₂O have been measured under real atmosphere conditions with the aid of the lidar complex built around these lasers.     

碳硼富勒烯衍生物C18B2M(M=Li,Ti, Fe)的储氢性能计算研究

本文使用密度泛函理论(density functional theory, DFT)中的广义梯度近似(generalized gradient approximation, GGA)研究了经碱金属原子Li、过渡金属原子Ti和Fe原子修饰的富勒烯C₁₈B₂M(M=Li, Ti, Fe)的储氢性能. 研究发现, C₁₈B₂由于B的替代掺杂, 比C₂₀对金属原子具有更高的结合能. 由平均吸附能分析可知: C₁₈B₂Li对H₂的吸附能力较弱, C₁₈B₂Fe对H₂的吸附能力过强, 而C₁₈B₂Ti对H₂的平均吸附能介于0.45-0.59 eV 之间, 介于物理吸附和化学吸附之间 (0.2-0.6 eV), 因此可以实现常温下的可逆储氢. C₁₈B₂M(M=Li, Ti, Fe)能够吸附的H₂数目最多分别为4, 6和4. 由储氢机理分析可知: C₁₈B₂Li主要通过碱金属离子激发的静电场来吸附H₂, 而C₁₈B₂Ti和C₁₈B₂Fe主要通过金属原子与H₂之间的Kubas作用来吸附H₂. 由于C₁₈B₂Ti既有较大的储氢数目, 又可以实现可逆储氢, 因此有望开发成新型纳米储氢材料.     

O2/CO2气氛下CO对煤焦异相还原NO影响的研究

为揭示O₂/CO₂燃烧过程中高浓度的CO对煤焦异相还原NO的影响,在1073 K温度下使用山西褐煤在卧式炉上进行了实验。分别对O₂/CO₂浓度比及CO浓度下NO的还原特性进行详细实验研究。研究结果表明:在O₂/CO₂气氛下,O₂浓度为30%时具有较高的还原率;相同O₂浓度下O₂/CO₂气氛较空气气氛NO还原率高,表明在CO存在的条件下,高浓度的CO₂会促进NO的还原;当CO浓度从1.5%逐渐升高时,NO的还原率逐渐降低,到CO浓度为5%时,NO还原率比没有加入CO时还要低,而在空气气氛下CO浓度的变化对NO的还原率影响较小。     

Li修饰的C$lt;sub$gt;6$lt;/sub$gt;分子对H$lt;sub$gt;2$lt;/sub$gt;O的吸附研究

采用密度泛函理论中的广义梯度近似研究C₆Li吸附H₂O分子并将之进行分解的催化过程. 几何优化发现：Li原子最稳定的吸附位置是位于C 原子顶位上方. 研究表明,第一个H₂O 分子吸附在C₆Li上需要克服1.77 eV的能量势垒,然后分解为H和OH且与Li原子成键. 当吸附第二个H₂O分子时,第二个H₂O分子需要克服1.2 eV的能量势垒分解为H和OH,其中H与Li原子上的H原子结合成H₂,OH则替代Li 原子上的H结合在Li原子上. 因此C₆Li 可以作为催化剂将H₂O分子进行分解得到H₂. 分析可知：C₆Li主要是通过Li原子与H₂O之间形成的偶极矩作用来吸附H₂O 分子,与C₆₀Li₁₂ 的储氢机制类似. 研究结果可为储氢材料的制备提供一个新的思路. 关键词： 6')" href="#">C₆ Li 2O')" href="#">H₂O 密度泛函理论     

(C_5H_(11)N_2)~+和(C_7H_(12)N_2)~(2+)的NMR研究

结合1H NMR,13C NMR谱,分别对钨、钼配合物{WO2(C10H6O2)2(C5H11N2)2[H2N(CH2)3NH2]}3(1),{(C5H11N2)2[H2N(CH2)3NH2][MoO2(C10H6O2)2]}(2),{(C7H12N2)2[MoO2(C10H8O2)2]}(3)晶体结构中小分子环进行了归属.其中,配合物1和2中(C5H11N2)+的NMR研究证实了六元环由1,3-丙二胺和乙腈化合而成,配合物3中(C7H12N2)2+的NMR谱图证实了七元环由乙二胺和乙酰丙酮化合而成,并且推导出这些亲核加成-消除反应的反应机理.配合物1~3中的小分子环的合成在其它体系中尚未见报导,而在合成它们的反应中作为新产物随主体晶体析出,并由晶体结构解析和NMR得到了证实.     

滑动弧裂解CO2机理

建立了一维滑动弧裂解CO₂的反应机理模型. 利用对流冷却的特征频率计算横向气流对流引起的等离子体组分损失. 将等离子体密度和温度的数值模拟结果与文献中滑动电弧等离子体反应器的实验数据进行了对比,吻合较好. 模拟结果表明,滑动弧裂解CO₂会产生大量O和O₂等活性助燃粒子以及可燃的CO. 随着对流冷却特征频率的增加,放电过程中最大电子数密度和电子温度减小,CO₂转化率下降. 在整个CO₂裂解机制中e+CO₂→e+CO+O的贡献最大,准稳态中贡献率为90.63%,瞬态中贡献率为98.43%. 反应CO+O+M→CO₂+M对CO₂生成的贡献率最大. 在实际应用中,为提高CO₂转化率,可以通过增大放电电流,增大e+CO₂→e+CO+O的反应速率,同时选择合适的气体流量,避免过大的速度引起CO₂转化率下降.