内嵌式液体阴极辉光放电光谱仪快速测定锂辉石中的锂

针对实验室现有的便携式液体阴极辉光放电光谱仪,重新设计了一种内嵌式液体阴极,其制作简单,采用蠕动泵直接进样,简化了便携式液体阴极辉光放电光谱仪的进样系统;刚玉阴极外管具有润湿作用,使得蠕动泵进样时阴极管口液面的起伏非常小,不会形成液滴,保证了放电的稳定、连续;可分析含低浓度HF的样品溶液,为简化锂辉石样品的前处理过程奠定理论基础,非常适用于野外现场分析锂辉石样品。选择Li的分析谱线波长为670.78 nm,利用新设计的内嵌式液体阴极,以3个锂矿石标样和11个锂辉石样品为研究对象,建立了锂辉石样品中Li的快速分析方法。在最佳工作条件下测得Li的检出限为4.6 ng/m L,方法的精密度(RSD)3%。研究表明,采用标准加入法获得的锂矿石标样和锂辉石样品的分析结果与ICP-M S的测量值基本吻合,相对误差均小于10%,满足野外现场快速分析锂辉石样品中Li含量的需要。     

氢同位素气体在线分析装置研制及分析方法建立

为了实现氢同位素气体在线检测,利用气体低气压辉光放电性质,设计加工了氢同位素在线测定装置并建立了辉光放电原子光谱法在线测定氢同位素的分析方法。该装置由辉光放电管、激发光源、真空–微量进气系统、光谱仪及数据采集系统等部件组成。采用不同含量的系列氕氘气体作为标准气体,绘制标准工作曲线,建立了氢同位素在线检测分析方法,氕氘气体的检出限均为0.04%,氕浓度、氘浓度和氕氘浓度比测量的相对标准偏差分别为3.6%,5.2%和2.4%(n=6)。该分析装置性能稳定可靠,操作简单,可实现氢同位素气体在线检测。     

液体电极辉光放电在原子光谱分析中的研究和应用进展

液体电极辉光放电具有体积小、能耗低、电子密度高、操作简单方便等优点,在分析检测领域的应用发展迅速。本文从液体阴极辉光放电、液体阳极辉光放电以及交流驱动液体电极辉光放电角度,综述了近年来液体电极辉光放电微等离子体在原子光谱分析中应用的最新进展,重点阐述其在原子发射光谱激发、诱导化学蒸气发生以及与其它化学蒸气发生联用等领域的应用,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

去钴深度的测定及其对硬质合金性能的影响

研究了原子吸收光谱法和辉光放电光谱仪定量测定硬质合金去钴深度的新技术。实验得到了腐蚀时间与硬质合金去钴深度、表面显微硬度的关系曲线,分析了去钴深度对硬质合金表面形貌的影响。     

低温等离子体原子荧光光谱法直接测定固体样品中的汞

建立了低温等离子体(LTP)与原子荧光光谱仪(AFS)联用直接检测ABS固体样品中Hg的方法.实验采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)方式产生低温等离子体,剥蚀固体样品后产生的元素蒸气引入到原子荧光光谱仪进行检测.优化的实验条件为:DBD外接电源的放电功率为16～18 W,放电气体流速为400 mL/min;采样距离为1～5 mm;原子荧光光谱仪的原子化器高度为10 mm.本系统测定Hg的检出限为0.91 mg/kg,线性范围为91.5～1096 mg/kg;精密度(RSD,n=7)为1.9％～2.3％,并对标准样品以及实际样品进行测定,测定结果与标准值与ICPMS及CVG-AFS一致,表明本方法可作为直接检测固体样品的新型元素分析技术.     

辉光放电质谱研究与应用新进展

简要介绍了辉光放电的基本原理,主要概述了过去４年有关辉光放电质谱研究的新进展,包括辉光放电质谱的基础研究,新装置和新方法的发展,以及辉光放电质谱的分析应用。文中最后展望了辉光放电质谱法的发展前景。     

悬浮液进样-液体阴极辉光放电原子发射光谱法测定高纯氮化硅粉体中微量杂质元素

针对高纯氮化硅粉体中的9种微量杂质元素(Al、Ca、Co、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni),建立了悬浮液进样-液体阴极辉光放电原子发射光谱定量分析方法.考察了制备稳定悬浮液对样品颗粒度的要求,并通过六通阀将悬浮液引入液体阴极辉光放电原子发射光谱装置检测.本方法采用水溶液标准进行定量分析,无需对悬浮液的pH值进行精确调节,能够保持液体阴极辉光等离子体的稳定性.研究了仪器装置的操作电压、载液流速、光电倍增管积分时间等因素对检出限的影响.优化后得到的最佳实验条件为操作电压1080 V,载液流速1.2 mL/min,光电倍增管积分时间800 ms.利用六通阀进样系统对原有的液体阴极辉光放电原子发射光谱装置进行改进,从而实现悬浮液直接进样检测.用此装置对氮化硅实际样品进行检测,得到各种元素的检出限在0.2~53 mg/kg之间,RSD在1.1%~5.0%之间.通过对氮化硅标准参考物质ERM-ED101进行分析,其测定结果与高温高压消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法一致,并与标准参考值吻合,表明此方法可用于氮化硅粉体的悬浮液直接进样检测,结果准确可靠,灵敏度高,具备应用价值.     

双电离源(辉光放电/激光溅射电离)四极杆质谱仪的研制

本研究将辉光电离源与激光溅射电离源巧妙地结合在同一台仪器中,使固体样品在离子源腔体中既能辉光电离,也能激光电离;并且使用同一质量分析器,两种离子源的结果可以相互比对,进而得到更为准确的分析结果.此仪器主要由真空系统、离子源、离子传输系统、四极杆质量分析器及检测与数据采集系统等组成.实验中分别用两种离子源测试了标准样品SRM 1262b,并获得了半定量结果.结果表明,仪器具有定性能力强,分析速度快,检测灵敏度高等优点,对固体样品元素分析的检出限可达μg/g量级.实验表明,激光溅射电离质谱的性能优于辉光放电质谱.     

磁质谱在核科学领域的研究进展

对磁质谱在核科学领域的研究进展进行了综述。介绍了磁质谱的基本原理，详细论述了扇形磁场电感耦合等离子体质谱、加速器质谱、二次离子质谱、热电离质谱、激光共振电离质谱、辉光放电质谱的电离机理、特征及应用领域。扇形磁场电感耦合等离子体质谱分辨率高，检测限低，在元素和同位素分析中应用最为广泛。加速器质谱通常用于样品中超痕量、长寿命放射性核素的量化分析。TI-MS被认为是元素同位素比值分析最精确的仪器之一，而辉光放电质谱主要运用于高纯材料中杂质的分析。     

发射光谱仪检定规程的探讨和应用

《发射光谱仪检定规程》是计量部门检定/校准电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪、直读光谱仪及摄谱仪的重要依据,对规程进行了探讨,包括检定前的准备、测量数据的判断、标准物质的选择及计量性能的要求,提出了直读光谱仪应用于其它非冶金材料时的计量性能指标,如铜及铜合金、铝及铝合金、锌及锌合金等的成分分析。发射光谱仪检定规程也可以应用于油液分析用原子发射光谱仪、辉光放电发射光谱仪、金属原位分析仪、手持式合金分析仪、激光诱导击穿光谱仪等仪器的检定/校准,可作为计量人员的参考依据。     

The influence of sample area on diclofenac sodium quantification by diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy

A procedure for the quantitative determination of diclofenac sodium (DS) in commercial capsules and tablets based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) treatment of diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopic (DRIFTS) data is described. Two DRIFTS accessories, a Collector II (Spectra-Tech) and a Seagull (Harrick Scientific), were used to collect the spectra. The spectrometer beam area on the surface of the sample was approximately sevenfold smaller for the Collector II accessory compared to the Seagull accessory. Spectra collection using the smaller beam spot resulted in significantly higher quantification errors for the single measurements. To reduce the errors associated with the Collector II accessory spectra were collected seven times while randomly changing the sample position. The mean spectra were used in the analysis. To compare the predictive ability of the constructed models, the relative standard errors of prediction (RSEP) were calculated. The RSEPs were 1.3-2.9% and 2.0-2.6% using the Collector II accessory and 1.0-1.5% and 1.1-1.7% using the Seagull accessory, for calibration and validation data sets, for the different PLS models. Three commercial preparations containing 20.5, 23.2 and 34.5% DS were successfully quantified using the developed models. The proposed procedure can be used as a fast, precise and economic method for DS quantification in tablets and capsules.     

Optimization of sample packing in diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy

Parameters of sample packing in diffuse reflectance IR Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) have been investigated and optimized. One MPa pressure applied for 1 min was found to provide simultaneously at least ±3% reproducibility and appropriate band intensity. It has been also demonstrated that this precision can be obtained if the sample mass is controlled to ±2% and the sample is dry. A simple sample packing accessory was designed and constructed for reproducible sample preparation. Quartz concentration of dust samples has been determined and good agreement has been found with the results of the conventional pellet technique.     

Attenuated total reflectance powder cell for infrared analysis of hygroscopic samples

An attenuated total reflectance (ATR) sample cell has been designed, manufactured and subsequently used for the mid-infrared analysis of hygroscopic samples. This sample cell was installed as a simple drop-in replacement for the cell supplied with our commercially available Harrick Mvp-Pro FTIR–ATR accessory. Calcium chloride, a well-known desiccant that has a propensity to absorb water into its crystal lattice, was selected as non-infrared active substrate to accentuate the efficacy of the cell in preserving the anhydrous state of the sample by straightforward monitoring of the water bands. In contrast, mid-infrared spectra are presented that qualitatively demonstrate the rapid rate at which atmospheric moisture is incorporated into the anhydrous sample when analyzed using the conventional ATR cell assembly.     

The Development of Gas-flow Modulation for High-frequency MTDSC measurements

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of modulating the temperature programme of a conventional DSC by use of an alternating gas-flow system. Modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC) is an important thermal analysis technique but suffers from a limited applicable frequency range due to the mass of the sample and DSC cell leading to the impingement of thermal conductivity effects. We suggest that the frequency limit can be increased by replacing the cell as the source of temperature modulation with an external gaseous source, directed towards the sample and reference pans. In this evaluation, an alternating gas-flow was passed through a line to a forced gas-flow accessory (FGFA). The FGFA consisted of two matched cylinders containing chambers that allowed pre-temperature-equilibration of the stream of gas before it was passed over the sample and reference pans. The development of this device revealed the essential practical requirements of gas-flow modulation for high-frequency temperature modulation. These include the following: an appropriately sealed tunable gas supply to both sample and reference pans, an effective method for high-frequency cycling of the gas-flow rate, a small aperture to deliver the flowing gas directly over the pan and a temperature equilibration chamber. The results from samples of quenched PET and amorphous Saquinavir indicate that gas-flow modulation is indeed feasible, with the FGFA able to raise the attainable temperature modulation frequency by an order of magnitude compared to conventional MTDSC. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Supercritical fluid extraction / capillary supercritical fluid chromatography / Fourier transform infrared microspectrometry of polycyclic aromatic compounds in a coal tar pitch

The combination of supercritical fluid extraction, high resolution capillary supercritical fluid chromatography, and Fourier transform infrared microspectrometry is described for the separation and identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coal tar pitch. The variable solvating power of the supercritical fluid was utilized to selectively fractionate the sample. The fluid extract was decompressed through a frit restrictor into the sample cavity of a cooled microvalve injector, where the analytes were deposited and concentrated for subsequent chromatographic analysis. Several of the analytes separated in the chromatograph were collected on a potassium bromide disc at a solvent elimination inter-face for subsequent infrared analysis involving the use of an infra-red microscope accessory. The spectra obtained show the power of this detection technique for distinguishing between isomers.     

A modified diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy cell for depth profiling of ceramic fibers

A modified diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transformed spectroscopy (DRIFTS) accessory was used to analyze the surface properties of alumino-silicate fibers. The modifications are simple and involve a different way of performing depth-profiling from traditional DRIFTS by removing approximately 2 mm of salt from a full cup prior to placing the sample in for depth profiling. This method proved successful in elucidating the effects of quenching alumino-silicate fibers in mineral oil versus quenching in an air stream.     

Fluorimetrische Routinebestimmung von Uran in Urinproben

With a modified RA 2 reflectance accessory for the Zeiss PMQ II/PMQ 3 spectrophotometer, uranium in urine was detected with higher sensitivity. A routine method is now available with a detection limit of <2 μg U/l urine for the determination of possible uranium incorporations, whose sensitivity meets the requirements of radiation protection. Compared with other extraction methods, the instrument outlay and the required working time are small. The total error of the method is below 5%.     

Determination of copper,iron and vanadium in petroleum by direct sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

A procedure for the direct determination of Cu, Fe and V in petroleum samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using a solid sampling accessory, without any sample pre-treatment or dilution, is proposed. A Pd + Triton X-100 solution was used as chemical modifier. The pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, as well as the Pd mass were defined by multivariate optimization. The other parameters of the temperature programs were defined by univariate optimization. The limits of detection at the optimized conditions were 10, 200 and 800 pg for Cu, Fe and V, respectively, for typical sample masses ranging from 0.10 to 3.00 mg. Method accuracy was confirmed by the analysis of oil certified reference materials as well as by comparison with independent methods. Aqueous calibration solutions were used and no statistically significant difference (analysis of variance) was observed between obtained and expected values.     

Improved resolution and determination of ambient C5−C12 hydrocarbons by GC-coupled refocussing system

Summary A homemade cryogenic system derived from readily available material is described, illustrating its usage as an accessory for adsorption/thermal desorption chromatography. A small Chromsorb-W-HP packing (1 cm) was introduced into a deactivated precolumn as a cryofocussing, preconcentrating unit. This was able to retain the analyte which had been thermally desorpted from a Tenax TA sampling tube at a relatively higher temperature (–80°C–90°C), with the analyte also reinjected on the analytical column in a relatively narrow band. Average overall recoveries for 24 hydrocarbons tested were 97.5%. Cryofocussing enhanced sensitivity and improved resolution. Field studies at a petroleum industry site were carried out and the accessory proved to be useful for complex C₅–C₁₂ hydrocarbon analysis in ambient air.     

The physicochemical and catalytic properties of the Pt-CeO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> system

The properties of the Pt-CeO _x system prepared by the oxidation of the Pt₂Ce intermetallic compound were studied. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction in situ, thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy (with an accessory for energy dispersion analysis), transmission electron microscopy, and temperature-programmed reduction with hydrogen. The catalytic properties of the sample were studied in the model reaction of toluene hydrogenation. The oxidation of the intermetallic compound caused the appearance of metallic platinum and cerium oxide phases and high-dispersity platinum particles encapsulated in cerium oxide. Metallic platinum on the surface of the catalyst experienced rapid deactivation in the presence of hydrogen sulfide; high-dispersity platinum particles encapsulated in cerium oxide exhibited enhanced stability toward sulfur compounds.