Gas-phase ozonolysis of alkenes: formation of OH from anti carbonyl oxides

Gas-phase ozone-alkene reactions are known to produce the hydroxyl radical (OH) in high yields. Most mechanistic studies to date have focused on the role of syn carbonyl oxides; however, OH production from ethene ozonolysis indicates a second, poorly understood OH-forming channel, which may contribute to OH production in the ozonolysis of substituted alkenes as well. Using laser-induced fluorescence, we have measured OH and OD yields from the ozonolysis of two partially deuterated alkenes, cis- and trans-3-hexene-3,4-d2. OD is formed from both alkenes, indicating a pathway of hydroxyl-radical formation involving vinylic hydrogens, accounting for one-third of total OH formation from cis-3-hexene. The lack of a significant kinetic isotope effect suggests this pathway is the "hot acid" channel, arising from rearrangement of anti carbonyl oxides. Measured yields also allow for the estimation of syn:anti carbonyl oxide ratios, approximately 50:50 for trans-3-hexene and approximately 20:80 for cis-3-hexene, qualitatively consistent with our understanding of ozonide decomposition pathways.     

Mechanism of formation and monomolecular decomposition of aci-nitromethanes: a quantum-chemical study

A quantum-chemical study of the reactions of formation of aci-nitromethane (aci-NM) and aci-dinitromethane (aci-DNM) and their decomposition with elimination of water was carried out. The methods employed were the ab initio RHF method with inclusion of electron correlation at the MP2 level of theory and the Dunning—Hay double zeta basis set augmented with polarization d-functions on heavy-element atoms, the DFT approach at the B3LYP level, and the semiempirical PM3 method. The formation of aci-NM and aci-DNM was found to be the limiting stage of the mechanism under study. For DNM, the barrier to reaction is substantially lower than for NM. The estimates of the heights of the barriers to formation found from density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(df,p) level (258 kJ mol^–1 for aci-NM and 218.5 kJ mol^–1 for aci-DNM) are thought to be the most reliable.     

异戊二烯与OH自由基光化学反应的二次有机气溶胶的生成

利用烟雾箱模拟装置,研究了异戊二烯与OH自由基反应的二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的生成.反应中生成的气相产物通过质子转移反应质谱仪(PTR-MS)测定,SOA的浓度及粒径谱分布通过高分辨率粒径谱仪(EEPS3090)测定.研究表明:甲基丙烯醛(MAC)/甲基乙烯基酮(MVK)、乙醛、甲醛、甲醇、甲酸/乙醇、乙醇醛、甲基乙二醛、丙酮/丙醛等为主要气相产物,各组实验中MAC/MVK和乙醛浓度达到最大时,其产率分别介于13.78%～37.72%和5.38%～9.34%(以C计)范围内;SOA生成量及其中值粒径随异戊二烯反应量的增加而增加,气相物质稳定后,SOA产率在5.6%～11.7%范围内,粒径在22～165nm范围内.     

On the use of CO as scavenger for OH radicals in the ozonolysis of simple alkenes and isoprene

The OH radical yields generated in the ozonolysis of ethene (ET), propene (PR), cis-2-butene (CB), trans-2-butene (TB), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (TME), and isoprene (ISP) in the presence of 20 Vol.% O₂ have been determined in a darkened glass reactor at 1 bar total pressure. The hydroxyl radicals formed were scavenged by an excess of CO added to the systems. The O₂ present converted H atoms formed in this reaction into HO₂. From measurements of the increase in CO₂ generation by FTIR the OH formation yields were determined to be 0.08 (ET), 0.18 (PR), 0.17 (CB), 0.24 (TB), 0.36 (TME), and 0.19 (ISP), respectively, per molecule of reacted ozone. The combined error in the OH determinations is estimated to be <10%. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Multifunctional acid formation from the gas-phase ozonolysis of beta-pinene

The gas-phase ozonolysis of beta-pinene was studied in static chamber experiments, using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric and flame ionisation detection to separate and detect products. A range of multifunctional organic acids-including pinic acid, norpinic acid, pinalic-3-acid, pinalic-4-acid, norpinalic acid and OH-pinalic acid-were identified in the condensed phase after derivatisation. Formation yields for these products under systematically varying reaction conditions (by adding different OH radical scavengers and Criegee intermediate scavengers) were investigated and compared with those observed from alpha-pinene ozonolysis, allowing detailed information on product formation mechanisms to be elucidated. In addition, branching ratios for the initial steps of the reaction were inferred from quantitative measurements of primary carbonyl formation. Atmospheric implications of this work are discussed.     

Hydroxy peroxy nitrites and nitrates from OH initiated reactions of isoprene

The reaction of hydroxy peroxy radicals (RO(2)) with NO represents one of the most crucial tropospheric processes, leading to terrestrial ozone formation or NO(x)() removal and chain termination. We investigate the formation of hydroxy peroxy nitrites (ROONO) and nitrates (RONO(2)) from the OH-isoprene reactions using DFT and ab initio theories and variational RRKM/master equation (vRRKM/ME) formalism. The binding energies of ROONO from NO addition to RO(2) are determined to be in the range of 20-22 kcal mol(-)(1), and the bond dissociation energies of ROONO to form an alkoxy radical (RO) and NO(2) range from 6 to 9 kcal mol(-)(1). Isomerization of ROONO to RONO(2) is exothermic by 22-28 kcal mol(-)(1). The entrance and exit channels of the RO(2)-NO reaction are found to be barrierless, and the rate constants to form ROONO are calculated to be 3 x 10(-)(12) to 2 x 10(-)(11) cm(3) molecule(-)(1) s(-)(1) using the canonical variational transition state theory. The vRRKM/ME analysis reveals negligible stabilization of excited ROONO and provides an assessment of ROONO isomerization to RONO(2).     

Thermal isomerization of acetylnitrene: a quantum-chemical study

The electronic structure and pathways of thermal isomerization of formylnitrene and acetylnitrene were studied by the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) density functional method and ab initio G2(MP2,SVP) computational procedure using the geometries obtained from B3LYP calculations. According to G2 calculations, both nitrenes have singlet ground states while the energies of the corresponding triplet states are 2.8 and 5.7 kcal mol^–1 higher. For acetylnitrene, the activation barrier to the nitrene isocyanate isomerization was estimated at 28.9 kcal mol^–1 (G2). Calculations revealed no pathway for single-step isomerization of nitrene into cyanate in both systems. The formation of methyl cyanate from isocyanate is thermodynamically unfavorable (E = 26.5 kcal mol^–1) and requires a high activation barrier (89.4 kcal mol^–1) should be overcome. Based on the results obtained, the pathways of transformation of nitrene formed in thermal decomposition of acetyl azide (Curtius rearrangement) were analyzed.     

Mechanism of urethane formation from cyclocarbonates and amines: a quantum chemical study

The mechanism of the reaction of cyclic esters with amines, providing non-isocyanate urethanes, was studied in terms of DFT by the PBE/TZ2P method using as examples the reactions of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate with methylamine. The reaction can proceed through the one- or multistage path involving one or two amine molecules. The second amine molecule plays the role of the catalyst of the process, resulting in a substantial decrease in the activation energy of the reaction.     

Qualitative quantum-chemical models for surface OH groups of oxides

The dependence of the acidity and frequency characteristics of surface OH groups on the number and electronegativity of their bonded nonoxygen atoms has been analyzed in terms of the Del Re localized molecule orbitals method. The model suggested is applied, in particular, to interpret the nonmonotonous dependence of the stretching vibration frequencies for single-coordinated OH groups on the electronegativity of nonacid atoms for a great variety of oxides.

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Mechanisms of difluoroethylene ozonolysis: a density functional theory study

We present a density functional theory (DFT) study on the mechanisms of gas-phase ozonolysis of three isomers of difluoroethylene, namely, cis-1,2-difluoroethylene, trans-1,2-difluoroethylene, and 1,1-difluoroethylene. MPW1K/cc-pVDZ and BHandHLYP/cc-pVDZ methods are employed to optimize the geometries of stationary points as well as the points on the minimum energy path (MEP). The energies of all the points were further refined at the QCISD(T)/cc-pVDZ and QCISD(T)/6-31+G(df,p) levels of theory with zero-point energy (ZPE) corrections. The ozone-cis-1,2-difluoroethylene reaction is predicted to be slower than the ozone-trans-1,2-difluoroethylene reaction. The enhanced reactivity of trans-1,2-difluoroethylene relative to the cis isomer is similar to the reactions of ozone with cis- and trans-dichloroethylene. The ozone-1,1-difluoroethylene reaction is predicted to be slower than the ozone-trans-1,2-difluoroethylene reaction. These results are in agreement with experimental studies. The calculated mechanisms indicate that in ozone-difluoroethylene reactions the yields of OH might be trivial, which is different from the reactions of ozone with unsaturated hydrocarbons.     

Absolute rate constants for the gas‐phase ozonolysis of isoprene and methylbutenol

The reactions of the biogenic organic compounds isoprene and 2‐methyl‐3‐buten‐2‐ol (MBO) with ozone have been investigated under controlled conditions for pressure (atmospheric pressure) and temperature (293 ± 2 K), using FTIR spectrometry. CO was added to scavenge hydroxyl radical formation during the ozonolysis experiments. Reaction rate constants were determined by absolute rate technique, by measuring both ozone and the organic compound concentrations. The measured values were k₁ = (1.19 ± 0.09) × 10^?17 cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1 for the reaction between ozone and isoprene and k₂ = (8.3 ± 1.0) × 10_?18 cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1 for the reaction between ozone and MBO. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 152–156 2004     

Three-photon absorption in anthracene-porphyrin-anthracene triads: a quantum-chemical study

We have applied correlated quantum-chemical methods to investigate the three-photon absorption (3PA) response of a porphyrin triad derivative, where the central macrocycle is linked in mesopositions to two anthracene units via acetylenic bridges. The 3PA frequency-dependent spectrum of this derivative is dominated by a single resonance feature in the transparent region, associated with charge-transfer states between porphyrin and anthracene. The calculations indicate a two order of magnitude enhancement in the 3PA cross section in the triad molecule with respect to the individual entities, which is attributed to close one-, two-, and three-photon resonances together with strong electronic couplings among the units.     

Cubyl cations: A quantum-chemical study

By the quantum-chemical method PBE0/6-311G (3d5f7,p) equilibrium structural parameters of cubyl cation C₈H ₇ ⁺ , adduct C₈H ₇ ⁺ ·MeOH and methoxycubane molecule C₈H₇OMe were determined. In the free cation the bond lengths are as follows: C¹C^α 1.489, C^αC^β 1,569, C^βC^γ 1.556, and CH 1.085–1.087 Å; angles at C¹ are 98.6°; charge on the C¹ atom is +0.39 au (NPA). In the methoxycubane the cubyl-O bond is shorter, while in the cationic adduct is longer than the O-Me bond: 1.368 < 1.405 Å and 1.494 > 1.469 Å. A relatively low electrophilicity of the cubyl cation compared with CH ₃ ⁺ is concluded and the possibility of its obtaining by radiochemical methods is assumed.     

Cyclophanes: Simulation of the formation enthalpy by quantum-chemical methods

Comparison of experimental values of gas-phase formation enthalpy of cyclophanes with the results of semiempirical quantum-chemical simulation has revealed good linear correlation with the PM-3 data. Using the derived equation, formation enthalpies of 30 cyclophanes have been predicted.     

Mechanism and diastereoselectivity of aziridine formation from sulfur ylides and imines: a computational study

A computational investigation of the title reaction involving semistabilized (R = Ph) and stabilized (R = CO2Me) sulfur ylides has been performed using DFT methods including a continuum model of solvent. Our results provide support for the generally accepted mechanism and are in very good agreement with observed cis/trans selectivities. This study shows that betaine formation is nonreversible, and that selectivity is thereby determined at the initial addition step, in the case of semistabilized ylides. Our analysis indicates moreover that addition TS structures are governed by the steric strain induced by the N-sulfonyl group, which favors the transoid approach in the case of syn betaine formation and the cisoid mode of addition in anti TSs. The observed low trans selectivity is accounted for by the favorable Coulombic interactions and stabilization by C-H...O hydrogen bonding allowed in the cisoid anti addition TS. In the case of stabilized ylides, the endothermicity of betaine formation combined with the high barrier to ring closure render the elimination step rate- and selectivity-determining. Accordingly, the low cis selectivity observed in stabilized ylide reactions is explained by the lower steric strain in the elimination step generated by the formation of the cis aziridine (as compared to the trans case).     

烯丙醇与臭氧反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

应用密度泛函理论的MPW1K,BHandHLYP和MPWB1K方法,结合6-31+G(d,p)基组优化了烯丙醇与臭氧反应势能面上各驻点的几何构型,通过同一水平的振动频率分析确认了中间体和过渡态.反应路径上的驻点都在HL理论水平下进行单点能量校正,并进行了MPW1K/6-31+G(d,p)水平下的零点振动能校正(ZPE).对反应机理的详尽分析表明臭氧抽取烯丙醇羟基基团中H的通道的反应势垒比臭氧加合烯丙醇双键基团通道的反应势垒高,臭氧与烯丙醇双键加合生成臭氧化物为最可几反应路径.在加合反应历程中,氢迁移通道需经过氢迁移和离解等复杂过程,最终要产生少量的OH自由基,与烃烯类臭氧化反应产生大量OH自由基的结果相反.     

Photochromic dihetarylethenes. 9. Dithienylperfluorocyclopentenes: a quantum-chemical study

MNDO calculations of the open and cyclic forms of the molecules of three photochromic 1,2-di(3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene derivatives were carried out. Structural parameters as well as electronic and thermodynamic characteristics of the compounds studied were analyzed. The optimized geometric parameters of the open forms of the three molecules under study are in satisfactory agreement with the results of X-ray diffraction studies. Analysis of the effect of substituents on the electronic characteristics of the central fragment and on the composition of the frontier MOs suggests that it is more appropriate to use cyclic rather than open forms of the molecules for correlation analysis and for prediction of photochromism of dithienylperfluorocyclopentenes.     

Mechanism of isoprene hydrogenation on palladium

Conclusions The reaction for the selective hydrogenation of isoprene on a palladium catalyst at low temperatures is accomplished mainly on a small portion of the surface via the rapid formation of the surface isoprene compound in the undissociated form, with the subsequent slow steps of its conversion to the semihydrogenated form, and then to isopentenes.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 949–951, April, 1975.