Measurement of orientation crystallization rates of linear polymers by means of dynamic X-ray diffraction technique. II. Frequency dispersion of strain-induced crystallization coefficient of natural rubber vulcanizates in subsonic range

The orientation crystallization behavior of natural rubber vulcanizates was investigated by means of a dynamic X-ray diffraction technique utilizing the half-circle sector technique. The frequency dependence of dynamic diffraction intensities from diatropic and paratropic crystal planes, (002) and (200) planes, was observed over a frequency range from 10^?3 to 10¹ Hz as a function of temperature, degree of cross-linking, static extension ratio, and dynamic strain amplitude.

The frequency dependence of the dynamic X-ray diffraction gives two dispersion regions around 10^?2 and 10^?1 Hz. The phase angle between the dynamic X-ray diffraction and dynamic strain of a bulk specimen is definitely positive; i.e., the dynamic strain of the specimen is always behind the dynamic orientation crystallization.

The frequency dispersion at low frequencies, around 1WZ Hz is very obvious for the (200) crystal plane and shifts somewhat to higher frequencies under those conditions that increase the mobility of self-diffusion of rubber molecules, i.e., increase of temperature and decreases of extension ratio and degree of cross-linking. The frequency dispersion at high frequencies, around 10¹ Hz, is rather obvious for the (002) crystal plane and does not shift appreciably under the experimental conditions.     

Chain orientation in natural rubber, Part II: 2H-NMR study

Stress-induced crystallisation (SIC) and stress-induced melting (SIM) in natural rubbers (NR), unfilled and filled with carbon black (CB) have been studied by ²H-NMR measurements. Various materials have been swollen with small amount (< 2%) of deuterated alkane chains. The orientation of the amorphous chains, then the local deformation of the amorphous chains during deformation cycles and during stress relaxation, permits to clarify the SIC and SIM processes during hardening and recovery. By mechanical, WAXS and NMR measurements one determines the same critical draw ratio for appearance λ_A and disappearance λ_E of the crystallites. It is demonstrated that the hysteresis observed by the different techniques (stress σ, crystallinity χ, NMR splitting Δν) are due to the supercooling effect ( λ_A > λ_E, at constant temperature). During hardening at constant strain rate it is found that the local draw ratio remains constant and equal to λ_A, whereas the crystallinity increases linearly with the macroscopic draw ratio λ. The hardening σ ∼ (λ - λ_A)² is then interpreted as a reinforcement effect due to the crystallites, which act as new crosslinks. This confirms the prediction of Flory. In filled rubber the same effects are observed, and the stress amplification factor is determined as a function of the CB content. It is found that the fillers act as nucleation centres for the NR crystallites. The reinforcement of such materials is due principally to this nucleation effect and to the presence of a super network formed by both the NR crystallites and the CB fillers.     

FTIR and thermal studies of modified natural rubber based polymer electrolytes

Chemical modification of natural rubber (NR) has frequently been attempted to improve the performance in specific application. 30% poly (methyl metacrylate) grafted NR (MG 30) has been explored as a potential candidate for polymer electrolytes. The complexation effect of LiCF₃SO₃, ethylene carbonate (EC) and Al₂SiO₅ in polymer host electrolytes has been investigated using FTIR ICP-OES spectrometry. Thermal studies of the systems have displayed a stable trend of glass temperature transition at elevated salt concentration whereas incorporation of EC and filler into the system results in the same pattern in their T_g values. Paper presented at the International Conference on Functional Materials and Devices 2005, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, June 6 – 8, 2005.     

Finite-size scaling studies of one-dimensional reaction-diffusion systems. Part II. Numerical methods

The scaling exponent and the scaling function for the 1D single-species coagulation model (A+AA) are shown to be universal, i.e., they are not influenced by the value of the coagulation rate. They are independent of the initial conditions as well. Two different numerical methods are used to compute the scaling properties of the concentration: Monte Carlo simulations and extrapolations of exact finite-lattice data. These methods are tested in a case where analytical results are available. To obtain reliable results from finite-size extrapolations, numerical data for lattices up to ten sites are sufficient.     

Electrochemical studies on polymer electrolytes based on poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted natural rubber for lithium polymer battery

MG30 is natural rubber grafted with 30% poly(methyl methacrylate). Gel polymer electrolytes containing MG30–LiCF₃SO₃–X (X = propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate) are prepared by solution casting technique. The polymer–salt complexes were investigated using Fourier-transformed infrared. The ionic conductivity of the electrolytes are determined by the ac impedance studies over the temperature range of 303–383 K and is observed to obey the Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher (VTF) rule. The Li⁺ transference number obtained using the Bruce and Vincent method is <0.3. The Li/Li⁺ interface stability is established and the electrolytes were found to be able to withstand a voltage of more than 4.2 V.     

Optical absorption method of natural gas component analysis in real time. Part II. Analysis of mixtures of arbitrary composition

The present paper continues the presentation of the results of studies started in [1]. The referred paper reports the development of the optical method for component analysis of natural gas mixtures with different compositions, allowing conducting measurements in real time. The method is based on the measurement of the absorption coefficients for the analyzed gas mixture at several wavelengths within the infrared region of the spectrum (7?C14 ??m), with the selected number and values of wavelengths depending on the category of the gas mixture. The resulting accuracy of the determination of the main components of gas mixtures including methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane and carbon dioxide is sufficient for the use of the developed method for the monitoring of the component composition of natural gas in pipelines.     

Nonlocal continuum-based modeling of a nanoplate subjected to a moving nanoparticle. Part II: Parametric studies

The possible usage of nanoplates in transporting of nanovehicles encouraged the author to propose some nonlocal plate models in the companion paper where the nanovehicle (i.e., moving nanoparticle) was modeled by a moving point load by considering its friction with the upper surface of the nanoplate. In this paper, a comprehensive parametric study is carried out to study the effects of length to thickness ratio of the nanoplate, small-scale parameter, and velocity (or angular velocity) of the moving nanoparticle on dynamic response of nonlocal Kirchhoff, Mindlin, and higher-order plates subjected to a moving nanoparticle. Herein, dynamic response of the nanoplate covers both time histories and dynamic amplitude factors of the in- and out-of-plane displacements. The capabilities of various nonlocal plate models in predicting the displacement field caused by friction and mass weight of the moving nanoparticle are then explored through various numerical analyses for two cases: (i) the moving nanoparticle moves along a diagonal of the nanoplate; (ii) the moving nanoparticle orbits on an ellipse path whose center is coincident with the nanoplate's center. The obtained results indicate that due to the incorporation of small-scale effect into shear strain energy of the nanoplate, an appropriate nonlocal plate model should be used. The results show that the choice of the nanoplate model to use relies on the small-scale parameter, geometrical properties of the nanoplate, and velocity of the moving nanoparticle.     

Semiempirical studies of core electron binding energies Part II. SCC-MO Calculations for uracil and its derivatives

The solid-state binding energies of uracil and some of its derivatives have been calculated using semiempirical SCC-MO intramolecular potential expressed in the pointcharge approximation. The results are essentially in satisfactory agreement with experimental data, giving at the same time a simple and transparent interpretation of the ESCA spectra which is close to that suggested by chemical intuition. Splitting of some unresolved N 1 s peaks is proposed, and separate binding energies are attributed to particular nitrogen atoms. The relaxation energies are discussed briefly. The present and earlier evidence indicates that formal atomic charges are meaningful within the theoretical framework adopted, despite the fact that they cannot be defined in a unique fashion.     

Single crystal diffraction patterns of germanium. Part II

The rocking curves of Ge (111), (220), (333) for CuK ₁ radiation were measured by means of the triple-crystal diffractometer. Perfect silicon single crystals, cut parallel to the (111) plane were used in the monochromator part of the triple-crystal diffractometer. The results prove the suitability of such a monochromator for studying diffraction patterns.

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. II

(rocking curves) (111), (220), (333) CuK ₁ . , (111). .

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In conclusion the authors thank A. Haruý for preparing the germanium single crystals and they are indebted to V. Smutná and A. Irra for the care with which they carried out various tasks.     

Gas dynamics of a supersonic radial jet. Part II

The paper presents the radial distributions of the pressure measured with a Pitot tube for the case of a radial jet with/without swirling of the input flow in the pre-chamber; the length of the supersonic part of the jet, dependency of the jet thickness as a function of the distance from the nozzle outlet, and approximating analytical formula for the jet thickness that generalizes the experimental data. Experimental data demonstrated that at the deposition distances lower than 4-6 gauges from the nozzle outlet, the solid particle velocity and temperature are almost uniform over the jet cross section. This means that the target surface can be allocated here without loss in coating quality and deposition coefficient. The maximal recommended distance where the deposition is still possible is the length of l _s0 ~ 16 gauges.     

An interaction interpretation of special relativity theory. Part II

The interaction interpretation of special relativity theory (elaborated in Part I) is discussed in relation to quantum theory. The relativistic transformations (Lorentz processes) of physical variables, on the interaction interpretation, are observation-interaction dependent, just as are the physical values (eigenvalues) of systems described by quantum-theoretic state functions; a common, basic structure of the special relativity and quantum theories can therefore be presented. The constancy of the light speed is shown to follow from interaction-transformations of frequency and wavelength variables. A parallelism is suggested between, on the one hand, the Lorentz-Clausius distinction for relativistic transformations, and, on the other, the distinction between observation-dependent and observation-independent natural processes. The empirical study of rates of macroscopic clocks can provide a critical test of the interaction interpretation and of a possible extension to gravitational time changes; the role of time as prior determinant of natural process is at issue. The Hafele-Keating observations are of general relativity effects on clocks in accelerated motion.     

Enhancement of Near-Cloaking. Part II: The Helmholtz Equation

The aim of this paper is to extend the method of Ammari et al. (Commun. Math. Phys., 2012) to scattering problems. We construct very effective near-cloaking structures for the scattering problem at a fixed frequency. These new structures are, before using the transformation optics, layered structures and are designed so that their first scattering coefficients vanish. Inside the cloaking region, any target has near-zero scattering cross section for a band of frequencies. We analytically show that our new construction significantly enhances the cloaking effect for the Helmholtz equation.     

Toward a microrealistic version of quantum mechanics. Part II

In this paper, possible objections to the propensity microrealistic version of quantum mechanics proposed in Part I are answered. This version of quantum mechanics is compared with the statistical, particle, microrealistic viewpoint, and a crucial experiment is proposed designed to distinguish between these two microrealistic versions of quantum mechanics.Part I of this paper appeared inFound. Phys. 6, 275 (1976).     

implantation of Bi into GaP. II. channeling studies

The channeling technique has been used to investigate the properties of Bi-implanted Gap. Measurements of the crystal disorder for 100 keV room temperature implants indicate a damage vs dose curve corresponding to ～13000 displacements/ion in the linear region and saturation at ～1.5 × 10¹³ Bi ions/cm². Annealing of the radiation damage has been observed and indicates two annealing steps at ～450°C for light damage and ～750°C for implants in the 1 × 10¹⁴/cm² range. Difficulties associated with the thermal decomposition of the implanted area have been overcome with the use of SiO _x coatings. The experimental details associated with the use of the SiO _x layer and with the use of a C¹² beam to obtain better depth and mass resolution in the backscattering spectrum are discussed. The lattice location measurements of the Bi impurity show ～50 per cent of the Bi atoms to be along the 〈110〉 string after a 900°C anneal for a 7.5 × 10¹³/cm² implant. In addition, the spectra show ～25 per cent of the Bi atoms have diffused to the surface. Correlations of these lattice location results with measurements of the photoluminescent intensity of the GaP (Bi) isoelectronic trap show an agreement in trend with anneal temperature but indicate a factor of ～10 more substitutional ions in the channeling measurement as compared to the photoluminescence results.     

SAXD studies on bulk crystallization of nylon 6.I. Changes in crystal structure,heat of fusion,and surface free energy of lamellar crystals with crystallization temperature

Measurements of small-angle x-ray diffraction (SAXD) were performed for nylon 6 samples quenched from the melt at various crystallization temperatures T (°K). The spacing estimated from the position of maximum intensity in a SAXD diagram, which is assumed to be equal to the thickness of lamellar crystals ?, decreases with the decrease of T. The behavior was analyzed in terms of nucleation theory. In applying the theory. the contribution of γ-form crystals for the samples crystallized at lower T was considered. For this purpose wide-angle x-ray diffraction and infrared data obtained for the same samples used in SAXD measurements were used. It was shown that the relation of ? versus T deviates remarkably from the theoretical prediction under the premise that the surface free energy σ_e (ergs/square centimeter) is constant with T. We present an approach to the analysis of the data from the standpoint that σ_e is a parameter changing with T, where σ_e should be interpreted as related to the degree of irregularity of the fold surface of lamellar crystals. The values of σ_e thus obtained increase with increasing undercooling δT, where δT = T_m ? T, with T_m (°K) being the melting point. SAXD data of polyethylene reported earlier by Mandelkern et al. were analyzed from the same standpoint, and it was found that the values of σ_e increase with δT/T_m in a similar manner for both nylon 6 and polyethylene.     

Finite-size scaling studies of one-dimensional reaction-diffusion systems. Part I. Analytical results

We consider two single-species reaction-diffusion models on one-dimensional lattices of lengthL: the coagulation-decoagulation model and the annihilation model. For the coagulation model the system of differential equations describing the time evolution of the empty interval probabilities is derived for periodic as well as for open boundary conditions. This system of differential equations grows quadratically withL in the latter case. The equations are solved analytically and exact expressions for the concentration are derived. We investigate the finite-size behavior of the concentration and calculate the corresponding scaling functions and the leading corrections for both types of boundary conditions. We show that the scaling functions are independent of the initial conditions but do depend on the boundary conditions. A similarity transformation between the two models is derived and used to connect the corresponding scaling functions.     

An electrochemomechanical theory of defects in ionic solids. Part II. Examples

In this paper, a boundary value problem formulated previously by N. Swaminathan, J. Qu, Y. Sun, Phil. Mag. 2006 (this volume) is solved to obtain the defect, stress distributions in a planar electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells. It is found that analytical solutions from the coupled theory reduce to the known results from electrochemistry literature when the coefficient of compositional expansion is set to zero, i.e. when there is no coupling between electrochemical and mechanical fields. For the case of non-zero coefficient of compositional expansion, extensive numerical results are presented which show that there is a significant interaction between mechanical stresses and defect distribution.     

Evolution of wave disturbances in the upper ionosphere. Part II

A theoretical analysis of the vertical propagation of large-scale wave disturbances in the F region and outer ionosphere is presented. The analysis has included all the major factors influencing the dynamics of the ionospheric plasma under mid-latitude conditions. It is shown that the disturbances propagating downward in a strongly inhomogeneous medium rise in intensity up to the heights of the F₂-layer maximum and are damped then in the lower layers of the ionosphere. This mechanism can be considered a source responsible for the inhomogeneous structure of the upper ionosphere. State University, Irkutsk, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 41, No. 9, pp. 1086–1092, September, 1998.     

Active control of double-glazed windows. Part II: Feedback control

This paper describes an experimental investigation of an actively controlled double-glazed window. It is the second of two companion papers of which the first treated results obtained employing adaptive feedforward control. Herein, the outcome using adaptive feedback control is presented. This adaptive feedback controller has been tested in different configurations, i.e. fully and partially connected controllers. The differences between fully connected controllers with few filter coefficients and partially connected controllers with many filter coefficients are discussed. Additionally, tests with different traffic noise examples have been performed showing the ability of the actively controlled window to enhance protection against traffic noise.     

Multiple scattering of slow electrons in a gas. Part II

The formulas derived in part I are used in measurements for elastic scattering cross section for He, Ne, and Ar.