Intensity of the η(C≡C) Bands in the IR Spectra of Acetylene Derivatives and σR 0 Constants of Organosilicon,Organogermanium, and Organotin Substituents

The integral absorptivities of shape-characteristic (CC) bands in the IR spectra of 66 acetylene derivatives RCCX (R = H, Me₃M; X are inorganic and organic substituents) are related by a common linear equation to the _R ⁰ constants of the R and X substituents. The _R R⁰ constants of 10 Alk₃M substituents were calculated. The _R ⁰, _R , and _R ⁺ constants of Me₃M substituents were analyzed. The positive _R ⁰ values (0.12, 0.06, and 0.04 for R = Si, Ge, and Sn, respectively) suggest that in the ground electronic state of Me₃MCCX molecules the resonance acceptor effect of the Me₃M substituents (d, conjugation) prevails over donor (, conjugation). The first effect attenuates and the second enhances as the atomic number of M increases.     

Ionization potentials of halides. Substituent effects in Cl-, Br-, and I-centered radical cations

The first vertical ionization potentials (I) of halides HalX (Hal = Cl, Br, I; X is an inorganic or organic substituent) are linearly related to the inductive (_I), resonance (_R ⁺), and polarizability () constants of the substituents X (I = a + b_I + c_R ⁺ + d). As the atomic number of the Hal element in the Hal^·+X radical cations increases, the inductive interaction is strengthened while the polarizability interaction is weakened. Conjugation remains virtually independent of the Hal atom. The resonance _R ⁺-constants of the MX₃ (M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) substituents bound to the Hal^·+ radical cation centers were first calculated.     

Charge control of the complex formation of phenol with unsaturated compounds containing organoelement substituents from group IV

The frequency shifts (v (OH)) of phenol and the resonance components (v_r) of these shifts in the IR spectra of forty H-complexes of phenol with furan derivatives containing organic, organosilicon, organogermanium, and organotin substituents are studied. The values of v and v_R are linearly related to quantum chemical parameters of the variation of the effective charges of the furan ring atoms affected by - and -interactions with organic substituents. The effect of the conjugation between an organoelement substituent and the furan ring on the effective charges is estimated. The resonance parameters (_R) of organoelement substituents in derivatives of benzene, thiophene, and furan and the reasons for the non-versatility of _R are considered.For report 7, see Ref. 1.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 289–295, February, 1995.This work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project No. 93-03-18372).     

dπ-pπ interaction in bonds of silicon with nitrogen and phosphorus

Conclusions The stretching vibration frequencies of the Si-H bond in substituted silanes containing an Si-N bond depend both on the inductive effect of the substituents and the d-p, p,- and , -conjugation effects.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2609–2611, November, 1970.     

Effect of substituents on ionization potentials of phosphorus compounds. Conjugation in radical cations

The first vertical ionization potentials (I) of phosphorus compounds P(X_i)₃, OP(X_i)₃, SP(X_i)₃, (4-XC₆H₄)₃P, and PCX are related to the inductive, resonance, and polarizability parameters of inorganic, organic, and organometallic substituents X by dependences of the type I = I _H + a_I + b_R ⁺ + c, where I _H is the I value for X = H. The I values are also affected by hyperconjugation. The ratio of the contributions of the resonance (b_R ⁺) and polarizability (c) effects to the I value is determined by the degree of delocalization of the unpaired electron and the positive charge in the radical cations formed upon ionization of neutral molecules. The _R ⁺ resonance parameters of organosilicon, organogermanium, and organotin substituents bound to the P ^·+ radical cation center were calculated for the first time.     

Calculation of two-center zero-field splitting integrals

Two-center zero-field splitting (ZFS) integrals have been calculated by numerical integration of Coulomb repulsion integrals which are evaluated over basic charge distributions as defined by Roothaan in terms of Slater atomic orbitals. The method is applied to the calculation of the ZFS integrals for -, - and - electron interactions on C, N and N⁺ centers. Numerical results are given.

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Zusammenfassung Zweizentren ZFS-Integrale sind mittels numerischer Integration von Coulombintegralen berechnet worden, und zwar die -, -- und --Integrale an C-, N- und N⁺-Zentren. Die numerischen Resultate werden mitgeteilt.

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Résumé Les intégrales bi-centriques de séparation à champ nul (ZFS) ont été calculées par intégration numérique des intégrales de répulsion coulombiennes évaluées pour les distributions de charge fondamentales définies par Roothan en termes d'orbitales atomiques de Slater. La méthode est appliquée au calcul des intégrales ZFS pour les interactions -, - et - sur les centres C, N et N⁺. Résultats numériques.

     

Calculation of σ→π* and π→σ* transitions in vinylboranes

Calculations are presented of the energies of the ground and excited and electronic states of ethylene and substituted vinylboranes. The Pople-Segal-Santry method was employed throughout. It is concluded that the excited state of lowest energy in ethylene has * character whilst the lowest energy ultra-violet spectral bands of the latter compounds stem from ^* transitions.

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Zusammenfassung Valenzelektronenrechnungen nach Pople-Segal-Santry wurden für Äthylen und Vinylborane durchgeführt. Danach hat der niedrigste angeregte Zustand von Äthylen ^*-Charakter, während die längstwellige UV-Bande der Vinylborane einem ^* -Übergang entspricht.

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Résumé Calculs de l'énergie pour les états fondamentaux et excités et de l'éthylène et des vinylboranes substitués. Utilisation de la méthode de Pople-Ségal-Santry. L'état excité le plus bas pour l'éthylène résulte d'une transition ^* , alors qu'il résulte d'une transition ^* pour les vinylboranes.

     

The nature of the inductive effect of azinyl groups

The induction constants of azinyl groups are factored into two components, a -induction ( _X ) and a field (_F) component. It is shown that the _X constants of azinyl groups can be thought of as sums of contributions from the phenyl group and the endocyclic nitrogen atoms. A satisfactory correlation is found between the _F constants and the size and direction of the dipole moment of the heterocyclic substituents in the framework of the Kirkwood-Westheimer equation.Deceased.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 672–676, May, 1987.     

Dipole moments of thiophene analogs of chalcones and their vinylogs

The dipole moments of 25, unsaturated ketones of the thiophene series are measured in benzene at 25°, and their most probable coplanar conformations established. For the systems studied it is shown that, in the static state, the 2-thienyl group exhibits an electron-donating effect, greater than those of 2-furyl and phenyl. Introduction of electron-donating and electron-accepting substituents into the molecule of 1-(thienyl-2)-3-phenylpropenones as well as shift of the carbonyl group away from the aryl one towards the heterocyclic ring, leads in general to an increase in dipole moment. A linear relationship is found for the changes in dipole moment of isomeric thiophene ketones due to electron-donating substituents. Dipole moments of propen-3-ones correlate satisfactorily with Hammett parameters for substituents, and intermolecular distances.     

Correlation of nucleae quadrupole resonance frequencies with some chemical constants in the aliphatic series

Linear relationships are established between the nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies of alkyl chlorides, RCl, on the one hand, and the pK_a values of RCOOH and RNH₂ as well as the Taft ^* constants, on the other hand. Similar linear correlations were found between the NQR frequencies of the substituted compounds XCH₂Cl and the pK_a of XCH₂COOH, XCH₂NH₂, XCH₂OH, as well as the ^* constants of XCH₂ radicals, where X are electronegative substituents. X substituents with unshared electron pairs (RO, RS, F, Cl, Br) are an exception; nevertheless, the deviation of these points is regular and depends linearly on the resonance parameters _R ⁰ or _R of the X substituents. The relationships can be used for an approximation of the ionization constants of a number of fatty acids, for the calculation of the Taft ^* constants of radicals R and XCH₂ and of the resonance parameters _R ⁰ and _R of X substituents with an accuracy which in many cases is in no way inferior to that of the experimental values, and also for the approximate evaluation of the ionization constants of XCH₂NH₂ amines and XCH₂OH alcohols.     

Thermal analysis of poly(methyl methacrylate)-copper composite

Thermal characteristics of the composites of poly(methyl methacrylate) and copper are reported, including the order of reaction and activation energy of the major second stage of pyrolysis. The randomly-distributed metal particles in the polymer matrix can form paths for heat transfer which determine the mechanism of thermal degradation.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermischen Charakteristika der Verbindungen von Polymethylmethacrylat mit Kupfer werden zusammen mit der Reaktionsordnung und der Aktivierungsenergie der grösseren zweiten Stufe der Pyrolyse beschrieben. Die zufallsbestimmt verteilten Metallpartikel in der Polymermatrix können Wege des Wärmetransfers formen, welche den Mechanismus der thermischen Zersetzung bestimmen.

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Résumé On décrit les caractéristiques thermiques de composites du polyméthylméthacrylate avec le cuivre, parmi lesquelles l'ordre de réaction et l'énergie d'activation de la seconde étape de la pyrolyse qui est la principale. Les particules du métal distribuées au hasard dans la matrice du polymère peuvent constituer des voies pour le transfert de chaleur qui déterminent le mécanisme de la dégradation thermique.

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, . , .

     

Electronic spectra of α, Β-unsaturated diketone derivatives of thiophene

The electronic absorption spectra of ,-unsaturated diketone derivatives of thiophene of the p-dichalcone type have been studied. As a rule, these compounds have deeper colors than the monoketone thiophene analogs of the chalcones corresponding to them. Electron-donating substituents in the aromatic nucleus of 2,5-dicinnamoylthiophene and also the replacement of the phenyl radicals in them by heterocyclic radicals cause a bathochromic shift of the long-wave absorption maximum (frequency) which correlates satisfactorily with Hammett's constants. Some ketones with strong electron-donating groupings fluoresce under UV irradiation.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 744–749, June, 1970.     

Charge control in the formation of complexes of phenol with unsaturated compounds containing organometallic substituents from group IV

The resonance donor effect of the , conjugation of R₃M and R₃MCH₂ (M = Si, Ge, Sn; R is an alklyl group) substituents with the triple bond in compounds R₃MC=CX and R₃MCH₂CCX (X = H, R) changes on passing from isolated molecules to their H-complexes. A partial ⁺ charge on the triple bond enhances , conjugation; a partial ^– charge on the triple bond has practically no effect on the resonance properties of R₃M substituents, whereas the , conjugation of R₃MCH₂ substituents diminishes owing to the effect of negative direct resonance interaction. The effect of , conjugation on the effective negative charges of the carbon atoms in the -CC- fragments was estimated quantitatively.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1041–1046, June, 1994.This work was supported by the Russian Fundation for Basic Research (Grant 93-03-18372).     

Kinetics and mechanism of hydrazine oxidation by oxygenated Co2(L-his)4O2 complex

The kinetics of Co₂ (L-his)₄O₂ reduction by hydrazine in aqueous solution has been studied and the rate constants, the energy and entropy of activation have been determined.

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, , Co₂ (L-)₄O₂ .

     

Spectroscopic study of compounds possessing a bond of an element of group IVB with hydrogen

Conclusions The frequencies of the valence vibrations of the Si-H bond in trisubstituted silanes depends not only on the inductive effect of substituents, but also on the effects of d-p interaction, ,- and p,-conjugation. An analysis was made of the relative contributions of these effects, depending on the nature of the substituent.For the preceding communications, see [1, 2].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 544–550, March, 1971.     

Quantum-chemical study of allylic compounds with two bonded heavy atoms

It has been shown by the CNDO method that the bathochromic shift of the long-wave absorption band in the transition from allylstannane to compounds of the type C=C-C-Sn-X and C=C-Sn-X (where X is a heavy atom) is connected with the formation of a low-energy vacant *_S-X orbital, localized mainly in the region of the Sn-X chemical bond, and of an occupied _Sn-X orbital, the energy of which is somewhat higher than of the _C-Sn orbital. The dependence of the position of the long-wave absorbance region on conformation is related to the fact that, in planar and nonplanar conformers, the long-wave transitions are of a different type ( * and *, respectively); the bathochromic shift is determined to a large degree by the difference in the energies of the highest occupied MO ( - ) in the s-trans form. In the nonplanar conformers the heavy atom orbitals interact with the -orbital of the ethylene moiety through the bridge group; this leads to a significant delocalization of the HOMO and to a considerable change in its energy. On the other hand, their interaction with the *-orbital in compounds of the C=C-C-Sn-X type is very low and does not favor the delocalization of lower vacant MO. In vinyldistannane the *-orbital is noticeably delocalized, due to the interaction with the *_Sn-Sn orbital in planar and with the *_Sn-Sn orbital in nonplanar conformers.N. D. Zelinskii Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117913 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 636–641, March, 1992.     

Role of rhenium in bimetallic reforming catalysts

The influence of rhenium on the behavior of a Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst was studied in n-hexane reaction by means of dilution of the catalyst bed with Re/Al₂O₃. Parallel to activity, selectivity and ageing data obtained in slug pulse and continuous flow reactors, the amount of the surface carbon formed during the reaction was determined and its reactivity in hydrogen atmosphere was also studied. It is suggested that in the presence of rhenium due to the increase in the amount of hydrogen available for hydrogen consuming reactions including hydrodepolymerization of the carbonaceous surface overlayer, the routes of ageing processes are changed, resulting in lower carbon content on the catalyst and less pronounced catalyst deactivation.

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Pt/Al₂O₃ -, Re/Al₂O₃. , , , , . , , , , , , , .

     

σ-π separation: Excited H2 as a model system

The low-lying states of H₂ consist of one core () and one valence () electron and afford a direct evaluation of intershell - interaction. After resolution of the electronic energy into only, only, and - parts, it is shown that an electronic change in this model system is due solely to a change in the electrons. Simple Hückel theory is examined. If the molecular core is represented properly, regardless of the wave function the calculated and parameters are in reasonable agreement with the empirical parameters. This agreement appears to be due to a fortuitous cancellation of energy contributions.

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Zusammenfassung Die niedrig liegenden -Zustände des H₂ bestehen aus einem Rumpfelektron und einem Valenzelektron und ermöglichen eine direkte Auswertung der --Wechselwirkung zwischen zwei Schalen. Nach der Zerlegung der elektronischen Energie in -,- und --Anteile wird gezeigt, daß eine elektronische Veränderung in diesem Modellsystem nur auf eine Veränderung des -Elektronenanteils zurückgeht. Die einfache Hückeltheorie wird untersucht. Wenn der Molekülrumpf geeignet dargestellt wird, so sind, unabhängig von der -Wellenfunktion, die berechneten Parameter und in guter Übereinstimmung mit den empirischen Parametern. Diese Übereinstimmung scheint auf eine starke Auslöschung von Energieanteilen zurückzugehen.

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Résumé Les états inférieurs de H₂ consistent en un électron de coeur () et un électron de valence () et fournissent une évaluation directe de l'interaction entre couches -. Après expression de l'énergie électronique en parties , et -, on montre qu'une modification électronique de ce système modèle est due seulement à une modification des électrons . La théorie de Hückel simple est examinée. Si le coeur moléculaire est convenablement représenté, quelle que soit la fonction d'onde , les paramètres at calculés sont en accord raisonnable avec les paramètres empiriques. Cet accord apparaît comme le résultat d'une compensation fortuite de contributions énergétiques.

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Work performed in part under the auspices of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.

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Work aided by the U.S. Public Health Service via grant GM 08068.     

Substituent parameters for radical reactions Cerium(IV) — substituted toluenes — acrylonitrile system

Summary In the present study, a new approach for the determination of ', that is, radical substituent parameter, has been described. The technique is based on two equations, one reported byYamamoto andOtsu and the other byStreitwieser andPerrin. The system used for the determination of the radical substituent parameter (') was Ce(IV) — substituted toluenes — acrylonitrile system. To explain inhibition, it has been suggested that the reaction scheme involves initiation of polymerization by Ce(IV) and termination by primary radical of the substrate. The kinetic expression based on the reaction scheme formulated could explain the unusual observation of a negative intercept found in the plot of [M]/R _p versus 1/[M]. Whereas a plot of log /₀ against ⁺ did not give a straight line, a good linear plot with zero intercept was obtained when log /₀ was plotted against (⁺ + '). This proves the validity of ' values which have been determinded.     

Spectroscopic study of organosilicon derivatives of thiophene

It is shown that the chemical shifts of hydrogen atoms in the 3 position of the thiophene ring in the PMR spectra of 2-substituted thiophenes are linearly associated with the Hammett _n substituent constants. On the basis of this, it was concluded that silyl substituents in 2-silylthiophenes have electron-acceptor character. It was established that the degree of d–p conjugation between the d orbitals of the silicon atom and the p electrons of the thiophene ring depends on the nature of the other three substituents attached to the silicon atom. The data from the IR spectra of organosilylthiophenes that contain a Si-H bond also attest to the presence of d–p conjugation in these compounds.See [1] for communication I.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 911–915, July, 1972.