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1.
A theoretical model is proposed to describe nanocrack nucleation in polycrystalline silicon. In terms of this model, nanocrack nucleation is stimulated by grain-boundary sliding, which creates sources of local stresses in triple junctions of grain boundaries. The relaxation of these local stresses is the main driving force of nanocrack nucleation near triple junctions in polycrystalline silicon, in which grain-boundary sliding contributes substantially to plastic deformation under cyclic loading at room temperature. The model is used to calculate the critical external stress required for nanocrack nucleation in polycrystalline silicon. 相似文献
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We use the simplified string method in order to examine two dimensional heterogeneous nucleation at a wall and on a substrate. The material is described by a phase field crystal model and the influence of the wall or substrate is included by an external potential. Tuning the external potential we show that we can control the contact angle in equilibrium and misfit to a substrate. The nucleation barrier is reduced by a wall, but cannot be explained by classical nucleation theory due to non-classical nucleation paths. For small misfits a substrate also decreases the nucleation barrier, while large misfits increases the nucleation barrier. 相似文献
4.
利用分子动力学模拟研究了完美单晶铁以及含不同尺寸孔洞的单晶铁相变过程,分析了孔洞尺寸对相变过程的影响。模拟结果表明:孔洞的存在降低了相变的阈值应力,加速了相变区域成核速率和相变传播速率;随着孔洞直径的增大,相变的阈值应力逐渐降低;孔洞也改变了相变的初始成核区域,使相变区域呈现出一个蝴蝶状的形貌;孔洞反射的稀疏波对相变成核区域的影响随孔洞体积增大而增大,导致孔洞周围出现大量的无序结构原子;孔洞体积对相变的影响也体现在了粒子速度空间分布上,压缩过程中孔洞周围出现的大量“热点”导致了更低的粒子速度空间分布。 相似文献
5.
This “in situ” and real time study is an approach to the role of matrix dislocations in the nucleation of the α or β phases in titanium single crystals. When the dislocations interact, forming tangles, subboundaries…, the residual stresses, present at the transformation temperature, trigger the new phase. If the dislocations are isolated at the transformation temperature they are destabilized by the large crystalline anisotropy resulting from the vibrational entropy dependence with the temperature. These dislocations disappear and do no act as preferential nucleation sites. 相似文献
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In this paper, the crystallization of L-glutamic acid with application of ultrasound was explored in detail, including the process of nucleation, polymorphic control and polymorphic transformation. The induction time and metastable zone widths (MSZWs) were measured with and without ultrasound during the nucleation process. The induction time and MSZWs were decreased by ultrasound and the induction time was further decreased by higher ultrasonic power. The calculated nucleation parameters (such as interfacial energy, critical nucleus size and critical Gibbs energy) showed an obvious decrease in the presence of ultrasound, indicating that the nucleation was enhanced with application of ultrasound. By adjusting the ultrasonic power in the quench cooling process, the difference in nucleation temperatures would determine the distribution of polymorphs. In further, the polymorphic transformation was investigated quantitatively, and to the best of our knowledge, it was the first time to study the transformation kinetics with ultrasound using Avrami-Erofeev model. In the transformation process, the crystallization mechanism of the stable form was modified by ultrasound. The ultrasound eliminated the nucleation element in the rate-limiting step and facilitated the crystal growth of stable form. Thus, the ultrasound has a profound influence on L-glutamic acid crystallization. 相似文献
7.
We report a numerical study of the rate of crystal nucleation in a binary suspension of oppositely charged colloids. Two different crystal structures compete in the thermodynamic conditions under study. We find that the crystal phase that nucleates is metastable and, more surprisingly, its nucleation free-energy barrier is not the lowest one. This implies that, during nucleation, there is insufficient time for subcritical nuclei to relax to their lowest free-energy structure. Such behavior is in direct contradiction with the common assumption that the phase that crystallizes most readily is the one with the lowest free-energy barrier for nucleation. The phenomenon that we describe should be relevant for crystallization experiments where competing solid structures are not connected by an easy transformation. 相似文献
8.
The nucleation of dislocations in single crystals of molybdenum and a Mo-1.5 at % Ir solid solution has been investigated
by nanoindentation. In the curve of indentation of a Berkovich indenter into the single crystals, an abrupt transition from
elastic to plastic deformation has been observed at a depth of 20–40 nm due to the nucleation of dislocations in the initially
dislocation-free region under the contact. Alloying of molybdenum by iridium results in a twofold increase in shear stresses
under which dislocations nucleated in the contact. Therefore, the solid solution impurity of iridium in molybdenum leads to
an increase not only in the plastic strain resistance (to an increase in the hardness) but also in the elastic shear stresses
under which dislocations are generated (homogeneously or heterogeneously) in the contact. The latter effect cannot be explained
only by an increase in the elastic moduli because of its smallness; however, it is determined to a large extent by a higher
degree of perfection of the solid solution crystal as compared to unalloyed molybdenum. 相似文献
9.
The phase transformation from the pyrochlore phase into the perovskite phase in ferroelectric films of lead zirconate titanate
on silicon substrates due to annealing of samples has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. It has been proved
that this transformation is a typical first-order phase transition, which is accompanied by a change in the density of the
phases and the release of the latent heat of the phase transition. The quantitative evaluations have demonstrated that the
difference in the densities of two phases, namely, the perovskite phase and the original parent pyrochlore phase, leads to
the generation of elastic stresses in the original parent phase. In turn, these stresses bring about the nucleation of micropores
in the bulk of the lead zirconate titanate film. The thermodynamic conditions providing the formation of micropores have been
established and the critical size of the micropores has been calculated. A characteristic relationship between the critical
size of nuclei of the perovskite phase and the radius of micropores at which the perovskite phase is separated from the parent
pyrochlore phase has been derived. This relationship has been verified experimentally. The sizes of the micropores have been
determined using scanning electron microscopy, and the changes in the phase composition during the phase transformation have
been found using an electron probe X-ray microanalysis. It has been demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that the
relaxation of elastic stresses in the lead zirconate titanate thin films during the phase transition occurs through the nucleation
and growth of micropores at the interface between the new and parent phases. 相似文献
10.
在非等温转变理论以及非稳态形核理论基础上提出了计算大块非晶合金连续冷却转变曲线和 临界冷却速率的新模型,以用于评估合金的非晶形成能力. 依据此模型对Zr基和Pd基8种合金 进行了计算,计算结果与实验值符合较好. 计算结果表明,影响临界冷却速率的主要因素为 黏度、临界形核功和临界结晶分数. 随着黏度增大,临界冷却速率降低;随临界形核功增大 ,临界冷却速率急剧降低;随临界结晶分数增大,临界冷却速率起初降低较快,达到一定程 度后下降速率趋于缓慢.
关键词:
临界冷却速率
非晶形成能力
大块非晶
连续冷却转变曲线 相似文献
11.
A new phenomenon is theoretically predicted, namely, that solid-solid transformation with a relatively large transformation strain can occur through virtual melting along the interface at temperatures significantly (more than 100 K) below the melting temperature. The energy of elastic stresses, induced by transformation strain, increases the driving force for melting and reduces the melting temperature. Immediately after melting, the stresses relax and the unstable melt solidifies. Fast solidification in a thin layer leads to nanoscale cracking, which does not affect the thermodynamics and kinetics of solid-solid transformation. Seven theoretical predictions are in quantitative agreement with experiments conducted on the beta-->delta transformation in the HMX energetic crystal. 相似文献
12.
A laser beam at wavelength 647nm is focused on a sample of 5mol% MgO-doped lithium niobate crystal for domain inversion by a conventional external electric field. In this case, a reduction of 36% in the electric field required for domain nucleation (nucleation field) is observed. To the best of our knowledge, it is the longest wavelength reported for laser-induced domain inversion. This extends the spectrum of laser inducing, and the experimental results are helpful to understand the nucleation dynamics under laser illumination. The dependence of nucleation fields on intensities of laser beams is analysed in experiments. 相似文献
13.
The nucleation of martensite in alloys is hindered by a free energy nucleation barrier, hence comprising contributions of the potential energy and the entropy. The leading effect is commonly attributed to the potential energy barrier due to strain fields. In this contribution, we investigate the nature of the entropic barrier by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We study a transformation process of an undercooled single crystal and examine two nucleation events observed under adiabatic conditions using vibrational mode analysis of the atomic trajectories. Our analysis shows that martensitic nucleations are indicated by transit from a state of uncorrelated into a state of correlated atomic motions. This correlation process is built up locally by a small group of atoms even before the product lattice can be recognized morphologically and it produces vibrational ‘soft’ modes along transformation paths. Phase space analyses unveil that the correlation process is characterized by narrow domains – ‘nucleation channels’ – the atomic trajectories have to pass, connecting the phase space domains of the parent and the product lattice. For a successful nucleation event, the nucleus atoms have to pass this channel collectively, which stochastically represents a rare event. Thermal fluctuations prevent finding the channel at elevated temperature and give rise for entropic stabilization of the parent phase. This ‘entropic nucleation barrier’ is reduced in the undercooled state but still effective, thus preventing the parent phase from collapsing into the product. The entropic barrier may be interpreted as the probability of a group of atoms to simultaneously pass the nucleation channel. Such group then represents a nucleus. 相似文献
14.
本文采用双模晶体相场模型,计算了双模二维相图;模拟了形变诱导六角相向正方相转变过程的多级微结构演化,详细分析了位相差、形变方向对位错、晶界、晶体结构、新相形貌的影响规律.模拟结果表明:形变方向影响正方相晶核的形核位置和生长方向,拉伸时正方相优先在变形带上形核,垂直于形变方向长大,而压缩时正方相直接在位错和晶界的能量较高处形核,平行于形变方向长大;位相差对形变诱发晶界甄没过程有显著影响,体现在能量峰上为,小位相差晶界位错的攀滑移和甄没形成一个能量峰,大位相差晶界位错攀滑移和甄没因分阶段完成而不出现明显的能量峰;形变诱导相变过程中各种因素相互作用复杂,是相变与动态再结晶的复合转变. 相似文献
15.
The surface structure of single crystal cobalt has been monitored by low-energy electron-diffraction (LEED) in order to determine the existence of residual surface phases or “frozen in” surface embryos responsible for the nucleation of the martensitic transformation in cobalt. It has been determined that no such residual surface embryos exist and that the structural phase of the surface is equivalent to the respective allotropic phase of the bulk. The transformation at the surface is also observed to be strongly first-order with significant temperature hysteresis. 相似文献
16.
A. G. Kulikov A. E. Blagov N. V. Marchenkov V. A. Lomonov A. V. Vinogradov Yu. V. Pisarevsky M. V. Kovalchuk 《JETP Letters》2018,107(10):646-650
The process of formation of surface structures in a paratellurite crystal (α-TeO2) in an external electric field has been studied by in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. This process is reversible and its dynamics (duration of tens of minutes) corresponds to the formation of a screening layer near the insulator–metal interface owing to the counter migration of oxygen ions and vacancies in the external electric field. The formation of domains has been observed in the experiment as the broadening and splitting of the XRD curve and is explained by mechanical stresses that appear in the high electric field near the surface in view of the piezoelectric effect and are responsible for a ferroelectric α–β phase transition. A change in the lattice parameter near the anode (surface of the crystal with a positive external charge) has been detected simultaneously. This change is due to the local rearrangement of the crystal structure because of the inflow of oxygen ions in this region and outflow of oxygen vacancies. 相似文献
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18.
《Journal of Macromolecular Science: Physics》2013,52(3-4):709-715
An unexpected type of primary crystal nucleation is described, involving spinodal decomposition (SD) type microphase separation due to the orientation fluctuations of rigid segments prior to crystal nucleation. This type of mechanism was found by the present authors about 10 years ago, and recently, it was theoretically revealed by Olmsted et al. to be one of three types of primary crystal nucleation: the well-known homogeneous crystal nucleation directly from the liquid–crystal coexistence domain, which occurs at higher temperatures above the binodal temperature T b , crystal nucleation after binodal microphase separation between T b and spinodal temperature T s , and that after SD below T s . The detailed experimental results for the spinodal-type crystal nucleation, especially the temperature dependence of characteristic wavelength in SD, are explained as well. 相似文献
19.
We report a Monte Carlo study of the pathway for crystal nucleation in a fluid of hard, colloidal rods. In the earliest stages of nucleation, a lamellar crystallite forms. Subsequent thickening of this lamella is hampered by the fact that the top and bottom surfaces of this crystallite are preferentially covered by rods that align parallel to the surface. As a consequence, subsequent growth of individual crystals is stunted. Experimental evidence for such stunted crystal growth has recently been reported by Maeda and Maeda in experiments on suspensions of colloidal rods [Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 018303 (2003)]]. The simulations suggest that, in experiments, the growth of multilayer colloidal crystals can be selectively enhanced by the application of an external aligning field. 相似文献
20.
A micromechanism of the transition from intergrain sliding to intragrain glide by nucleation and emission of lattice partial dislocations at grain-boundary dislocations is proposed and described theoretically. The energy characteristics of this process are calculated. It is shown that the nucleation of lattice partial dislocations is energetically efficient and can occur athermally (without the energy barrier) under conditions of the action of ultrahigh mechanical stresses. The critical stresses required for the athermal nucleation and emission of dislocations are calculated. 相似文献