Study on O-Terphenyl/Polystyrene Blends: How Plasticizer Affects the Glass Transition of Polystyrene?

The effect of plasticizer o-terphenyl on the glass transition of polystyrene was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy from a new aspect. The peak areas of four conformation insensitive bands as a function of temperature were studied, these being assigned to the vibrational modes of main chain groups and side groups of polystyrene. It was shown that the reorientation relaxation temperature of the main chain around glass transition was lower than that of the side groups when polystyrene was plasticized by o-terphenyl. It was explained on the basis of cohesional entanglements of polystyrene chains. The reorientation relaxation region of the side groups was nearly the same as the macroscopically observable glass transition region of polystyrene, implying that the glass transition process of polystyrene was dominated by the reorientation of side groups.     

升温在位红外研究物理老化对间规聚苯乙烯结晶行为的影响

通过在位红外光谱测量研究了物理老化对非晶和δ晶型的间规聚苯乙烯（ＳＰＳ）升温结晶过程的影响。发现对于晶样品来说,在物理老化前后,其结晶（即非晶→α晶型）的温度区间变化不大;但对于δ晶型的样品而言其物理老化后的晶型转变（即δ晶型→γ晶型）温度区间是１０４～１２７℃,与未物理老化的晶型转变温度区间９０～１１２℃相比,转变温度升高了约１４℃,这充分说明了物理老化使溶致型的δ晶型更加稳定,其溶剂与晶体的结     

The Evolution of Interfacial Strength as a Way to Characterize a Low-Temperature Limit of the Surface Glass Transition of an Amorphous Polymer

The evolution of autoadhesive strength, σ, with healing temperature, T _h, at the symmetric amorphous polystyrene (PS)?PS interfaces of the samples with vitrified bulk has been used to characterize a low-temperature limit of the surface glass transition temperature T _g ^surface(low). The existence of a linear relationship between the square root of σ and T _h has been found for both polydisperse and monodisperse polymers. By the extrapolation of straight lines σ ^1/2 ? T _h to σ ^1/2 = 0, the values of T _g ^surface(low) have been determined and compared with those of a high-temperature limit of T _g ^surface, T _g ^surface(high), measured earlier. The differences between T _g ^surface(low) and T _g ^surface(high) have been found to be insignificant, 10–20°C. Using an average value of the shift of T _g ^surface(low) with healing time, t _h, the quasi-equilibrium value of the surface glass transition temperature of amorphous PS T _∞ ^surface has been estimated to be 10–15°C.     

苯乙烯基吡啶类液晶化合物的分子结构及相变过程的光谱研究

通过本乙烯基吡啶和不同脂肪羧酸间的氢键作用构成液晶的方法具有合成路线灵活、简便、易于变化的特点,本文通过变温红外光谱对做为质子受体的苯乙烯基吡啶粉液晶化合物的分子结构和相变过程中分子排列的变化进行了研究,结果表明在液晶分子中象羰基这样的偶极矩较大的极性基团,对分子所处的相态分子间的相互排列比较敏感。在红外光谱中羰基伸缩振动的变化可以看作是液晶分子相态转变的标志。     

红外光谱法研究古代彩绘蛋白胶料光老化的二级结构变化

动物胶和蛋清是古代重要彩绘文物蛋白胶结材料,对其光老化蛋白质结构变化的研究与探索彩绘文物病变机理和选择科学保护材料、修复方法密切相关。以维也纳艺术历史博物馆的动物胶(骨胶、兔皮胶、鲟鱼胶)和蛋清为研究对象,利用红外光谱技术,结合酰胺Ⅰ带去卷积和高斯拟合法研究光老化过程中蛋白质二级结构的改变。结果表明,四种胶光老化后仍然具备蛋白质红外光谱的典型吸收特征。但红外吸收峰出现了不同程度的位移,其中蛋清糖苷键明显蓝移。酰胺Ⅰ带去卷积和高斯拟合结果显示,蛋白胶的二级结构占比发生了改变。其中,骨胶α-螺旋结构占比降低22.24%,逐渐解螺旋,无规则卷曲结构占比明显增高(9.76%);兔皮胶和鲟鱼胶α-螺旋结构占比分别降低5.31%,4.15%,前者无规则卷曲增幅最低(6.96%),后者反而减少,推测两者的光老化稳定性高。蛋清α-螺旋占比降低程度最高(44.45%),无规则卷曲占比增幅极大(27.49%),光老化稳定性最差。证实利用红外光谱技术,结合酰胺Ⅰ带去卷积和高斯拟合法研究文物蛋白胶料二级结构变化的方法是可行的,但其转化机理还需后期进一步探讨。     

压缩CO2中聚合物玻璃化转变温度的实验研究

 玻璃化转变温度（T_g）是聚合物重要的特性参数，压缩CO₂环境中聚合物的玻璃化转变温度的测定，更是超临界流体技术在聚合物科学领域中成功应用的前提条件。根据蠕变柔量实验原理，自建一套测定高压环境下玻璃化转变温度的实验装置。利用该装置对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）、聚苯乙烯（PS）、聚氯乙烯（PVC）以及聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）在大气中及压缩CO₂环境中的T_g进行了测定。设定实验的平衡吸附温度为室温，平衡吸附压力范围分别为：PET，0~3.5 MPa；PS，0~11.0 MPa；PVC，0~9.0 MPa；PMMA，0~4.5 MPa。在大气中测定的结果与文献中的结果相吻合，表明所设计的实验方法及实验装置是可靠并有效的，可用于高压环境下聚合物的玻璃化转变温度的测定。从压缩CO₂中的聚合物T_g测定结果可以看出，CO₂对聚合物具有较明显的溶胀、增塑作用，可显著降低聚合物的T_g。     

基于SEM与FTIR研究改性钢渣/橡胶复合材料的热氧老化机理

钢渣是冶金工业中产生的主要固体废弃物,其产量约为每年粗钢产量的15%~20%。由于技术的局限,导致我国钢渣利用率较低,仅为年钢渣产量的10%,同时加之管理制度的不健全,导致钢渣大量露天堆放,对土地资源、地下水源,以及空气质量形成严重影响。面对上述问题,以热闷渣、电炉渣和风淬渣研发改性钢渣微粉,并且将改性钢渣微粉与复合橡胶进行复合制备改性钢渣/橡胶复合材料。依据《硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶热空气加速老化和耐热试验》（GB/T3512—2014）对改性钢渣/橡胶复合材料进行热氧老化处理,采用平衡溶胀法测定改性钢渣/橡胶复合材料的交联密度,扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、热重分析仪（TGA）和傅里叶转换红外光谱仪（FTIR）分别测试其微观形貌、失重率和结构组成,从微观层面阐述改性钢渣/橡胶复合材料的热氧老化机理。结果表明在热氧老化前期老化作用在改性钢渣/橡胶复合材料表面,其内部以交联键形成反应为主;在热氧老化中期老化作用已经作用改性钢渣/橡胶复合材料内部,造成交联键断裂反应速度高于交联键形成反应速度,形成大量断裂交联键;在热氧老化后期由于改性钢渣/橡胶复合材料内部已经存在大量断裂交联键,导致主链及交联键断裂速度降低,交联键形成反应占优势。改性钢渣微粉以热闷渣（SiO₂含量高）为原材料,有利于形成聚合物大分子链贯穿炭黑网络的结构,提高综合性能,尤其是物理机械性与滞后性;以电炉渣、风淬渣（Fe₂O₃含量高）制备改性钢渣微粉,有利于热传导性能的改善,不仅提高改性钢渣/橡胶复合材料的耐热性,而且提高其硬度与脆性。热氧老化过程中改性钢渣/橡胶复合材料内部在橡胶分子链α-H上发生了不同程度的氧化反应,并在橡胶分子链周围生成了羟基、羧基和醇类化合物,双键烯氢含量降低。     

高压电场作用下乙醇-水溶液体系变化红外光谱分析

本文报道了用红外光谱分析电磁场作用下乙醇 水溶液体系变化情况。分析结果表明 :当乙醇溶液受到 2 0kV·cm- 1 的交变电磁场处理 (5 0Hz)时 ,分子之间的氢键缔合先增大后减少 ;高乙醇含量溶液受到同样强度电场较长时间处理时 ,有乙醇发生氧化反应 ,从红外谱中可看到νCO 峰及ν(OH) (H2 O) 峰的出现 ;经处理后的溶液自然放置 7天再测定 ,其红外谱图基本保持不变。文中对各出现变化的峰进行了分析 ,并对其机理进行了推导     

Activation Energy for the Glass Transition of a Confined Elastomer in HDPE/PP Blends

Blends of two highly crystalline polymers containing an elastomer were prepared to study the glass transition of the confined elastomer. The polymers chosen were high density poly ethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and two elastomers of a different nature: natural number (NR) and EPDM. The dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) technique was used to analyze the storage modulus of blends with elastomer content from 0% to 30% by weight, with the remainder made up of equal amounts of HDPE and PP, and blends with 10% of the elastomer, but varied ratios of polyolefins. We used the differentiation modification of the Arrhenius method in the kinetic analysis assuming an n‐order relaxation mechanism, which allowed detecting the percolation threshold of NR. Results indicate that both temperature and activation energy for glass transition (T _g ) are dependent on the types of polymers in the blend and blend composition. The T _g and E values of the unblended elastomers are higher than those in blends; this behavior is associated with the elastomer confinement and blend morphology.     

Relationship Between the Molecular Dynamics of Polystyrene and Its Modifications and Parameters of Poley Absorption in Far-infrared Spectra

The far-infrared spectra of polystyrene (PS) and its modifications, obtained by methyl group, chlorine and/or bromine atom substitutions for hydrogen atoms in the benzene ring, was measured in the frequency range from 20 to 450 cm^?1. All these spectra exhibited abnormally broad asymmetric absorption bands with the position of maximum in the range from 40 to 80 cm^?1, depending on the nature of the substituent, which can be assigned to the absorption associated with libration (rotational vibrations) of the phenyl ring of the monomer units, i.e., to the absorption occurring through the Poley mechanism. The relationship between the spectral parameters of the Poley absorption and the molecular characteristics of the studied polymers make it possible to directly analyze the role of molecular structure and intermolecular forces in the dynamics of macromolecules. The heights of the potential barriers of the librating monomer units, Q_L , estimated based on analysis of this absorption, were found to be close to the activation energies of the low-temperature δ-relaxation in amorphous polymers. A comparison of the barriers to libration in the monomer units of the macromolecules of PS and its modifications with the activation barriers of the local segmental mobility in the same PSs confirms that the β-process, as an elementary act of segmental dynamics in this polymers, is associated with the correlational librational motion of part of the chain, which is statistically independent of its neighboring chain parts. In this sense, a universal δ-process is a high-frequency predecessor of the β-process in PS-based polymers.     

FTIR法研究3,5-二甲硫基-2,4-/2,6-二氨基甲苯二胺扩链剂的扩链动力学

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)“原位”跟踪了聚氨酯脲的固化过程,实验结果表明:本体聚合反应中,反应初期转化率、反应规律表现为良好的二级动力学关系,给出了反应初期的动力学常数。反应后期高转化率时,反应规律受温度影响较大。温度较低时,反应受扩散控制影响,NCO和NH_2反应的二级反应动力学速率常数逐渐变小;温度较高时,反应速率常数变大。按照反应初期的动力学数据拟合出DMTDA的固化活化能为26.4kJ·mol~(-1),加入催化剂有机锡DBTDL后,反应体系的固化活化能(26.5kJ·mol~(-1))保持恒定,改变DBTDL的浓度,转化率随反应时间变化的动力学曲线保持不变,因此DBTDL对NCO与NH_2的反应无催化作用。否定了脲键自催化的理论,提出了可能的反应机理。     

On the Dynamics of the Glass Transition on Bethe Lattices

The Glauber dynamics of disordered spin models with multi-spin interactions on sparse random graphs (Bethe lattices) is investigated. Such models undergo a dynamical glass transition upon decreasing the temperature or increasing the degree of constrainedness. Our analysis is based upon a detailed study of large scale rearrangements which control the slow dynamics of the system close to the dynamical transition. Particular attention is devoted to the neighborhood of a zero temperature tricritical point. Both the approach and several key results are conjectured to be valid in a considerably more general context. PACS Numbers:75.50.Lk (Spin glasses), 64.70.Pf (Glass transitions), 89.20.Ff (Computer science     

除草剂苄嘧磺隆在针铁矿表面吸附的红外光谱研究

文章用FTIR光谱,探讨了热带、亚热带地区水稻土中普遍存在的针铁矿对近年来广泛使用于水稻田的磺酰脲类除草剂苄嘧磺隆的吸附机理。结果表明:(1)在针铁矿对苄嘧磺隆的吸附过程中,游离羟基(A型)及C型羟基均没有明显作用。(2)针铁矿表面的水合羟基峰在吸附前后的图谱中由3158移到3129cm~(-1),缔合程度增高,表明在该吸附过程中针铁矿表面的水合羟基峰起主要作用。(3)在吸附后的针铁矿图谱中出现了波数增高了的苄嘧磺隆的羰基及磺酰基弱峰。其波数分别由1712和1161cm~(-1)增至1789和1164cm~(-1),由此判断,苄嘧磺隆被针铁矿表面吸附是由该农药分子中的羰基和磺酰基起主要作用。(4)由以上结果推断:苄嘧磺隆在针铁矿表面的吸附是苄嘧磺隆分子中的羰基和磺酰基与针铁矿表面的水合羟基形成了电荷-偶极键以氢键结合的吸附。     

FTIR结合生理特性研究铅胁迫对小麦幼苗的影响

采用土培的方法系统研究了铅胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片的抗氧化酶活性及傅里叶红外光谱的变化。结果表明,随着Pb²⁺浓度的升高,抗氧化酶SOD、CAT活性出现先升高后降低的趋势,POD活性呈下降趋势。同时铅胁迫影响着小麦叶片的傅里叶红外光谱,高浓度的铅胁迫能使FTIR谱特征峰出现较明显的位移,代表着有机物质的转变。     

Bonding at Compatible and Incompatible Amorphous Interfaces of Polystyrene and Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Below the Glass Transition Temperature

Abstract

Films of high‐molecular‐weight amorphous polystyrene (PS, M _w = 225 kg/mol, M _w/M _n = 3, T _g‐bulk = 97°C, where T _g‐bulk is the glass transition temperature of the bulk sample) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, M _w = 87 kg/mol, M _w/M _n = 2, T _g‐bulk = 109°C) were brought into contact in a lap‐shear joint geometry at a constant healing temperature T _h, between 44°C and 114°C, for 1 or 24 hr and submitted to tensile loading on an Instron tester at ambient temperature. The development of the lap‐shear strength σ at an incompatible PS–PMMA interface has been followed in regard to those at compatible PS–PS and PMMA–PMMA interfaces. The values of strength for the incompatible PS–PMMA and compatible PMMA–PMMA interfaces were found to be close, both being smaller by a factor of 2 to 3 than the values of σ for the PS–PS interface developed after healing at the same conditions. This observation suggests that the development of the interfacial structure at the PS–PMMA interface is controlled by the slow component, i.e., PMMA. Bonding at the three interfaces investigated was mechanically detected after healing for 24 hr at T _h = 44°C, i.e., well below T _g‐bulks of PS and PMMA, with the observation of very close values of the lap‐shear strength for the three interfaces considered, 0.11–0.13 MPa. This result indicates that the incompatibility between the chain segments of PS and PMMA plays a negligible negative role in the interfacial bonding well below T _g‐bulk.     

傅里叶变换红外光谱测量热气体温度新方法初步研究

详细地讨论了分子转振光谱理论,总结了影响分子转振光谱结构和强度分布的因素,得知各谱线相对光谱强度(即归一化光谱)只与温度有关,其分布结构与温度一一对应。根据这种特性,文章提出了一种利用傅里叶变换红外光谱测量热气体温度的新方法。从HITRAN标准数据库中提取数据建立了一个测温数据库,并用4个不同温度的实测光谱数据对建立的测温数据库进行定标和检验。用定标后的测温数据库所得的测量温度与实测温度吻合得非常好。与目前常用的两种遥感测温方法(分子发射基带最大强度光谱测温法,分子转振光谱测温法)相比,该方法的优点是：物理过程简单,容易计算,精度高,是一种简单实用的方法。     

Thermodynamic Comparison and the Ideal Glass Transition of Antiferromagnetic Ising Model on Multi-branched Husimi and Cubic Recursive Lattice with the Identical Coordination Number

Two types of recursive lattices with the identical coordination number but different unit cells (2-D square and 3-D cube) are constructed and the antiferromagnetic Ising model is solved exactly on them to study the stable and metastable states. A multi-branched structure of the 2-D plaquette model, which we introduced in this work, makes it possible to be an analog to the cubic lattice. Two solutions of each model can be found to exhibit the crystallization of liquid, and the ideal glass transition of supercooled liquid respectively. Based on the solutions, the thermodynamics on both lattices, e.g. the free energy, energy density, and entropy of the supercooled liquid, crystal, and liquid state of the model are calculated and compared with each other. Interactions between particles farther away than the nearest neighbor distance and multi-spins interactions are taken into consideration, and their effects on the thermal behavior are examined. The two lattices show comparable properties on the thermodynamics, which proves that both of them are practical to describe the regular 3-D case, especially to locate the ideal glass transition, while the 2-D multi-branched plaquette model is less accurate with the advantage of simpler formulation and less computation time consumption.     

第4代太空板蓝根的FTIR分析研究

从整体上测定我国首次选育的第4代航天育种板蓝根和地面组板蓝根的FTIR谱,对主要组分进行对比分析,为深入研究其内在品质的变化积累数据,探索评价航天诱变育种板蓝根质量的方法。结果表明太空组板蓝根中主要吸收峰的强度在波数1 047,1 630以及1 412 cm-1处吸收比地面组均有不同的增强,提示太空板蓝根中多糖类、甾体、三萜类及黄酮类化合物成分含量有不同程度的增加,尤其是具有抗病毒功效的多糖类含量明显增加。而在波数1 745 cm-1处太空组板蓝根吸收峰强度比地面组板蓝根减弱,表明苷类和有机酸有所减少。由此可得出结论：太空组板蓝根的多种活性成分含量均有提高,航天诱变育种可以选育出多种活性成分含量增加的板蓝根新品种。     

不同预处理方法对苯丙酮尿症FTIR/ATR光谱筛查模型的影响

建立苯丙酮尿症的FTIR/ATR光谱筛查模型,比较基线校正、平滑、求导、傅里叶退卷积等光谱预处理方法对模型精度的影响。利用多模型共识偏最小二乘法(cPLS)建立干血片中苯丙氨酸浓度的校正模型,以相关系数(r)、预测均方根误差(RMSEP)、平均相对误差(MRE)和预测准确率(Acc)等指标,考察不同预处理方法对建模效果的影响。结果 一阶微分9点平滑处理方法效果最好。与原始光谱相比,模型的r,RMSEP,MRE和Acc分别从0.822 7,115.8,0.395和94.6改善到0.889 9,102.2,0.286和100。本方法直接快速、 不消耗试剂、 不产生污染,有望成为PKU大人群快速筛查的简便、 绿色新技术。