多尺度材料模拟的自适应有限元方法研究

研究了材料模拟中一类新型耦合多尺度的自适应有限元方法. 采用微观分子动力学耦合宏观有限元的桥尺度方法来模拟材料破坏的前期行为,其中宏观有限元计算推广到了一般非结构三角形网格. 材料破坏形成后,停止微观尺度的计算,它的进一步发展和演化通过一个宏观模型来描述,采用自适应有限元方法来求解这一宏观模型. 其中,后验误差估计的基础是变分多尺度理论,即自适应网格加密是基于粗尺度上残差分布和细尺度上单元Green's函数. 计算中采用了破坏准则来模拟材料的断裂. 数值实验表明了方法的有效性.      

关于采用粗粒化提高颗粒材料多尺度模拟守恒特性的研究

连续体-颗粒耦合方法常用来描述连续-非连续颗粒行为或解决颗粒材料与其他可变形构件间相互作用问题。粗粒化coarse-graining (CG)是基于统计力学的均匀化方法,由离散的颗粒运动定义连续的宏观物理场。本文利用粗粒化(CG)推导有限元-离散元(FEM-DEM)表面和体积耦合的一般性表达式。对于表面耦合,CG可以将耦合力分布到颗粒-单元接触点以外的位置,如相邻的积分点;对于体积耦合,CG可以将颗粒尺度的运动均匀化到耦合单元上。由粗粒化推导出的耦合项仅包含一个参数,即粗粒化宽度,为均匀化后的宏观场定义了一个可调整的空间尺度。当粗粒化宽度为零时,表面和体积耦合表达式简化为常规局部耦合。本文通过弹性立方体冲击颗粒床和离散-连续介质间波传播两个数值算例,展示使用粗粒化方法提高耦合系统能量守恒的优势,并结合其他耦合参数(如体积耦合深度)讨论了粗粒化参数对数值稳定性和计算效率的影响。     

微/纳尺度接触问题计算方法研究进展

接触问题广泛存在于现实生活的众多领域,近来随着微/纳米技术的不断发展,接触力学在基础理论和研究方法上面临许多新的挑战.本文在摩擦学的范畴内,对近年发展的若干求解微/纳尺度接触问题的计算方法及理论进行了综述.按发展先后及所解决问题的尺度范围划分,主要有3类评估微/纳尺度接触性能的计算方法:(1)连续介质力学方法;(2)分子动力学模拟; (3)多尺度方法.介绍了这3类计算方法的典型理论和主要数学描述,给出了这些方法对解决若干微/纳观接触问题如黏着效应、粗糙表面描述、表面摩擦及润滑、表面热效应、生物接触等的主要应用.最后, 探讨了微/纳尺度接触问题计算方法可能的发展方向及应用领域.      

微米/纳米尺度的材料力学性能测试

针对如何定量测定纳米、微米尺度及低维材料的力学性能,叙述了采用当今先进观测手段,结合设备特点和力学分析技术来评价材料的硬度、弹性模量、屈服应力、抗蠕变及抗疲劳性等力学性能的测试方法．     

大型土木结构多尺度模拟与损伤分析------从材料多尺度力学到结构多尺度

从阐述重大土木工程结构安全运营面临的挑战性课题------结构多尺度力学问题开始, 对多尺度力学中的材料多尺度模拟和结构多尺度模拟的工程背景、多尺度特征和关键研究内容进行比较性评述;在此基础上, 重点介绍了对研究大型土木结构多尺度力学问题可能有参考价值的材料多尺度模拟和分析方法如周期性异质材料问题的平均化与渐进分析方法、单位分解法和多尺度重构核函数法, 以及大型土木结构多尺度模拟与分析领域的研究现状,由此引出结构多尺度力学研究中亟待解决的关键问题并加以评述;通过认识与比较结构多尺度与材料多尺度问题的共性与个性, 文中综述了在大型土木结构多尺度问题的研究进程中可供参考的理论与方法, 提出了这类结构多尺度力学问题研究的几个关键科学问题为: 结构多尺度模拟中的连接与跨越问题、多尺度模型的修正和验证、结构损伤的时间多尺度模拟与分析、结构强度和损伤失效过程中多尺度分析的跨尺度敏感性与随机性因素, 以及适用于大型土木结构多尺度模拟和计算分析的实施策略与技术.     

材料非线性微-宏观分析的多尺度方法研究

介绍并比较了近年来在材料非线性微-宏观分析多级数值方法方面的研究工作. 针对考虑材料内摩擦接触的颗粒材料多尺度计算问题,建立一种基于数值技术的多级分析方法. 方法的特点是在对材料进行微观分析的基础上建立宏观材料的多尺度非线性数值本构模型. 而对材料弹塑性多级分析问题,建立了基于转换场技术的算法,采用近似技术建立非线性分析的本征应变矩阵,使方法具有表达简单与实现方便的特点. 给出了数值算例,通过比较说明了方法的正确性与有效性.     

箱型结构损伤分析的空间网格多尺度模拟方法

为高效模拟空间效应显著的结构在关键局部的损伤,本文研究建立了以损伤分析为目标的空间网格多尺度模拟方法．首先基于变形协调法和内力平衡法,研究了空间网格多尺度建模中的跨尺度界面连接方法,对比分析了两种界面连接合理性．以三跨连续刚构混凝土箱梁在地震载荷下的损伤为分析案例,验证了空间网格多尺度模型在结构损伤分析中的可行性及其在计算效率上的优越性．分析结果表明：空间网格多尺度模型可以精确模拟结构的静力效应和动力特性;空间网格多尺度模型既考虑了结构空间效应,又可以高效分析箱梁结构局部易损部位的损伤演化过程,从而为空间效应显著的结构损伤分析提供了更为实用精细的计算模拟方法．     

计算材料科学中桥域多尺度方法的若干进展

材料科学中存在固有的多尺度特性,桥域多尺度方法是在宏观尺度(如连续介质力学)中引入不同的细微观尺度的计算区域,乃至纳米尺度的分子动力学、量子力学计算区域,将不同尺度的研究方法通过一定的数学模型耦合在一起。该方法既能节约计算成本,又能保证所研究问题的物理特性。本文对多尺度方法的基本概念、跨尺度桥域多尺度方法的发展、基本原理、耦合方法和离散方程进行了讨论,给出了几个应用算例,并在最后进行了总结,展望了今后的可能发展方向。     

多相材料微结构布局及宏观结构拓扑并发优化

在传统双向渐进结构优化(BESO)方法基础上,充分考虑材料和结构的尺度关联性,基于均匀化理论将材料微结构胞元设计和宏观结构拓扑优化相结合,按照材料属性排序引入材料插值函数依次进行灵敏分析,建立周期性多相材料微结构布局及宏观结构拓扑并发优化设计方法。优化过程中,宏观结构受力的特性嵌入微观敏度生成过程,使得新型材料具备了特定宏观结构力学需求的更加轻型、高强的最佳力学性能;同时,微观材料胞元的等效材料属性又是宏观结构优化的基础材料,从而使得材料/结构具有尺度上的统一。相关算例说明该方法在解决多相材料微观分布优化和周期性多相材料微结构布局及宏观结构拓扑并发优化问题时具有边界清晰和收敛快等优点。     

固体的统计细观力学——-连接多个耦合的时空尺度

从固体力学所面临的新的挑战------多物理、多尺度耦合及其现状的描述开始, 以层裂过程为例, 说明了这些多尺度非平衡问题的基本困难在于, 在固体中不同尺度上有不同的微结构层次及不同的演化物理和速率. 接下来, 概述了一些针对这一困难的独特的思路及其成果. 第3部分强调了一些统计平均方法的范式, 以及处理包含多个时间和空间尺度的问题的新思路, 特别是非平衡损伤演化导致宏观失效的问题. 在第4部分, 简要评述了一些连接多个空间和时间尺度的细观力学框架, 如位错理论, 物理细观力学, Weibull理论, 随机理论等, 并且阐述了其中蕴含的跨尺度耦合的机理. 然后, 在第5部分, 回到了描述损伤演化过程的框架, 也就是统计细观损伤力学以及它的跨尺度封闭近似. 基于这些跨尺度框架, 在第6部分, 对控制跨尺度耦合的可能机理进行了评述和比较. 由于对失效时灾变的洞察与跨尺度强耦合紧密相关, 一些非平衡和强相互作用的新概念在第7部分进行了讨论. 最后, 以一个简短的总结和一些建议结束.     

原子力／摩擦力显微图象的分析与测量

用表面粗糙度评定方法和分形几何方法,结合原子力／摩擦力显微图象的特点,编制了包括Ｒａ,Ｒｑ,Ｓｍ,Ｓ,λａ,λｑ及高度分布、承载率曲线、相关函数、功率谱和分形维数等参数的图象分析与测量的ＦＯＲＴＲＡＮ程序;用ＳＴＲ－１８０和ＳＴＲ－１０００标样作了高度标定,对国产Ｎａｔｕｒｅ磁带和进口Ｓｏｎｙ磁带的原子力／摩擦力显微图象进行了分析测量．结果表明：Ｎａｔｕｒｅ磁带的粗糙度和粒度均比Ｓｏｎｙ磁带的大;微摩擦力与表面轮廓及表面轮廓斜率之间均有良好的对应关系．     

RLC串联电路与微梁耦合系统1:2内共振分析

研究电阻电感电容串联电路与微梁耦合系统的非线性振动,应用拉格朗日-麦克斯韦方程,建立受静电激励RLC串联电路与微梁耦合系统的数学模型。根据非线性振动的多尺度法,得到了在内共振ω2≈2ω1的情况下的近似解,并进行数值计算,得到用椭圆函数表示的解析解。计算结果表明,在无阻尼情况下,振动和能量在两个态间相互转换,没有能量损失。     

Resolving Controversies in the Application of the Method of Multiple Scales and the Generalized Method of Averaging

I compare application of the method of multiple scales with reconstitution and the generalized method of averaging for determining higher-order approximations of three single-degree-of-freedom systems and a two-degree-of-freedom system. Three implementations of the method of multiple scales are considered, namely, application of the method to the system equations expressed as second-order equations, as first-order equations, and in complex-variable form. I show that all of these methods produce the same modulation equations.I address the problem of determining higher-order approximate solutions of the Duffing equation in the case of primary resonance. I show that the conclusions of Rahman and Burton that the method of multiple scales, the generalized method of averaging, and Lie series and transforms might lead to incorrect results, in that spurious solutions occur and the obtained frequency–response curves bear little resemblance to the actual response, is the result of their using parameter values for which the neglected terms are the same order as the retained terms. I show also that spurious solutions cannot be avoided, in general, in any consistent expansion and their presence does not constitute a limitation of the methods. In particular, I show that, for the Duffing equation, the second-order frequency–response equation does not possess spurious solutions for the case of hardening nonlinearity, but possesses spurious solutions for the case of softening nonlinearity. For sufficiently small nonlinearity, the spurious solutions are far removed from the actual response. But as the strength of the nonlinearity increases, these solutions move closer to the backbone and eventually distort it. This is not a drawback of the perturbation methods but an indication of an application of the analysis for parameter values outside the range of validity of the expansion.Also, I address the problem of obtaining non-Hamiltonian modulation equations in the application of the method of multiple scales to multi-degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian systems written as second-order equations in time and how this problem can be overcome by attacking the state-space form of the governing equations. Moreover, I show that application of a variation of the method of Rahman and Burton to multi-degree-of-freedom systems leads to results that do not agree with those obtained with the generalized method of averaging.Contributed by Prof. R.A. Ibrahim.     

STRENGTH, PLASTICITY, INTERLAYER INTERACTIONS AND PHASE TRANSITION OF LOW-DIMENSIONAL NANOMATERIALS UNDER MULTIPLE FIELDS

Atoms are hold together to form different materials and devices through short range interactions such as chemical bonds and long range interactions such as the van der Waals force and electromagnetic i...     

Non-linear normal modes and their bifurcation of a two DOF system with quadratic and cubic non-linearity

The non-linear normal modes (NNMs) and their bifurcation of a complex two DOF system are investigated systematically in this paper. The coupling and ground springs have both quadratic and cubic non-linearity simultaneously. The cases of ω₁:ω₂=1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 are discussed, respectively, as well as the case of no internal resonance. Approximate solutions for NNMs are computed by applying the method of multiple scales, which ensures that NNM solutions can asymtote to linear normal modes as the non-linearity disappears. According to the procedure, NNMs can be classified into coupled and uncoupled modes. It is found that coupled NNMs exist for systems with any kind of internal resonance, but uncoupled modes may appear or not appear, depending on the type of internal resonance. For systems with 1:1 internal resonance, uncoupled NNMs exist only when coefficients of cubic non-linear terms describing the ground springs are identical. For systems with 1:2 or 1:3 internal resonance, in additional to one uncoupled NNM, there exists one more uncoupled NNM when the coefficients of quadratic or cubic non-linear terms describing the ground springs are identical. The results for the case of internal resonance are consistent with ones for no internal resonance. For the case of 1:2 internal resonance, the bifurcation of the coupled NNM is not only affected by cubic but also by quadratic non-linearity besides detuning parameter although for the cases of 1:1 and 1:3 internal resonance, only cubic non-linearity operate. As a check of the analytical results, direct numerical integrations of the equations of motion are carried out.     

Multi-scale dual-phase cyclic plasticity with quantitative transitions and size effects of layered structures

A method is developed for cyclic elastoplastic analysis across micro/meso/macro scales which is effective for the quantitative transition of physical variables and for evaluating the size effects of microstructures. By using the improved self-consistent scheme proposed by Fan^[1] and carrying out a delicate mesoscopic analysis based on a shear-lag model, the size effects including the thickness of hard and soft layers relative to the inclusion dimension are obtained on the overall elastoplastic responses of materials up to 50 cycles. The dominant characteristics of the analysis are that the characteristic dimensions of a microstructure such as the thickness of the layers and the inclusion dimension can be explicitly incorporated into the formulation. Results of numerical analysis using only 4 plastic constants show that the thicker the layer relative to the inclusion size, the softer the material in producing more plastic strain values for a given applied stress amplitude. This is in agreement with the well-known experimental rule that the yield strength of layered structures is inversely proportional to the square root of the spacing between layers. It is found that ratcheting depends very much on the size of the layered-structure and that the thinner the relative thickness of the layer the less the ratcheting displacement. This finding may be used to explain why phenomenological models on ratcheting are not quite successful so far, indicating the significance of across scale analysis in understanding issues which have existed for a long time.