相机位姿估计的加速正交迭代算法

面对需要实时计算的相机位姿估计问题,针对经典的广泛应用的正交迭代算法,提出了一种加速正交迭代算法。其关键思想是将每一次迭代过程规整化,从而提炼出每一次迭代的重复计算,若将此重复计算在迭代开始前提前计算,则可以大幅度的减少迭代过程中的计算量,使得每一次迭代的计算复杂度从O(n)降低为O(1)。因此,可以在更短的时间内迭代更多的次数,从而获得更高的精度。进行了对比实验,结果显示本加速算法计算精度更高,速度更快。并通过实验提出了选择稳健n点透视(RPn P)计算初值,再使用加速正交迭代算法进行迭代运算的方法,在控制点不多的情况下,是一种精度接近最大似然估计,计算速度最快的算法。     

一种基于最大似然的混响时间盲估计方法*

混响是室内声学中的重要现象,在室内设计与音频信号处理中都需要测量或估计混响时间。本文改进了一种基于最大似然估计的混响时间盲估计方法,即采用说话人在房间中自然说话时发出的混响语音信号来估计混响时间的方法。该方法首先确定语音衰减段的最优边界,其次计算该衰减段的两个额外参数,据此筛选出符合条件的语音段,最后将满足条件的语音段采用最大似然估计得到混响时间估计值。在五个不同混响时间条件下的仿真表明,与已有方法相比,改进方法估计的混响时间同真实混响时间的偏差更小,方差更低,估计准确性较高。     

最大似然估计量的一致性与样本容量选择

本文通过自行设计的光学测量系统，以实验的方法对最大似然估计量的一致性进行了分析，提出了一种减少测量系统计算工作量、降低采样成本，又可满足测量精度要求的样本容量选择方法。     

面向奇异构型目标点分布的相机位姿估计算法

为了提高平面、近平面和近线等奇异构型目标点的位姿估计精度和稳定性,提出了面向奇异构型目标点分布的位姿估计算法.首先,选择距离最远的两个点作为基本目标点,将n点划分为n-2个三点子集.其次,根据三点子集的几何关系构建辅助点,旨在增加透射相似三角形法的几何约束,进而求得较为准确的相机位姿初值.最后,结合EPnP算法和高斯牛...     

基于单目视觉的航天器位姿测量

鉴于实时高精度航天器位姿测量不仅是航天器实时监控和跟踪的重要技术保证,同时也是实时调整和补偿航天器姿态的主要依据,提出一种基于单目视觉的航天器实时位姿测量方法,利用高精度旋转平台几何摄像机的方式对被测目标进行位姿解算。该方法不需要对被测目标进行几何约束,同时也不用进行转站测量,因而可以进行动态实时的在线位姿检测。航天器位姿实验结果表明:该单目视觉测量方法姿态测量误差小于0.05°,位置测量误差小于0.02 m,满足实际工程0.1°和0.05 m的精度需求。     

基于点线对应的多摄像机全局位姿估计迭代算法

为了解决工业视觉场景中点和直线段共存情况下的多摄像机位姿估计问题,提出了基于点线特征对应的多摄像机全局位姿估计算法.以正交迭代算法为基础,使用多个固定在平台上的已标定摄像机间的几何约束,以全局方式处理多摄像机的重叠和非重叠视图的点和直线段特征,获得更加稳定精确的位姿估计.该算法先把所有摄像机数据进行统一表达,再把摄像机观测到的全部点特征的目标空间共线性误差和直线段特征的目标空间共面性误差之和作为误差函数,最后经数学推导得到使该误差函数最小化的迭代求解过程.实验结果验证了该算法的有效性以及优越性.     

超声反射CT中多体位置和形状参数的最大似然估计

将超声反射ＣＴ（ＵＲＣＴ）方法与最大似然估计方法相结合，用于对多体目标定位和对物体形状参数进行估计，给出了迭代方法及模拟结果，并作了某些讨论。     

基于点线对应的多摄像机全局位姿估计迭代算法

为了解决工业视觉场景中点和直线段共存情况下的多摄像机位姿估计问题,提出了基于点线特征对应的多摄像机全局位姿估计算法.以正交迭代算法为基础,使用多个固定在平台上的已标定摄像机间的几何约束,以全局方式处理多摄像机的重叠和非重叠视图的点和直线段特征,获得更加稳定精确的位姿估计.该算法先把所有摄像机数据进行统一表达,再把摄像机观测到的全部点特征的目标空间共线性误差和直线段特征的目标空间共面性误差之和作为误差函数,最后经数学推导得到使该误差函数最小化的迭代求解过程.实验结果验证了该算法的有效性以及优越性.     

单目相机位姿估计的稳健正交迭代方法

单目位姿估计是计算机视觉中一个基础而重要的问题,在机器人定位、虚拟现实、图像精密测量等领域应用广泛。在实际应用中,参考点坐标不可避免地含有粗差点,导致估计结果偏离真值,为此,提出自适应加权的稳健正交迭代算法。该算法采用稳健估计方法自动识别粗差点,并赋予其较小权值,以提高算法的稳健性。实验结果表明,稳健正交迭代算法求解精度高、稳健性好,可有效抑制不同个数、不同水平的粗差影响。当20个观测点中存在8个水平为60 pixel的粗差点时,本文解算精度分别比经典正交迭代算法和加权正交迭代算法高2个和1个数量级。     

Maximum likelihood estimation of direction of arrival using an acoustic vector-sensor

A vector-sensor consisting of a monopole sensor collocated with orthogonally oriented dipole sensors is used for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation in the presence of an isotropic noise-field or internal device noise. A maximum likelihood (ML) DOA estimator is derived and subsequently shown to be a special case of DOA estimation by means of a search for the direction of maximum steered response power (SRP). The problem of SRP maximization with respect to a vector-sensor can be solved with a computationally inexpensive algorithm. The ML estimator achieves asymptotic efficiency and thus outperforms existing estimators with respect to the mean square angular error (MSAE) measure. The beampattern associated with the ML estimator is shown to be identical to that used by the minimum power distortionless response beamformer for the purpose of signal enhancement.     

基于矢量水听器的最大似然比检测和最大似然方位估计

矢量水听器由声压水听器和质点振速水听器复合而成,可以空间共点同步测量声压和质点振速,并由此得到空间一点处的声能流。本文证明在各向同性噪声场中声能流是最大似然比检测量,声能流方向是声源方位的最大似然估计;讨论声能流检测器的增益以及方位估计DOA (Direction of Arrival)的克拉美罗界CRB (Cramer—Rao Bound)。给出了计算机的仿真结果和浅海试验的结果。     

Maximum likelihood estimation of structural wave components from noisy data

In this paper, a general framework is developed for determining the underlying parameters of general signal models through the application of maximum likelihood estimation theory for functions whose variables separate. This method extends previous work in sinusoidal and exponential estimation to include models with other functional bases, such as exponential functions with nonconstant amplitudes and Bessel functions. Nonuniform spatial sampling is also possible with this technique. The maximum likelihood method is applied to the identification of wave components along one-dimensional structural elements. Results are given which demonstrate the viability and accuracy of the technique estimating exponential and Bessel function model parameters from noisy simulation data.     

Extended gravitational pose estimation

The model-to-image registration problem is a problem of determining the position and orientation (the pose) of a three-dimensional object with respect to a camera coordinate system. When there is no additional information available to constrain the pose of the object and to constrain the correspondence of object features to image features, the problem is also known as simultaneous pose and correspondence problem, or correspondenceless pose estimation problem. In this paper, we present a new algorithm, called extended gravitational pose estimation (EGPE), for determining the pose and correspondence simultaneously. The algorithm is based on gravitational pose estimation (GPE) algorithm. In our algorithm, the original GPE has been revised to deal with the problem with false image points. For problems with both occluded object points and false image points, we firstly applied single-link agglomerative clustering algorithm to pick out occluded object points when a local minimum has been found, then the revised GPE is applied again on the clustering result to update rotation and translation of the object model. EGPE has been verified on both synthetic images and real images. Empirical results show that EGPE is faster, more stable and reliable than most current algorithms, and can be used in real applications.     

A machine vision technique for subpixel estimation of three-dimensional profilometry

A quick and efficient technique for a charge-coupled device (CCD)-based profilometric measurement system is proposed and verified by experiment. When a laser stripe is projected onto an object, the deformed laser line image is detected by a CCD camera with subpixel resolution and is automatically transferred to its space position using a least-squares mapping algorithm. Measurements are executed on each separate surface of a three-dimensional object and the multi-surface data are integrated through a process of coordinate transformation. Large arrays of data points are acquired on each surface by means of a scanning mechanism. Because the measuring data from each laser stripe position can provide two-dimensional information concerning the surface contour, the laser stripe and the CCD camera are integrated into a measurement system for obtaining the entire three-dimensional information. Theoretical analysis shows that this technique can determine the three-dimensional profile of an object with an accuracy below 0.2 mm.     

Maximum likelihood estimation for second level fMRI data analysis with expectation trust region algorithm

The trust region method which originated from the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm for mixed effect model estimation are considered in the context of second level functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data analysis. We first present the mathematical and optimization details of the method for the mixed effect model analysis, then we compare the proposed methods with the conventional expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm based on a series of datasets (synthetic and real human fMRI datasets). From simulation studies, we found a higher damping factor for the LM algorithm is better than lower damping factor for the fMRI data analysis. More importantly, in most cases, the expectation trust region algorithm is superior to the EM algorithm in terms of accuracy if the random effect variance is large. We also compare these algorithms on real human datasets which comprise repeated measures of fMRI in phased-encoded and random block experiment designs. We observed that the proposed method is faster in computation and robust to Gaussian noise for the fMRI analysis. The advantages and limitations of the suggested methods are discussed.     

相干激光雷达中最大似然离散谱峰值估计及Monte Carlo仿真

相干测风激光雷达中一个核心的问题是从微弱的气溶胶后向散射信号中估计出风速。基于零均值复高斯随机过程协方差矩阵统计模型的后向散射信号,首先讨论了最大似然（ML）离散谱峰值（DSP）风速估计算法的克拉美-罗下界（CRLB）与由Fisher信息矩阵论得到的精确CRLB之间的关系。其次,对于ML DSP估计应用于相干测风激光雷达中协方差矩阵统计模型的后向散射信号时,使用计算机Monte Carlo仿真的方法研究了风速估计的概率密度函数。分别讨论了信噪比、激光脉冲累积发数和发射激光脉冲宽度对ML DSP风速估计性能的影响。计算仿真结果表明：ML DSP风速估计的CRLB低于精确的CRLB;在信噪比为－20 dB,100发激光脉冲累积和信噪比为－30 dB,10 000发激光脉冲累积条件下,ML DSP风速估计中坏的估计值所占的比例都为0,好的估计值的标准差分别为0.62 m/s和0.50 m/s。     

Maximum likelihood estimation on generalized sample spaces: An alternative resolution of Simpson's paradox

We propose an alternative resolution of Simpson's paradox in multiple classification experiments, using a different maximum likelihood estimator. In the center of our analysis is a formal representation of free choice and randomization that is based on the notion of incompatible measurements.We first introduce a representation of incompatible measurements as a collection of sets of outcomes. This leads to a natural generalization of Kolmogoroff's axioms of probability. We then discuss the existence and uniqueness of the maximum likelihood estimator for a probability weight on such a generalized sample space, given absolute frequency data.As a first example, we discuss an estimation problem with censured data that classically admits only biased ad hoc estimators.Next, we derive an explicit solution of the maximum likelihood estimation problem for a large class of experiments that arise from various kids of compositions of sample spaces. We identify the (categorical) direct sum of sample spaces as a representation of free choice, and the (categorical) direct product as a representation of randomization.Finally, we apply the foregoing discussion to the case of multiple classification experiments in order to show that there is no Simpson's paradox if the difference between free choice and randomization is recognized in the structure of the experiment.A comparison between our new estimator and the usual calculation can be summarized as follows: Pooling the data over one classification factor in the usual way in fact destroys or ignores the information contained in it, whereas our proposed maximum likelihood estimator is a proper marginal over this factor that averages out the information contained in it. The estimators agree with each other in the case of proportional sample sizes.Work supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation.