地下爆炸空腔压力和温度历程数值模拟

将气体的渗透、气体与空腔壁的辐射换热、气体与周围介质的热传导三种因素相结合,建立地下爆炸空腔稳定后气体温度和压力变化的数学模型,编制一维球对称有限体积数值模拟程序.用该程序对美国内华达试验场冲积土介质中一次地下核爆炸空腔温度和压力历程进行数值模拟,并对压力监测结果进行分析.     

光纤光栅压力传感器的理论建模及实验研究

鉴于压力传感器为工业生产中压力监控的一种必不可少的设备,分析了光纤光栅中心波长与光纤光栅应变之间的关系,阐述了带有硬中心的圆形膜片受到均匀压之后,膜片中心的挠度与压力之间的数学关系。在此基础上设计了圆形膜片作为流体压力转化光纤光栅敏感物理量的元件,并结合辅助元件完成对光纤光栅传感器组装,建立了传感器输入输出之间的线性数学模型。通过实验验证传感器线性度和重复性,运用数学计算得出了光纤光栅压力传感器各项参数,灵敏度Km=-0.658 nm/MPa,初始波长0=1 578.441 nm,为后期传感器稳定性作好了铺垫。     

用压力传感器和温度传感器测量绝对零度

介绍用贮气球体与压力传感器和温度传感器配合,在定容条件下测量气体的压强与温度,采用外推法估算理想气体可以达到的最低温度,即绝对零度的摄氏温度值,替代原先用玻璃管测体积和水银温度计测温度.使用这种绝对零度实验装置,可以更明显地观察分析热力学现象,并使测得的绝对零度值较为精确.     

用压力传感器和温度传感器测量绝对零度

介绍用绝对零度球体与压力传感器和温度传感器配合,在定容条件下测量气体的压强与温度,采用外推法估算理想气体可以达到的最低温度(绝对零度)的摄氏温度值,替代原先用玻璃管测体积和水银温度计测温度。使用新的绝对零度实验装置,可以更明显地观察分析热力学现象,并使测得的绝对零度值较为精确。     

调频连续波光纤压力传感器及其测量特性分析

为了满足压力测量中的高灵敏度、高分辨率、高可靠性等要求,本文提出了一种基于调频连续波激光干涉解调原理的高精度膜片式珐珀腔光纤压力传感器.首先推导了基于该原理的压力测量模型,然后搭建了一套测量装置,通过气泵向SUS631不锈钢膜片组成的密封腔连续给压,得出气压在0～600 kPa范围内变化时膜片中心(即珐珀腔腔长变化量)...     

光纤压力传感器研究新动向

本文介绍当前国际上光纤压力传感器的研究新动向。     

利用压力传感器测量溶质质量分数

介绍了用压力传感器快速、准确测量溶质质量分数的一种新方法。     

膜片式带温补结构的光纤光栅压力传感器

用栅区仅为1 mm、间隔仅为20 mm的超短光纤光栅串,借助激光焊接工艺制作出长度约为40 mm,直径约为20 mm的基于弹性膜片增敏的带温补结构的光纤光栅压力传感器,用于海洋深度探测.在0.6 MPa测量范围内,传感器的理论压力灵敏度为?1.218 nm/MPa,利用有限元分析法仿真得到的压力灵敏度为?1.364 n...     

超高压光纤压力传感器理论和实验研究

本文提出了一种新型超高压光纤压力传感器.并用一种几何光学计算方法,用来计算该传感器的耦合系数曲线.在此基础上,设计并加工出一种具有新特点的超高压光纤压力传感器.这种传感器的实验研究结果与理论分析一致.     

基于光纤环形腔衰落的压力传感器研究

提出了一种基于光纤环形腔的压力传感器系统.利用两个耦合器和一段单模光纤组成光纤环形腔,用光纤Bragg光栅作为传感元件,将测量的压力转化为光波在环形腔传输所对应的的衰落时间.当所施加的压力改变时,可得到压力与衰落时间成正比例关系,与理论推导一致.基于这种原理的压力测量系统具有结构简单,测量方便的优点.     

FP cavity and FBG cascaded optical fiber temperature and pressure sensor

A fiber Bragg grating(FBG) and Fabry–Perot(FP) cavity cascaded fiber sensing system was manufactured for temperature and pressure sensing. Temperature sensing as high as 175°C was performed by an FBG for the linear variation of an FBG wavelength with temperature. After the temperature was sensed, the demodulation system can find the original FP cavity length and its pressure and cavity length correlation coefficient; thus, the ambient pressure would be calculated. The sensing pressure can be as high as 100 MPa with a repeatability of 1/10,000 and high stability. This kind of fiber sensor has been used in the Shengli Oil Field.     

High resolution temperature insensitive interrogation technique for FBG sensors

In this letter, we propose a high resolution temperature insensitive interrogation technique for FBG sensors where one FBG acts as an edge filter to interrogate a separate FBG sensor. A high resolution of better than 5 με in strain measurement range from 0 to 1100 με and the best resolution of better than 1 με were verified by experiments. An error of only ±2.2 με is achieved over a temperature range from 15 to 50 °C, indicating that this strain interrogation technique is temperature insensitive. Using an altered system configuration, the temperature was also measured simultaneously with a resolution better than 0.2 °C.     

Distributed optical-fibre sensors for the measurement of pressure,strain and temperature

An analysis has been made of fully distributed optical-fibre measurement sensor (DOFS) systems, with particular reference to the measurement of pressure, strain and temperature in industrial environments. The analysis derives relationships between the primary system parameters; these relationships allow appropriate trade-offs to be made in order to meet any given set of industrial requirements; they also allow quantitative comparisons to be made between different kinds of DOFS system. The various physical phenomena which may be used in DOFS are considered, leading to the conclusion that, for performance likely to be generally attractive for industrial application, systems which use optical phase modulation by the measurand should be used. A review of systems which have already been studied illustrates the application of the analysis, and highlights the practical problems which are encountered in attempting to implement DOFS ideas. The proposed way forward is to begin research on two novel approaches to DOFS which use phase modulation and simplified signal processing. Implications in respect of the component technology and the industrial economics are considered for these novel system approaches.     

Differential reflectometry of FBG sensors in the wide spectral range

The paper presents a reflectometric technique for interrogation of multiple fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors based on conventional optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR). The method proposed rests on the differential measurement of FBGs’ response to a short probing laser pulse. Implementation of differential measurement principle using several reference FBGs allowed us to eliminate the susceptibility of the system to intensity fluctuations as well as to increase the measurement range as compared to the previous developments. The experimental threshold sensitivity amounted to ∼50 microstrain with the measurement range being defined by the number of reference FBGs and limited only by optical fiber tensile strength. Due to its simplicity, efficiency and usage of conventional OTDR equipment the proposed FBG interrogation technique can find a wide range of applications dealing with strain and temperature measurements.     

Modeling of an air-backed diaphragm in dynamic pressure sensors: Effects of the air cavity

As the key structure of most dynamic pressure sensors, a diaphragm backed by an air cavity plays a critical role in the determination of sensor performance metrics. In this paper, we investigate the influence of air cavity length on the sensitivity and bandwidth. A continuum mechanics model neglecting the air viscous effect is first developed to capture the structural–acoustic coupling between a clamped circular diaphragm and a cylindrical backing air cavity. To facilitate sensor design, close-form approximations are obtained to calculate the static sensitivity and the fundamental natural frequency of the air-backed diaphragm. Parametric studies based on this analytical model show that the air cavity can change both the effective mass and the effective stiffness of the diaphragm. One new finding is that the natural frequency of the air-backed diaphragm behaves differently in three different cavity length ranges. In particular, due to the mass effect of the air cavity being dominant, it is shown for the first time that the natural frequency decreases when the cavity length decreases below a critical value in the short cavity range. Furthermore, a finite element method (FEM) model is developed to validate the continuum mechanics model and to study the damping effect of the air cavity. These results provide important design guidelines for dynamic pressure sensors with air-backed diaphragms.     

High-precision pressure shifting measurement technique using frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy

We describe a high-precision method for measuring pressure shifting of absorption lines. The technique involves the acquisition of high-resolution spectra using a cavity ring-down spectrometer whose length is continuously locked to a frequency-stabilized reference laser over a range of sample pressures. We discuss a relatively large correction arising from the pressure-dependence of dispersion in the cavity modes, and we demonstrate pressure shifting measurements in air for transitions in the ¹⁶O₂A-band. Pressure shifts in the range -0.011 to are reported. We measured relative positions of line centers to within 70 kHz and determined pressure shifting coefficients over a 5 kPa pressure range with relative uncertainties approximately equal to 1.0%, which constitutes a five-fold improvement over previous measurements.     

Fiber grating sensors for high-temperature measurement

Two fiber grating sensors for high-temperature measurements are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The interrogation technologies of the sensor systems are all simple, low cost but effective. In the first sensor system, the sensor head is comprised of one fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and two metal rods. The lengths of the rods are different from each other. The coefficients of thermal expansion of the rods are also different from each other. The FBG will be strained by the sensor head when the temperature to be measured changes. The temperature is measured based on the wavelength-shifts of the FBG induced by the strain. In the second sensor system, a long-period fiber grating (LPG) is used as the high-temperature sensor head. The LPG is very-high-temperature stable CO₂-laser-induced grating and has a linear function of wavelength–temperature in the range of 0–800 °C. A dynamic range of 0–800 °C and a resolution of 1 °C have been obtained by either the first or the second sensor system. The experimental results agree with theoretical analyses.     

Development of SH-SAW sensors for underwater measurement

We developed SH (shear horizontal) surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors to detect protein molecules in liquid solutions applying a particular antibody thin film on the delay line of transverse SAW devices. The antibody investigated was human-immuno-globulin G (HigG) to hold the antigens (anti-HigG) in the protein solution to be measured. The sensor showed stable response to the mass loading effects of the anti-HigG molecules with the sensitivity up to 10.8 ng/ml/Hz.     

通用工业相机的炸点瞬时位置测量模拟研究

为解决当前已有炸点空间位置探测系统存在的结构复杂、成本昂贵的问题,进行了基于通用工业相机的炸点瞬时位置测量的模拟研究,设计了LED瞬态闪光单元,通过光电传感器探测LED产生的光信号并转换为电信号.经过信号处理,根据信号的幅值控制2台普通工业相机同时曝光进行抓拍,然后对采集的图像进行数字图像处理,获取2幅图像中爆炸光斑中...     

The internal strain of three-dimensional braided composites with co-braided FBG sensors

The performance analysis of three-dimensional (3-D) braided composites is made difficult by their complex and interlacing structure, and is still under development. To get complete first-hand data on the material parameters of these composites, co-braided optical fiber sensors (OFS) can be used to measure the internal strain. This information is helpful for subsequent stiffness predictions and failure analysis. This paper introduces a method of incorporating OFS into braided composites, and establishes a constitutive theoretical model for the hybrid material. Experiments are conducted to measure the internal strain of specimens under tension, and the results are compared to theoretical predictions.