生物质糖一步氢解制备二元醇的研究进展

以生物质糖为原料一步氢解制备二元醇的工艺路线不仅可以替代石油等不可再生资源实现可再生资源的合理有效利用,而且符合中国“碳减排、碳中和”的战略目标,是一条新型的绿色可持续发展路线。本文综述了生物质糖一步氢解制备二元醇工艺的催化剂设计研发、催化机理、氢解反应路径以及供氢方式和供氢体的选择等,提出了目前该工艺中亟待解决的问题和面临的挑战,展望了该工艺路线的发展方向。     

治疗慢性淋巴细胞白血病的突破性新药Venetoclax的合成进展

Venetoclax为首个获美国FDA批准的靶向B细胞淋巴瘤因子2的选择性抑制剂和突破性药物,用于治疗携带17p删除突变以及之前已接受至少一种疗法的慢性淋巴细胞白血病。本文综述了迄今为止文献报道的Venetoclax的4条合成工艺路线,并进行了相应的评价。通过对这些合成工艺路线的比较和分析,发现Venetoclax的合成为汇聚式,关键在于4类中间体的合成。从Venetoclax的合成工艺路线改进来看,其合成工艺路线总体上向着采用价廉易得原料、反应选择性高的原料或合成方式、更加温和的反应条件以及提高收率的方向进行。Venetoclax的4条合成工艺路线不可避免地采用了贵金属钯和配体催化,探索将它们负载在高聚物上,便于回收,简化分离过程和降低成本,也是Venetoclax工业化合成改进的方向。在此基础上,Venetoclax的合成路线4具有较好的工业化前景。     

1,3,3-三甲基-2-亚甲基吲哚啉合成新工艺

报道了一种以N－甲基苯肼和3－甲基－2－丁酮为原料一步合成1，3，3－三甲基－2－亚甲基吲哚啉的新工艺。讨论了影响产品收率的各种因素。该新工艺具有原料易得，工艺路线较短，减少环境污染等特点。     

克拉霉素的合成进展

克拉霉素属大环内酯类抗生素，是第二代红霉素产品，其抗菌谱广，抗菌活性 高，药代动力性能好，在国内外受到广泛重视，有着极其重要的应用和发展前景。 对克拉霉素研究的起源与发展、研制历程、合成过程中6－羟基甲基化选择性、活 泼基团的保护与脱保护、各种克拉霉素合成工艺路线以及最新合成方法进行了较为 详细的综述。     

光电化学在有机合成中的应用

近年来，光电化学技术逐渐发展为有效的有机合成手段。光化学高效的催化性能与电化学反热力学直觉特性的结合大大简化了某些有机合成路线。本文介绍了当前与光电化学相关的部分有机反应，总结了在光电化学中广泛应用的若干染料敏化催化剂，并展望了光电化学未来的应用前景。     

合成气一步法制备低碳烯烃和液体燃料催化剂研究进展

以合成气作为平台化合物一步法制备低碳烯烃和液体燃料是有效利用碳资源的重要路径,具备流程短、能耗低的特点,有着良好的工业应用前景。合成气一步法直接转化制备低碳烯烃和液体燃料包括两条工艺路线:费托合成路线和双功能催化路线。本综述简述了两种路线的反应机理,重点阐述了费托合成路线中采用添加助剂和惰性载体对铁基和钴基催化剂的优化设计,费托金属粒径、反应条件、催化剂界面结构对催化剂性能和反应过程的影响。详细解析了双功能催化路线中,一氧化碳活化组分和酸性分子筛的选择、金属氧化物粒径与元素比例、分子筛酸度与孔径大小以及一氧化碳活化组分和酸性分子筛的耦合方式对于催化剂性能的影响。总结了两条路线所具备的优势和面临的挑战,并对未来高效催化剂的发展方向进行了展望。     

离子交换树脂法直接从卤水中制备溴化钠工艺研究

本文在考查了Ｂｒ２—Ｂｒ－—Ｃｌ－—Ｈ２Ｏ体系中强碱性阴离子交换树脂对氯、溴的分离效果基础上，设计出二次树脂交换法直接从卤水中提取溴化钠的工艺路线，并对工艺中各操作条件进行了试验，依此工艺，溴化钠产品纯度达９７％以上，溴的回收率为７６％。     

煤化工工艺技术评述与展望Ⅳ．煤间接液化技术

评述了国内外煤间接液化合成液体燃料开发趋势和工业化状况,从催化剂研制,F－T合成反应器开发,合成油工艺路线,工艺软件开发,工艺集成优化和技术经济分析等方面进行了讨论,指出发展洁净高效煤基合成液体燃料工业过程是解决我国燃油短缺的根本途径,并对我国煤制油工业化开发工作和示范厂建立提出一些建议和展望。     

从蓖麻油制取10-羟基癸酸的研究

本文报道了从蓖麻油制取10-羟基癸酸的研究, 发现了从蓖麻油制取10-羟基癸酸的新的工艺路线和最佳的工艺条件, 用氢氧化钠用量、2-辛醇量、反应时间和反应温度四因子三水平L9(3^4)进行了正交试验, 发现最佳工艺条件是: 氢氧化钠(g)/蓖麻油(g):1.25; 2-辛醇量(g)/蓖麻油(g):2; 反应时间:6h; 反应温度:180℃。在这一新的工艺路线和最佳工艺条件下, 10-羟基癸酸产率可达75%。     

从蓖麻油制取10-羟基癸酸的研究

本文报道了从蓖麻油制取10-羟基癸酸的研究,发现了从蓖麻油制取10-羟基癸酸的新的工艺路线和最佳的工艺条件,用氢氧化钠用量、2-辛醇量、反应时间和反应温度四因子三水平L_9(3~4)进行了正交试验,发现最佳工艺条件是:氢氧化钠(g)/蓖麻油(g):1.25:2-辛醇量(g)/蓖麻油(g):2:反应时间:6h;反应温度:180℃。在这一新的工艺路线和最佳工艺条件下,10-羟基癸酸产率可达75％。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。