有机半导体薄膜空间电荷分布对晶体管性能影响的研究进展

有机场效应晶体管(OFETs)是下一代柔性电子产业的基础元件,具有可弯曲、透明、低成本、可溶液加工等优良特性,并逐渐开始应用于生物传感器、柔性显示等领域。 然而,OFETs仍存在如工作电流小、跨导小、开关比低、空气稳定性差等问题,限制了其进一步的发展。 OFETs器件的性能主要受到导电沟道中电荷和电流分布的影响,若能通过外加手段,调控沟道中的电荷和电流分布,可能获得具有更高性能或新机理的器件。 本文结合课题组内的工作,对国内外该领域的最新进展进行综述和展望。     

有机场效应晶体管应用于化学及生物传感的研究进展

有机场效应晶体管(OFETs)是以有机半导体材料作为有源层的晶体管器件。和传统的无机半导体器件相比,由于其具有成本低、易加工、柔性好和生物相容性而被人们广泛研究,在多种化学和生物传感器领域具有潜在而广泛的应用前景。本文简单介绍了OFETs的结构和工作原理,总结了近几年来OFETs在化学及生物传感方面的研究进展,最后对OFETs的发展方向做了归纳和展望。     

高迁移率聚合物半导体材料最新进展

自20世纪80年代以来,聚合物半导体材料及其薄膜场效应晶体管器件(OFETs)已取得系列突破性进展.目前,已有数百种聚合物半导体材料被成功应用于OFETs中,空穴迁移率值最高已达36.3 cm~2·V~(-1)·s~(-1),可与有机小分子半导体材料甚至可同无定形硅相媲美.综述了近年来国内外高迁移率聚合物半导体的最新进展.分类对比总结和评述了空穴传输型(p-型)、电子传输型(n-型)和双极传输型聚合物半导体材料,并对聚合物半导体材料分子设计思路、薄膜OFETs器件制备及其性能参数进行了重点阐述.同时,总结了聚合物半导体材料的分子结构、聚集态结构与OFETs器件性能之间的内在关系,为今后设计与合成综合性能优异的聚合物半导体材料提供一定理论指导.     

三(五氟苯基)硼烷掺杂有机/高分子半导体的研究进展

有机/高分子共轭聚合物的结构设计是制备高性能有机半导体的有效策略,但该过程存在着设计合成周期长、制备步骤复杂和产率偏低等问题。为了克服这些问题,近年来人们越来越关注对有机/高分子半导体的掺杂。然而,传统电荷转移掺杂剂(如卤族单质I₂、金属氧化物Fe₃O₄、小分子F4TCNQ等)存在掺杂效率低、溶解度差和掺杂条件苛刻等问题。相比之下,三(五氟苯基)硼烷具有溶解度高、掺杂效率高、广泛适应性等优点。本文结合相关文献综述了三(五氟苯基)硼烷掺杂有机半导体的物理机制,并探讨了掺杂有机半导体的性质;此外,还总结了三(五氟苯基)硼烷掺杂在不同光电功能器件中的应用并明确了今后的研究方向。     

基于有机(高分子)半导体和光致变色分子的场效应晶体管

作为有机电子学重要的研究内容,有机场效应晶体管(OFETs)的研究近年来得到了广泛的关注.随着应用场景的多元化,研究者对具有多功能,尤其是对特定外场刺激具有响应及存储功能的场效应晶体管的研究越来越重视.其中,在光照下发生器件性能可逆变化的有机场效应晶体管在神经突触模拟、多稳态记忆器件、非易失性存储器等功能器件领域具有潜...     

新型共轭聚合物的设计合成及其在场效应晶体管的应用

近年来,有机场效应晶体管(OFETs)由于在柔性器件和可穿戴电子学中的潜在应用受到了学术界和工业界的普遍关注,尤其是以聚合物半导体材料构筑的晶体管性能得到了快速的发展.如何设计合成用于OFETs的高性能聚合物半导体材料,一直是我们的追求目标.然而,分子结构对迁移率的影响仍缺少系统的比较.本文综述了近年来国内外新型聚合物材料的最新进展.我们按照材料的种类以及载流子的传输类型进行了分类,对高性能聚合物材料的发展过程、材料的设计思路以及相应的FETs性能进行了系统地归纳总结.通过研究分子及分子聚集态结构与器件性能之间的关系,希望为以后设计合成新型的高性能的聚合物材料提供有益的借鉴和指导.     

氮掺杂改性二氧化钛光催化剂的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外利用氮掺杂改性二氧化钛的光催化剂性能、提高可见光的利用效率的最新研究进展;分析和讨论了氮掺杂二氧化钛的制备方法、理论计算和结构模型、掺杂机理等;总结了氮掺杂改性二氧化钛存在的问题,同时讨论了今后的研究方向.     

金属/非金属元素掺杂提升原子级分散碳基催化剂的氧还原性能

原子级别分散的过渡金属和氮共掺杂碳基催化剂(M-N_x-C)具有反应活性好、选择性高、制备容易等优点,被认为是最有可能取代价格昂贵的铂催化剂用作燃料电池阴极的一类非贵金属催化剂。然而,该类催化剂在阴极侧氧还原反应过程中存在活性位点密度较低、耐久性不足的问题制约了其在燃料电池中的实际应用。研究表明,通过多种金属/非金属元素的掺杂调控活性位点的电子结构与空间构型可显著提升M-N_x-C催化剂的氧还原活性和稳定性,已成为掺杂碳基催化剂领域的热门研究课题。本文综述了近年来国内外在多种金属/非金属元素掺杂提升M-N_x-C碳基催化剂性能方面的主要研究工作,包括金属元素掺杂、非金属元素掺杂等研究。文章进一步总结和指出了M-N_x-C碳基催化剂面临的问题及挑战,并对其发展前景和未来研究方向进行了展望。     

不同掺杂元素对无钴高镍正极材料的影响

随着动力电动汽车的需求不断增加,发展低成本、高能量密度的锂离子电池正极材料成为关键。无钴高镍正极材料因其能量密度高、倍率性能好而受到了极大的关注。对于无钴高镍正极材料在循环过程中热稳定性差、容量衰减等问题,研究者们虽通过不同的掺杂元素改善了材料的电化学性能,但对不同掺杂元素的作用机理研究尚浅。本文综述了近年来无钴高镍正极材料掺杂改性方面的研究进展,重点总结了不同掺杂元素对改善材料电化学性能的作用机理。综合分析表明,向无钴高镍正极材料引入掺杂元素,尽管掺杂元素在材料中的主要作用机理不尽相同,但均都提高材料电化学性能,从而改善了无钴高镍材料固有的问题。最后,对无钴高镍正极材料改善策略的发展方向进行了展望,提出了多重改善策略协同应用的可行性方案。     

异原子掺杂石墨烯量子点的制备、性能及应用

发光石墨烯量子点(graphene quantum dots,GQDs)的良好理化性能引起许多领域研究人员的关注,但其荧光量子产率不高、活性位点相对较少、选择性较差等缺陷限制了它在分析传感领域的应用。异原子掺杂GQDs可以在一定程度上解决这些问题。本文介绍了异原子掺杂GQDs的制备方法、理化性质和应用情况,并对异原子掺杂GQDs的发展和应用前景进行分析和展望。     

并五苯及其衍生物在有机场效应晶体管中的应用

有机场效应晶体管（organic field—effect transistors,OFETs）是以有机半导体材料作为有源层,通过电场控制电流的电子器件．与传统的无机半导体器件相比,由于其可应用于生产大面积、柔性、低成本电子设备而备受关注,在有机存储器件、有机太阳能电池、柔性平板显示和电子纸等众多领域具有潜在而广泛的应用前景．并苯类材料因其紧密的分子堆积及优异的半导体性能被广泛研究．其中,并五苯及其衍生物在场效应晶体管中表现出良好的性质,其效果甚至可以与非晶硅相媲美,但并五苯较差的溶解性及环境稳定性阻碍了其进一步应用．科研工作者通过对分子结构进行修饰改造设计,合成了一系列并五苯的衍生物,其不仅在稳定性、电学性能和溶解性方面有很大提高,还可以将该p-型半导体材料拓展到双极性及n-型半导体材料领域．本文对并五苯及其衍生物在有机场效应晶体管中的应用进行了较为全面的综述,期望对该领域的研究起到一定的推动作用．     

Synergistic Effects of Self-Assembled Monolayers in Solution-Processed 6,13-Bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)Pentacene Transistors

Organic semiconductors are highly interface-sensitive, and therefore chemical functionalization using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is often adopted to tailor their properties. This study clarifies the synergistic effects of electrode and dielectric SAMs on the behavior of solution-processed organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Utilization of a self-consistent device model enables a physically robust treatment of the measured electrical characteristics of the OFETs, thus providing highly reliable materials, interface, morphology, and transport parameters. These parameters are further extended and correlated to build a comprehensive picture on trap energy and injection-transport relationship, finally revealing a set of fundamental insights into chemically modified OFETs.     

Ladder‐Type Heteroarene‐Based Organic Semiconductors

The fusion of heteroaromatic rings into ladder‐type heteroarenes can stabilize frontier molecular orbitals and lead to improved physicochemical properties that are beneficial for applications in various optoelectronic devices. Thus, ladder‐type heteroarenes, which feature highly planar backbones and well‐delocalized π conjugation, have recently emerged as a promising type of organic semiconductor with excellent device performance in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). In this Focus Review, we summarize the recent advances in ladder‐type heteroarene‐based organic semiconductors, such as hole‐ and electron‐transporting molecular semiconductors, and fully ladder‐type conjugated polymers towards their applications in OPVs and OFETs. The recent use of ladder‐type small‐molecule acceptor materials has strikingly boosted the power conversion efficiency of fullerene‐free solar cells, and selected examples of the latest developments in ladder‐type fused‐ring electron acceptor materials are also elaborated.     

Highly efficient modulation of the electronic properties of organic semiconductors by surface doping with 2D molecular crystals

Doping is a critically important strategy to modulate the properties of organic semiconductors(OSCs) to improve their optoelectrical performances. Conventional bulk doping involves the incorporation of foreign molecular species(i.e., dopants) into the lattice of the host OSCs, and thus disrupts the packing of the host OSCs and induces structural defects, which tends to reduce the mobility and(or) the on/off ratio in organic field-effect transistors(OFETs). In this article, we report a highly efficient and highly controllable surface doping strategy utilizing 2D molecular crystals(2DMCs) as dopants to boost the mobility and to modulate the threshold voltage of OFETs. The amount of dopants, i.e., the thickness of the 2DMCs, is controlled at monolayer precision, enabling fine tuning of the electrical properties of the OSCs at unprecedented accuracy. As a result, a prominent increase of the average mobility from 1.31 to 4.71 cm~2 V~(-1) s~(-1) and a substantial reduction of the threshold voltage from -18.5 to -1.8 V are observed. Meanwhile, high on/off ratios of up to 10~8 are retained.     

Protein Assays on Organic Electronics: Rational Device and Material Designs for Organic Transistor-Based Sensors

Artificial receptor-based protein assays have various attractive features such as a long-term stability, a low-cost production process, and the ease of tuning the target specificity. However, such protein sensors are still immature compared with conventional immunoassays. To enhance the application potential of synthetic sensing materials, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are some of the suitable platforms for protein assays because of their solution processability, durability, and compact integration. Importantly, OFETs enable the electrical readout of the protein recognition phenomena of artificial receptors on sensing electrodes. Thus, we believe that OFETs functionalized with artificial protein receptors will be a powerful tool for the on-site analyses of target proteins. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent progress of the OFET-based protein assays including the rational design strategies for devices and sensing materials.     

Monolayer Two‐dimensional Molecular Crystals for an Ultrasensitive OFET‐based Chemical Sensor

The sensitivity of conventional thin‐film OFET‐based sensors is limited by the diffusion of analytes through bulk films and remains the central challenge in sensing technology. Now, for the first time, an ultrasensitive (sub‐ppb level) sensor is reported that exploits n‐type monolayer molecular crystals (MMCs) with porous two‐dimensional structures. Thanks to monolayer crystal structure of NDI3HU‐DTYM2 (NDI) and controlled formation of porous structure, a world‐record detection limit of NH₃ (0.1 ppb) was achieved. Moreover, the MMC‐OFETs also enabled direct detection of solid analytes of biological amine derivatives, such as dopamine at an extremely low concentration of 500 ppb. The remarkably improved sensing performances of MMC‐OFETs opens up the possibility of engineering OFETs for ultrasensitive (bio)chemical sensing.     

Well-Balanced Ambipolar Charge Transport of Diketopyrrolepyrrole-Based Copolymers: Organic Field-Effect Transistors and High-Voltage Logic Applications

A poly (3,6-bis(thiophen-2-yl)−2,5-bis(2-decyltetradecyl)−2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-co-(2,3-bis(phenyl)acrylonitrile)) (PDPADPP) copolymer, composed of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and a cyano (nitrile) group with a vinylene spacer linking two benzene rings, is synthesized via a palladium-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. The electrical performance of PDPADPP in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and circuits is investigated. The OFETs based on PDPADPP exhibit typical ambipolar transport characteristics, with the as-cast OFETs demonstrating low field-effect hole and electron mobility values of 0.016 and 0.004 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹, respectively. However, after thermal annealing at 240 °C, the OFETs exhibit improved transport characteristics with highly balanced ambipolar transport, showing average hole and electron mobility values of 0.065 and 0.116 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹, respectively. To verify the application of the PDPADPP OFETs in high-voltage logic circuits, compact modeling using the industry-standard small-signal Berkeley short-channel IGFET model (BSIM) is performed, and the logic application characteristics are evaluated. The circuit simulation results demonstrate excellent logic application performance of the PDPADPP-based ambipolar transistor and illustrate that the device annealed at 240 °C exhibits ideal circuit characteristics.     

Enhanced mobility and environmental stability in all organic field‐effect transistors: The role of high dipole moment solvent

Low‐operating voltage, high mobility, and stable organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) using polymeric dielectrics such as pristine poly(4‐vinyl phenol) (PVP) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), dissolved in solvents of high dipole moment, have been achieved. High dipole moment solvents such as propylene carbonate and dimethyl sulfoxide used for dissolving the polymer dielectric enhance the charge carrier mobilities by three orders of magnitude in pentacene OFETs compared with low dipole moment solvents. Fast switching circuits with patterned gate PVP‐based pentacene OFETs demonstrated a switching frequency of 75 kHz at input voltages of |5 V|. The frequency response of the OFETs is attributed to a high degree of dipolar‐order in dielectric films obtained from high‐polarity solvents and the resulting energetically ordered landscape for transport. Remarkably, these pentacene‐based OFETs exhibited high stability under bias stress and in air with negligible shifts in the threshold voltage. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013 , 51, 1533–1542     

Progresses in organic field-effect transistors and molecular electronics

In the past years, organic semiconductors have been extensively investigated as electronic materials for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). In this review, we briefly summarize the current status of organic field-effect transistors including materials design, device physics, molecular electronics and the applications of carbon nanotubes in molecular electronics. Future prospects and investigations required to improve the OFET performance are also involved. __________ Translated from Huaxue Tongbao (Chemistry), 2006, 69(6) (in Chinese)