机械视觉疲劳裂纹扩展试件自动定位安装方法

针对现有疲劳裂纹扩展试验中试件的安装定位仍采用操作繁琐、效率低下的手动安装问题,本文提出了一种基于机械视觉的疲劳裂纹扩展试件安装定位方法,首先,对试件及夹具图像进行采集、处理和分析,实现夹具、试件圆心坐标及半径的自动快速识别、孔差距离的精确测量;然后利用模糊PID算法来控制直流伺服电机运动定位,从而实现试件的正确安装定位;最后采用工业数字显微镜对不同时间点的试件位置偏差进行停机测量对比,实验结果表明：所提出方法能够对试件进行精确安装定位,最大偏差为0.122 mm,具有重要的理论和应用价值,并为其它类似基于机器视觉的检测定位方法提供了有价值的参考。     

Supersonic crack propagation in basalt

Experimental results on crack propagation in shock loaded basalt are presented. The crack velocities greater than Rayleigh wave velocity which is believed to be the maximum admissible crack velocity were reported.     

Characterization of polymer electrolytes based on high molecular weight PVC and Li2SO4

The polymer–salt complex with high molecular weight poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as the host polymer and lithium sulphate (Li₂SO₄) as the dopant salt are constructed in the form of thin film. Ionic conductivity studies in the temperature range of 303–373 K are performed for polymer complexes with 75% and 85% PVC. Arrhenius and Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher (VTF) behaviour was observed before and after the T_g of polymer, respectively. Dielectric constant and electrical modulus were analyzed and it was concluded that the films had ion conducting potential. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study confirmed that complexation occurred between PVC and Li₂SO₄.     

Fatigue crack growth in fiber-metal laminates

Fiber-metal laminates(FMLs)consist of three layers of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 and two layers of glass/epoxy prepreg,and it(it means FMLs)is laminated by Al alloy and fiber alternatively.Fatigue crack growth rates in notched fiber-metal laminates under constant amplitude fatigue loading were studied experimentally and numerically and were compared with them in monolithic 2024-T3 Al alloy plates.It is shown that the fatigue life of FMLs is about 17 times longer than monolithic 2024-T3 Al alloy plate;and crack growth rates in FMLs panels remain constant mostly even when the crack is long,unlike in the monolithic 2024-T3 Al alloy plates.The formula to calculate bridge stress profiles of FMLs was derived based on the fracture theory.A program by Matlab was developed to calculate the distribution of bridge stress in FMLs,and then fatigue growth lives were obtained.Finite element models of FMLs were built and meshed finely to analyze the stress distributions.Both results were compared with the experimental results.They agree well with each other.     

Slow crack propagation in heterogeneous materials

Statistics and thermally activated dynamics of crack nucleation and propagation in a two-dimensional heterogeneous material containing quenched randomly distributed defects are studied theoretically. Using the generalized Griffith criterion we derive the equation of motion for the crack tip position accounting for dissipation, thermal noise, and the random forces arising from the defects. We find that aggregations of defects generating long-range interaction forces (e.g., clouds of dislocations) lead to anomalously slow creep of the crack tip or even to its complete arrest. We demonstrate that heterogeneous materials with frozen defects contain a large number of arrested microcracks and that their fracture toughness is enhanced to the experimentally accessible time scales.     

Magnetic detection of crack initiation and propagation

Crack initiation and propagation in steel has been detected by measurements of magnetic flux variations.     

A crack layer approach to creep crack propagation in high-density polyethylene

Creep crack propagation in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) is observed to occur with an accompanying layer of damage ahead of the crack tip. The crack layer theory, which accounts for the presence of both the damage and the main crack, is applied to the problem. It is observed that the kinetic behavior of HDPE under creep consists of three regions: initial acceleration, constant crack speed, and reac-celeration to failure. Within the first two regions crack propagation appears “brittle,” while in the third region “ductile” behavior is manifested. Ultimate failure occurs via massive yielding of the unbroken ligament. The notion of critical crack length, well defined in many polymers, is shown     

Continuum field description of crack propagation

We develop continuum field model for crack propagation in brittle amorphous solids. The model is represented by equations for elastic displacements combined with the order parameter equation which accounts for the dynamics of defects. This model captures all important phenomenology of crack propagation: crack initiation, propagation, dynamic fracture instability, sound emission, crack branching, and fragmentation.     

Molecular dynamic simulations of crack propagation

Molecular dynamic simulations of crack propagation are reviewed with emphasis on the investigations of the last 5 yr. The major part of the review is based on the work of the authors and their colleagues and covers the following main topics: the role of the interatomic potential, the local stresses at the crack tip, dymamic simulations with emphasis on the crack propagation velocity, and some environmental effects on fracture.     

Mean stress effect in fatigue crack propagation

Crack propagation rates in three different grades of mild steel and two types of age hardening aluminium alloys have been measured for different stress ratios. The results show a pronounced stress ratio effect for all these materials. A model of fatigue crack propagation is formulated in terms of the size of the cyclic plastic instability zone at the crack tip rather than the zone of plastic yielding. The micro-plastic instability zone is measured by a parameter involving the ratio of the maximum stress intensity and the stress level at which macro-plastic instability occurs in the $\text{S}\text{N}$ curve of plain fatigue test pieces. Such a parameter provides a means of normalizing crack propagation results obtained for various stress ratios.     

基于准连续介质方法模拟纳米多晶体Ni中裂纹的扩展

通过准连续介质方法模拟了纳米多晶体Ni中裂纹的扩展过程.模拟结果显示:裂纹尖端的应力场可以导致晶界分解、层错和变形孪晶的形成等塑性形变,在距离裂纹尖端越远的位置,变形孪晶越少,在裂纹尖端附近相同距离处,层错要远多于变形孪晶.这反映了局部应力的变化以及广义平面层错能对变形孪晶的影响.计算了裂纹尖端附近区域原子级局部静水应力的分布.计算结果表明:裂纹前端晶界处容易产生细微空洞,这些空洞附近为张应力集中区,并可能促使裂纹沿着晶界扩展.模拟结果定性地反映了纳米多晶体Ni中的裂纹扩展过程,并与相关实验结果符合得很好     

表面氢对裂纹扩展的影响

暴露于含氢环境的金属表面会吸附氢原子,从而影响材料性能,一定情况下会导致氢脆.这篇文章主要通过分子动力学研究氢从α-Fe自由表面扩散到裂纹面的过程、和表面氢对裂纹扩展的影响.结果表明,在室温下,吸附在表面的氢原子很难直接从自由表面扩散到内部成为溶解氢;自由表面的氢原子会逐步向裂纹表面扩散,最后富集在裂纹表面和自由表面.当表面氢浓度较低时,氢对裂纹扩展影响很小,但是当裂纹表面的氢达到一定浓度时,会导致裂纹失稳扩展,造成严重的氢脆.     

Phase field modeling of fast crack propagation

We present a continuum theory which predicts the steady state propagation of cracks. The theory overcomes the usual problem of a finite time cusp singularity of the Grinfeld instability by the inclusion of elastodynamic effects which restore selection of the steady state tip radius and velocity. We developed a phase-field model for elastically induced phase transitions; in the limit of small or vanishing elastic coefficients in the new phase, fracture can be studied. The simulations confirm analytical predictions for fast crack propagation.     

Holographic investigation of brittle crack propagation in plastic pipes

Plastic pipes dominated the low pressure gas distribution piping market during the last decade. Research on steel pipes has long since indicated that the susceptibility to rapid crack propagation (RCP) increases with increasing diameter. Although most plastic pipes used in gas distribution systems are of small diameter (<200mm), there is a tendency to use larger diameter piping, with increasing wall thickness. Based on simple physical principles it is reasonable to expect that susceptibility to RCP in plastic gas distribution piping will also increase with increasing pipe diameter and wall thickness. Although installed pipe sizes seem to be safe, it is imperative to obtain an understanding of the various factors that affect RCP in plastics. Some recent incidents show it is necessary to find criteria to assess the safety of larger diameter piping before such piping is installed in distribution systems. In particular, the newly developed third generation polyethylene materials, of which large diameters are already produced, need extended RCP evaluation.     

Flame propagation of mixtures of air with high molecular weight neat hydrocarbons and practical jet and diesel fuels

Laminar flame speeds of mixtures of air with n-C₁₄H₃₀, n-C₁₆H₃₄, a petroleum-derived JP-5 jet fuel, a camelina-derived hydrotreated renewable JP-5 jet fuel, a petroleum-derived F-76 diesel fuel, and an algae-derived hydrotreated renewable F-76 diesel fuel, were measured in the counterflow configuration at atmospheric pressure and elevated unburned mixture temperatures. Digital particle image velocimetry was used to measure the axial flow velocities along the stagnation streamline. The experiments for n-C₁₄H₃₀/air and n-C₁₆H₃₄/air mixtures were modeled using recently developed kinetic models, and the experimental data were predicted satisfactorily. Both experiments and simulations revealed that the laminar flame speeds of n-C₁₄H₃₀/air and n-C₁₆H₃₄/air mixtures are very close to each other, as expected. On the other hand, the laminar flame speeds for the four practical fuels were found to be lower than n-C₁₄H₃₀ and n-C₁₆H₃₄, due to the presence of aromatics and branched hydrocarbons. Similarly, the laminar flame speeds for the alternative fuels were found to be higher than the petroleum-derived ones, again due to the presence of aromatic compounds in the latter. Further insight into the effects of kinetics and molecular transport was obtained through sensitivity analysis.     

Nonlinear wave processes of crack propagation in brittle and brittle-ductile fracture

The paper reports on theoretical and experimental studies which demonstrate that crack propagation in solids in brittle and brittle-ductile fracture is a nonlinear wave process. The effect of the structural phase state and stress-strain stiffness of material on the crack type (opening, sliding, or tearing mode) and on the character of wave fracture is described.     

Effects of sample history,time, and temperature on the sorption of monomer vapor by PVC

The sorption of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) vapor by poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resin powders has been studied as a function of time, VCM pressure, temperature, and previous PVC history. In fine powders, sorption occurs in two separable stages, a rapid Fickean diffusion and a slow relaxation-controlled process. Hysteresis in interval sorption-desorption experiments and variable resorption behavior can be related to the relaxation-controlled process. The amount of VCM sorbed shows a pronounced variation with postpolymerization thermal history of the PVC sample; this effect seems to result from the freezing-in of differing “hole volumes” under varied conditions of glassification. The heat of VCM sorption by glassy PVC, ?4.3 kcal/mole, is nearly equal to the heat of condensation of VCM. The complex dependence of sorption behavior upon experimental variables can reasonably be interpreted as reflecting changes in hole volume with postpolymerization history.     

The effects of substructure on fatigue crack propagation

The correlation between the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks and the substructure formation was examined using aluminium specimens. The effects of substructures introduced by static and alternating stresses and those of the recovery of the substructure on the propagation rates of fatigue cracks were also studied. Observations of the substructures were made by means of the X-ray micro-beam technique. The principal results obtained are as follows:

1. At the time of fatigue crack initiation a definite substructure develops at the root of a notch made on the specimen edge.
2. The rate of fatigue crack propagation has a relation to the characteristics of the substructures at the tip of the fatigue cracks.
3. While the rates of propagation are retarded by static pre-strains, they increase in proportion to the degree of substructure formation due to alternating stresses.
4. The rates are usually reduced by the recovery after alternating deformation.

On the basis of the above results, the significance of substructures for fatigue fracture is discussed.