The chemistry of uranium

The thermal decomposition reactions of various hexanitrato uranium(IV) species, M₂U(NO₃)₆ where M=Cs⁺, NEt ₄ ⁺ , AsPh ₄ ⁺ and PPh ₄ ⁺ have been studied.The overall decomposition reaction can be described in terms of an oxidation-reduction reaction in which the nitrate oxidizes the uranium. The enthalpies of decomposition were found to be very similar, approximately 55 kJ mole^–1 except for the PPh ₄ ⁺ -salt which was only 27 kJ mole^–1.The decomposition kinetics of all the compounds were studied and found to be complex — especially during the initial stages of the reaction.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermischen Zersetzungsreaktionen verschiedener Hexanitratouran (IV)-Arten der Formel M₂U(NO₃)₆ (M=Cs⁺, NEt ₄ ⁺ , AsPh ₄ ⁺ und PPh ₄ ⁺ ) wurden untersucht.Die allgemeine Zersetzungsreaktion kann durch eine Oxidations-Reduktionsreaktion beschrieben werden, in der Uran durch Nitrat oxidiert wird. Die Zersetzungsenthalpien erwiesen sich als sehr ähnlich, annähernd 55 kJ. mol^–1 mit Ausnahme des PPh ₄ ⁺ -Salzes, dessen Wert nur 27 kJ. mol^–1 betrug.Die Zersetzungskinetik sämtlicher Verbindungen wurde studiert und für komplex gefunden, besonders in den Anfangsstadien der Reaktion.

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Résumé On a étudié la décomposition thermique des diverses espèces d'hexanitrate d'uranium IV de formule: M₂U(NO₃)₆ (M=Cs⁺, NEt ₄ ⁺ , AsPh ₄ ⁺ et PPh ₄ ⁺ ).La réaction générale de la décomposition peut être décrite par une réaction d'oxydo-réduction, dans laquelle le nitrate oxyde l'uranium. On a trouvé que les enthalpies de décomposition étaient très similaires, environ 55 kJ. mole^–1, à l'exception du se! de PPh ₄ ⁺ dont la valeur n'était que 27 kJ. mole^–1.On a étudié la cinétique de décomposition de tous les composés. Elle est complexe, spécialement pendant les étapes initiales de la réaction.

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oypaa(IV) M₂U(NO₃)₆, M=Cs⁺, Et₄N⁺, Ph₄As⁺ Ph₄P⁺. - , . , 55 .^–1, Ph₄P⁺ — , 27 .^–1. , .

     

Kinetics of the oxidation of oxalic acid by cerium(IV) sulfate in dilute sulfuric acid

The kinetics of the oxidation of oxalic acid by cerium(IV) in sulfuric acid medium has been studied voltammetrically. The specific reaction rate is 132±4.0 M^–1s^–1 at 25.0 °C. The energy of activation is 62.6±3.0 kJ mol^–1. The entropy of activation is –2.7 J mol^–1K^–1. The specific reaction rate is influenced by complexation and also by ionic strength (). The most likely mechanism has been suggested.

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(IV) . 132±4,0 M^–1c^–1 25,0 °C. 62,6±3,0 ·M^–1. –2,7 ·K^–1M^–1. , (). .

     

Time dependence of the rate constant in the free radical oxidation in solid phase

ESR studies of oxidation kinetics of ethyl and dimethylpentyl radicals have been performed in glassy deuterium-containing alcohols, toluene-d₈ and in glassy 2,4-dimethylpentane-h₁₆, respectively. The kinetics is interpreted by assuming time-dependent reaction rate constant.

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, -d₈ 2,4--h₁₆. .

     

Thermoanalytical and mössbauer spectroscopic studies of phase transformations of amorphous chromium hydroxide

To establish the structures of the phase transformation products of amorphous chromium hydroxide and the region of their stability, the thermally initiated transformations were studied at normal and reduced pressure (0.133 Pa) by differential thermal analysis, Mössbauer spectroscopy (on admixed⁵⁷Fe atoms) and X-ray diffraction phase analysis.At reduced pressure the region of stability of amorphous chromium oxide formed during hydroxide dehydration is wider.The Mössbauer shift of admixed⁵⁷Fe atoms in amorphous chromium hydroxide is characteristic of Fe³⁺, but the magnitude of the quadrupole splitting considerably exceeds those for simple and compound iron oxides and oxide-hydroxides. From this, it can be concluded that the symmetry of the local environment of the chromium atoms in amorphous chromium hydroxide is anomalously low.

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Zusammenfassung Um die Struktur der Umwandlungsprodukte des amorphen Chrom(III)-oxids und seinen Existenzbereich zu ermitteln, wurden die thermischen Umwandlungen bei normalem und vermindertem Druck (0,133 Pa) durch DTA, Mössbauer-Spektroskopie (an zugesetzten⁵⁷Fe-Atomen) und Röntgenbeugungs-Phasenanalyse untersucht. Unter vermindertem Druck wird der Stabilitätsbereich des bei der Entwässerung des Hydroxids gebildeten amorphen Chrom(III)-oxids erweitert. Die Mössbauer-Verschiebung von zugesetzten⁵⁷Fe-Atomen in amorphem Chrom(III)-oxid ist charakteristisch für Fe³⁺, die Quadrupol-Aufspaltung übertrifft die für einfache und komplexe Eisenoxide und -oxid-hydroxide beträchtlich. Daraus wird geschlossen, dass die Symmetrie der Umgebung der Chromatome im amorphen Chrom(III)-oxid ungewöhnlich niedrig ist.

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, (0.133 ) , ⁵⁷Fe . , . ⁵⁷Fe Fe³⁺, - . .

     

Effect of the nature of carrier on dinitrogen fixation by supported titanium complexes

Cyclopentadienyltitanium (IV) complexes supported on Al₂O₃, SiO₂ and MgO reduced with BuLi were tested in dinitrogen fixation at room temperature under normal pressure. Only the system supported on Al₂O₃ is active in this reaction.

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- (IV), Al₂O₃, SiO₂ MgO, BuLi, . Al₂O₃.

     

Analysis of the drying stage in the technology of supported catalysts

The distribution of the precipitated active component has been analyzed using the concepts of moisture transfer mechanism for the evaporation of porous materials. Formulas are proposed for the low-dispersity phase, depending on the precipitation parameter. The calculations performed using a statistical porous environment model are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.

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- . . , , .

     

Formation of the solid solution CdS/CdSe from CdS and Se and its thermal stability a thermogravimetric investigation

Selenium and cadmium sulphide react in the temperature range 250–350 to form a solid solution CdSe/CdS. Thermogravimetric (in N₂) and chemical analyses show that this reaction occurs with the elimination of equimolecular amounts of Se and S. The thermal stability of the s.s. (2CdS · CdSe) in an atmosphere of N₂ was studied.

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Zusammenfassung Selen und Kadmiumsulfid reagierten miteinander im Temperaturbereich von 250 bis zu 350 unter Bildung einer festen Lösung CdSe/CdS. Thermogravimetrische (unter N₂) und chemische Untersuchungen bewiesen, da\ die Reaktion unter Elimination Äquimolekularer Mengen von Se und S verlÄuft. Die thermische StabilitÄt der festen Lösung (2CdS · CdSe) in Stickstoff wurde geprüft.

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Résumé Le sélénium et le sulfure de cadmium réagissent entre 250 et 350C en formant une solution solide CdSe/CdS. Les analyses thermogravimétrique (dans l'azote) et chimique montrent que cette réation se produit avec élimination de Se et de S suivant un rapport équimoléculaire. On a contrÔlé la stabilité thermique de la solution solide [2CdS · CdSe] dans l'azote.

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250–350 C, CdSe/CdS; ( ) , Se S; 2 CdS·CdSe N₂.

     

Error analysis of surface area determinations by the chromatographic technique

The systematic and random errors in the determination of the surface area of adsorbents and catalysts by argon thermodesorption chromatography are analyzed.

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Effect of mechanical activation on the catalytic, physical and chemical properties of copper oxide

Mechano-chemical activation of copper oxide powders leads to structural disordering of the near-surface layers of particles and, thus, to considerable variations in the catalytic properties of copper oxide.

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, , .

     

Investigation of kinetics and mechanism of maleic anhydride interaction with pentachlorinated phosphorus

Kinetics and mechanism of the interaction of maleic anhydride with pentachlorinated phosphorus have been studied. Kinetic parameters of a model making it possible to control this reaction have been calculated.

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, , .

     

Thermal analysis of binary and ternary systems of salicylic acid,sodium salicylate and sodium hydrogen carbonate

The thermal decompositions of binary and ternary systems of salicylic acid, monosodium salicylate, disodium salicylate and sodium hydrogen carbonate were studied by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The possibility was shown of analyzing systems involving components which react with each other upon heat treatment. Use can be made of results of this work to follow the course and extent of the reaction employed in the commercial method of manufacturing sodium salicylate and to check declared compositions of salicylate mixtures.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Zersetzung binärer und ternärer Systeme, die Salicylsäure, Mononatriumsalicylat, Dinatriumsalicylat und Natriumhydrocarbonat enthalten, wurde untersucht. Die Möglichkeit der Analyse von Systemen, deren Komponenten bei Hitzebehandlung miteinander reagieren, wurde gezeigt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit gestatten den Verlauf und das Ausmaß der Reaktionen zu untersuchen, welche bei dem Herstellungsverfahren von handelsüblichen Natriumsalicylat ablaufen und die deklarierte Zusammensetzung von Salicylatmischungen zu prüfen.

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Résumé Etude par thermogravimétrie et analyse thermique différentielle de la décomposition thermique de systèmes binaires et ternaires constitués d' acide salicylique salicylate monosodique, de salicylate disodique et d'hydrogénocarbonate de sodium. On montre la possibilité d'analyser des systèmes dont les composants réagissent entre eux lors du traitement thermique. Les résultats de cette étude permettent de suivre le déroulement et le degré d'avancement de la réaction utilisée dans le procédé commercial de fabrication du salicylate de sodium et de contrôler la composition déclarée des mélanges de salicylates.

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, , , , . , . , - .

     

Kinetics of hydroperoxyde-dependent naphthalene hydroxylation involving cytochrome P-450 of the intact and induced enzyme systems of rat liver microsomes

Hydroperoxide-dependent naphthalene hydroxylation involving rat liver microsomes has been studied. The direct interaction between cytochrome p-450 and cumyl hydroperoxide (CHP) has been demonstrated. K_m values with respect to both the substrate and CHP have been determined using intact and induced enzyme systems. The nature of the hydroxylating agent and the possible role of high-valence iron in the processes of hydroxylation by microsomal systems is discussed.

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. P-450 . K_m . , .

     

On the acidic properties of H-SABO zeolites

Computer handling of TPAD data reveals a decreasing strength of Brönsted sites and forced diffusion limitations caused by incorporation of boron at pentasil type zeolite lattice positions.

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, , , .

     

Influence of chemical non-steady-state on SO2 conversion in fluidized catalyst bed

The effect of the influence of catalyst non-steady-state on SO₂ conversion ion a fluidized catalyst bed has been studied depending on the ratio of relaxation time for the catalytic reaction step to the characteristic time of particles diffusion.

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Thermal decomposition of copper(II)phthalate monohydrate

The thermal dehydration and decomposition of copper(II) phthalate monohydrate was studied by isothermal and non-isothermal methods. The decomposition process consisted of three steps: two steps of dehydration and the third of decomposition. The kinetics of isothermal dehydration reactions follow (i) a unimolecular law up to the formation of copper(II) phthalate hemihydrate, and (ii) a phase boundary model giving anhydrous copper(II) phthalate, while the kinetics of isothermal decomposition reaction comply with the Erofeev-Avrami equation, [–ln(1–)]^1/n =Kt+C. The energies of activation for the formation of the decomposition products were calculated. The decomposition products were characterized by elemental analysis, photomicrographic observations, infrared and reflectance spectra and X-ray powder diffraction data.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Dehydratisierung und Zersetzung von Kupfer(II)Phthalat Monohydrat wurde durch isotherme und nichtisotherme Methoden untersucht. Der Zersetzungsvorgang bestand aus drei Stufen: zwei Stufen der Dehydratisierung und die dritte der Zersetzung. Die Kinetik der isothermen Dehydratisierungsreaktionen folgt (i) einem unimolekularen Gesetz bis zur Bildung von Kupfer(II)Phthalat Hemihydrat und (ii) einem Grenzflächen modell, das wasserfreies Kupfer(II)Phthalat ergibt, während die Kinetik der isothermen Zersetzungsreaktion der Erofeev-Avrami Gleichung, [–ln(1–)]^1/n =Kt+C genügt. Die Aktivierungsenergien für die Bildung der Zersetzungsprodukte wurden berechnet. Die Zersetzungsprodukte wurden durch Elementaranalyse, mikrophotographische Beobachtungen, Infrarot- und Remissionsspektra sowie Röntgen-Pulverdiffraktionsdaten charakterisiert.

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Résumé On a étudié, par des méthodes isothermes et non-isothermes, la déshydratation et la décomposition thermique du phtalate de cuivre(II) monohydraté. Le procèssus de décomposition consiste en trois étapes: deux étapes de déshydratation et la troisième de décomposition. La cinétique des réactions de déshydratation isotherme suit (i) une loi unimoléculaire jusqu'à la formation de phtalate de cuivre(II) hémihydraté, et (ii) un modèle de surfaces limites qui donne du phtalate de cuivre(II) anhydre, tandis que la cinétique de la réaction de décomposition isotherme satisfait l'équation d'Eroféev-Avrami: [–ln(1–)]^1/n =Kt+C. On a calculé les énergies d'activation de la formation des produits de décomposition. On a caractérisé les produits de décomposition par analyse élementaire, par des observations micrographiques, des spectres infrarouges et d'émission ainsi que par des données de diffraction sur poudre des rayons X.

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(II). : . (II) , (II). - : [-In(1-)]^1/n=Kt+. . , , , .

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One of the authors (C. M. K.) is grateful to the University of Jammu, Jammu, for the award of a Fellowship.     

Decomposition of n-pentadecyl hydroperoxides in the presence of nickel and cerium stearates

Overall and radical decompositions of n-pentadecyl hydroperoxides by nickel and cerium stearates have been studied. Reaction orders, effective activation energies, rate constants for the overall decompostion and radical formation have been calculated.

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- n- . , , - .

     

The autocatalytic character of the reaction methanol to hydrocarbons over amorphous silica-alumina catalysts

Conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons was studied on an amorphous silica-alumina over the 330–420°C temperature range and contact times up to 8 h. The reaction was confirmed as autocatalytic from the results of varying both contact time and temperature.

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330–420°C 8 . , , , .

     

Oxidation of propylene to acrylic acid on a Fe?Mo?Bi oxide system

Data obtained in a flow reactor show that iron(III) molybdate doped by bismuth can oxidize propylene to acrylic acid directly in one step. Part of the catalyst works in a partially reduced form and in the preparation of the catalyst the surface acidity must be controlled.

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, , (III), , . .