以内耗技术探索Pb-Sn合金熔体的结构变化

以改进的低频扭摆内耗仪研究了液态PbSn合金连续升温过程的内耗行为.结果表明:合金在液相线以上500—800℃温区内出现内耗峰,其峰温不随频率变化,峰高与升温速率成正比,与振动频率成反比,这与固态相变内耗峰的特征相吻合;合金成分不同,内耗峰峰温不同;非共晶成分合金熔体的内耗曲线上出现次峰.这一现象揭示了PbSn合金熔体随温度可能发生结构转变.对PbSn合金进行差热分析,熔体出现的热效应峰与内耗峰的温区大体对应,进一步揭示熔体的内耗峰可能是由结构转变引起的. 关键词： 液态结构 内耗 Pb-Sn合金     

低熔点合金相变换热特性实验研究

本文针对熔点为70°的Bi-Cd-Pb-Sn低熔点合金的相变换热特性开展了实验研究,讨论了冷却水流量对冷却速率及相界面移动速率的影响。结果表明:低熔点合金在冷却过程中出现明显的相变带,相变潜热释放完后合金温度出现陡降;冷却水流量越大相界面的移动速率越快,当Q80 L·h~(-1)时流量对固液相界面的移动速率影响减小,相同流量下固液相界面的移动速率随热阻的增加逐渐减小。     

大块金属玻璃Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5的流变行为研究

采用静态拉伸方法在连续升温条件下动态地测量了大块金属玻璃Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5（Vit1）的黏度随温度的变化关系.在应变速率与温度的关系曲线中，观测到了与玻璃转变和晶化过程相联系的多个应变速率峰.在玻璃转变温度Tg以上，大块金属玻璃Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5的过冷液体呈现Newton流体特征，其黏度与温度的关系符合Vogel Fulcher-Tammann (VFT)关系式，拟合得到脆度D*＝36，VFT温度T0＝319K，脆度参数m＝30，这说明Zr41T 关键词： 大块金属玻璃 应变速率 剪切黏度 自由体积     

化学沉积非晶态合金的热学分析

用ＤＴＡ法分析表明沉积法获得的非晶态Ｎｉ－Ｐ合金各特征温度的晶化激活能明显低于激冷法获得的非晶合金。在同一升温速率下，脉冲化学沉积层的初始晶化激活能和晶化起始温度Ｔｏｎ都高于化学沉积层，说明脉冲化学沉积层的热稳定性优于化学沉积层。     

Fe合金FCC-BCC原子尺度台阶型马氏体相界面迁移行为的分子动力学模拟研究

两相界面的原子尺度结构对相界面迁移行为具有重要影响.高分辨透射电子显微分析表明钢中马氏体相界面具有高度为若干原子层间距的台阶结构,然而目前Fe合金马氏体相变的模拟研究工作中绝大多数使用非台阶型相界面结构作为模拟初始模型.本文基于拓扑模型和相变位错理论构建了Fe合金FCC/BCC台阶型相界面初始模型,采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了Fe合金马氏体相界面的迁移行为.研究结果表明,当两相界面具有约束共格匹配关系及台阶结构时,体系发生FCC→BCC马氏体相变并呈现典型的非扩散切变特征;相变过程中FCC/BCC宏观尺度相界面沿其法线方向以(4.4±0.3)×10~2 m/s的速度迁移,且相界面在迁移过程中始终保持稳定的台阶结构和相对平直的宏观界面形貌特征;相变位错的滑移速度高达(2.8±0.2)×10~3 m/s,相变位错阵列沿台阶面的协同侧向滑移不仅是马氏体台阶结构宏观相界面迁移的微观机制,也是马氏体相变宏观形状应变的主要来源;采用分子动力学模拟方法获得的Fe合金马氏体相变晶体学特征参量与拓扑模型的解析解数值非常接近,相变产生的整体宏观形状应变由平行于相界面的剪切应变和垂直于相界面的法向应变两部分组成.     

冲击诱发NiTi形状记忆合金相变行为研究

NiTi形状记忆合金的高应变动态响应特性在军事、航空等领域具有重要应用.为研究NiTi合金在动态力学诱导下的相变行为,在不同温区不同冲击速率下,通过轻气炮装置对NiTi合金进行了动态加载实验.利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC),综合物性测量系统分析了冲击波残余效应对NiTi合金相变行为的影响.研究发现:受冲击的样品在第一次DSC热循环中观察到了三个马氏体吸热峰,表现为三步逆马氏体相变,而在第二次热循环中其中两个应力诱发马氏体吸热峰因变形恢复消失.形成两个应力诱发马氏体吸热峰的原因可能是晶粒内部与晶界处的相变过程不同步.受冲击后样品DSC放热峰上出现了一小肩峰,表明可能因中间相(R相)的出现而发生了两步相变,结合电阻测量曲线进一步确认R相的存在,且发现奥氏体相向R相转变以及R相向马氏体相转变这两种相变过程在某一温度范围内可同时进行.同时,文中也具体讨论了不同的冲击加载条件对相变过程的影响.     

FeCuNbBSi等多中Fe基非晶态合金激波晶化的DSC研究

应用升温、等温和重复加热的DSC技术，对几种非晶合金的激波晶化和退化晶化作了对比研究，结果表明，尽管激波晶化时间极短，仅为退火晶化时间为10^-6－－10^-8，但晶化度却极高，接近100％。激波晶化形成多种成分和结构的结晶相，形式上很像扩散性相变，然而其相变速率却是退火转变的千万倍，而且生成相十分稳定，这一现象用传统的固态扩散相变理论很难解释，激波晶化是一种新的晶化形式，是一种新的纳米合成技术。     

半透明介质相变中的辐射变物性问题

半透明介质相变传热在许多工程领域引起关注,其实质是变物性条件下伴随相变的辐射-导热瞬态耦合传热问题,其难点在于相变过程中的辐射变物性问题,尤其是折射率的时空演变问题.本文首次研究相变过程中的变折射率问题.假设相变介质存在固相-糊状-液相区,固/糊界面、液/糊界面假定为半透明漫反射.采用多层辐射传递模型模拟相变介质内的辐...     

液态结构与性质关系Ⅱ——Mg-9Al熔体的运动黏度及与熔体微观结构的关系

采用坩埚扭摆振动法测量Mg-9Al熔体的运动黏度,得到890—1190 K温区内高精度的黏度-温度关系曲线ν(T),发现升温过程中黏度随温度升高发生异常变化,当温度升高至1000—1075 K时,黏度由快速增大转变为逐渐减小,即发生转折变化;在随后的降温和第二次升温过程中,黏度随温度变化呈指数规律单调递增(减),符合Arrhenius方程式.在实验研究基础上,采用剩余键结构模型和"平均原子集团"演变行为的计算模型讨论Mg-9Al熔体的黏度与微观结构之间的相关性,结果表明:类关键词： 合金熔体 结构与黏度相关性 剩余键结构 平均原子集团模型     

NiAl合金纳米线弯曲形变行为的分子动力学模拟

本文采用分子动力学模拟研究不同条件下NiAl合金纳米线的弯曲形变行为。研究结果表明：NiAl合金纳米线弯曲过程包括弹性和塑性形变两个阶段，其中，在弹性形变阶段计算得到纳米线的弯曲模量为48.9 GPa,与已有计算结果接近；而纳米线塑性形变以应力诱发B2→L1₀马氏体相变为变形载体，且形变行为不依赖于体系温度、应变速率及纳米线尺寸等因素，即使在低温和高应变速率下纳米线也表现出良好的弯曲塑性和弯曲强度。此外，NiAl合金纳米线在弯曲作用下具有近零滞后的超弹性特征，弯曲形变在卸去载荷时可完全回复。     

Influence of macroscopic graphite particulates on the damping properties of Zn-Al eutectoid alloy

The paper presents in detail the effects of macroscopic graphite (Gr) particulates on the damping behavior of Zn-Al eutectoid alloy (Zn-Al). Macroscopic defects are graphite particulates with sizes of the order of a millimeter (0.5 mm and 1.0 mm). Macroscopic graphite particulate-reinforced Zn-Al eutectoid alloys were prepared by the air pressure infiltration process. The damping characterization was conducted on a multifunction internal friction apparatus (MFIFA). The internal friction (IF), as well as the relative dynamic modulus, was measured at different frequencies over the temperature range of 20 to 400°C. The damping capacity of the Zn-Al/Gr, with two different volume fractions of macroscopic graphite particulates, was compared with that of bulk Zn-Al eutectoid alloy. The damping capacity of the materials is shown to increase with increasing volume fraction of macroscopic graphite particulates. Two IF peaks were found in the IF-temperature curves. The first is a grain boundary peak, which is associated with the diffusive flux on a boundary between like phases, Al/Al. Its activation energy has been calculated to be 1.13±0.03 eV and the pre-exponential factor is 10⁻¹⁴ s in IF measurements. The second is a phase transition peak, which results from the transformation of Zn-Al eutectoid. In light of internal friction measurements and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments, its activation energy has been calculated to be 2.36±0.08 eV. Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province of China (Grant No. 0550050) and the Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education of China (Grant No. 13-3-B-04)     

Structure and rheology of concentrated wormlike micelles [4]at the shear-induced isotropic-to-nematic transition

We have investigated the simple shear flow behavior of wormlike micelles using small-angle neutron scattering and mechanical measurements. Ternary surfactant solutions made of cetylpyridinium chloride, hexanol and brine (0.2 M NaCl) and hereafter abbreviated as CPCl-Hex were studied in the concentrated regime, . In a preliminary report (Berret et al. [#!ref16!#]), the discontinuity of slope observed in the shear stress versus shear rate curve was interpreted in terms of first-order phase transition between an isotropic state and a shear-induced nematic state ( transition). At the transition rate, , the solution exhibits a macroscopic phase separation into viscous and fluid layers (inhomogeneous shear flow). Above a second characteristic shear rate, the flow becomes homogeneous again, the sheared solution being nematic only. The neutron patterns obtained in the two-state inhomogeneous region have been re-examined. Based on a consistent analysis of both orientational and translational degrees of freedom related to the wormlike micelles, we emphasize new features for the transition. In the present paper, the shear rate variations of the relative proportions of each phase in the two-state region, as well as the viscosity ratio between isotropic and nematic phases are derived. We demonstrate in addition that slightly above the transition rate, the shear induced nematic phase is already strongly oriented, with an order parameter P ₂ = 0.65. The orientational state is that of a nematic flow-oriented monodomain. Finally, from the locations of the neutron scattering maxima for each isotropic and nematic contributions, we evaluate the concentrations for each phase and and derived a dynamical phase diagram of CPCl-Hex, in terms of the stress versus and . According to the classification by Schmitt et al. [#!ref22!#], the transition observed in CPCl-Hex micellar solutions could result from a positive flow-concentration coupling, in agreement with the observed monotonically increasing shear stress in the two-phase region. Received: 16 February 1998 / Revised: 18 February 1998 / Accepted: 24 May 1998     

Effect of shear strain on the α-ε phase transition of iron: a new approach in the rotational diamond anvil cell

The effect of shear strain on the iron α-ε phase transformation has been studied using a rotational diamond anvil cell (RDAC). The initial transition is observed to take place at the reduced pressure of 10.8?GPa under pressure and shear operation. Complete phase transformation was observed at 15.4?GPa. The rotation of an anvil causes limited pressure elevation and makes the pressure distribution symmetric in the sample chamber before the phase transition. However, it causes a significant pressure increase at the centre of the sample and brings about a large pressure gradient during the phase transformation. The resistance to the phase interface motion is enhanced due to strain hardening during the pressure and shear operations on iron and this further increases the transition pressure. The work of macroscopic shear stress and the work of the pressure and shear stress at the defect tips account for the pressure reduction of the iron phase transition.     

Zn-Al二元合金熔化过程的低频内耗研究

利用强迫振动扭摆方法对ZnAl二元合金熔化过程的低频内耗进行了研究.结果表明,ZnAl二元合金熔化过程的内耗峰与其固态相变内耗峰的特征有较大差异.结合该合金熔化过程的微观结构变化,初步分析了内耗峰的形成机理. 关键词： Zn-Al合金 低频内耗 熔化     

Slip-accommodated superplastic flow in Zn-22 wt%Al

Experiments were conducted on the Zn-22 wt% Al eutectoid that contained nanometre-scale dispersion particles. These particles were introduced in the matrix of the alloy via powder metallurgy followed by cryomilling. Transmission electron microscopy observations made on specimens crept at a strain rate near the centre of the superplastic region (the intermediate-stress region or region II in the sigmoidal relationship between stress and strain rate) reveal clear evidence for lattice dislocation activities during superplastic flow. Such evidence is demonstrated in part by the presence of attractive particle-dislocation interactions that are only noted in some of the grains. It is suggested that each one of these grains serves as an obstacle for a group of grains sliding together as a unit. In addition, the configurations of the lattice dislocations in the interiors of the blocking grains are suggestive of viscous glide and single slip in the blocking grain. Combining the present findings with earlier observations reported for superplastic deformation leads to the conclusion that the generation and movement of lattice dislocations provide an accommodation process for grain-boundary sliding.     

On possibility of a structural transition in the vicinity of the melting point in liquid copper

The temperature dependence of the kinematic viscosity of liquid copper has been studied by the method of torsional vibrations during heating and cooling within the temperature range 1080–1500°C. A reversible structural transition was discovered in the vicinity of 1170°C. This transition manifests itself in a jumpwise change of viscosity and the activation energy of viscous flow at this temperature.     

马氏体相变过程中低频内耗的研究

本文测出了金镉(Au-Cd)合金在正反马氏体相变过程的低频内耗峰,内耗极大值与变温速率有线性关系,但比Fe-Mn等非热弹性马氏体相变内耗的速率依赖要小得多,稳定内耗峰(变温速率为零)在每一温度的内耗值与频率无关,是静滞型损耗。内耗峰高与马氏体晶粒尺寸有关。等温转变过程也出现一个内耗-时间峰。根据以上诸实验事实,我们认为,低频马氏体相变内耗是由那些在振动应力作用下可以运动的相界面所引起的。 关键词：     

Vorticity banding during the lamellar-to-onion transition in a lyotropic surfactant solution in shear flow

We report on the rheology of a lyotropic lamellar surfactant solution (SDS/dodecane/pentanol/ water), and identify a discontinuous transition between two shear thinning regimes which correspond to the low-stress lamellar phase and the more viscous shear-induced multilamellar vesicle, or “onion” phase. We study in detail the flow curve, stress as a function of shear rate, during the transition region, and present evidence that the region consists of a shear-banded phase where the material has macroscopically separated into bands of lamellae and onions stacked in the vorticity direction. We infer very slow and irregular transformations from lamellae to onions as the stress is increased through the two-phase region, and identify distinct events consistent with the nucleation of small fractions of onions that coexist with sheared lamellae.     

Apparent viscosity and particle pressure of a concentrated suspension of non-Brownian hard spheres near the jamming transition

We consider the steady shear flow of a homogeneous and dense assembly of hard spheres suspended in a Newtonian viscous fluid. In a first part, a mean-field approach based on geometric arguments is used to determine the viscous dissipation in a dense isotropic suspension of smooth hard spheres and the hydrodynamic contribution to the suspension viscosity. In a second part, we consider the coexistence of transient solid clusters coupled to regions with free flowing particles near the jamming transition. The fraction of particles in transient clusters is derived through the Landau-Ginzburg concepts for first-order phase transition with an order parameter corresponding to the proportion of “solid” contacts. A state equation for the fraction of particle-accessible volume is introduced to derive the average normal stresses and a constitutive law that relates the total shear stress to the shear rate. The analytical expression of the average normal stresses well accounts for numerical or experimental evaluation of the particle pressure and non-equilibrium osmotic pressure in a dense sheared suspension. Both the friction level between particles and the suspension dilatancy are shown to determine the singularity of the apparent shear viscosity and the flow stability near the jamming transition. The model further predicts a Newtonian behavior for a concentrated suspension of neutrally buoyant particles and no shear thinning behavior in relation with the shear liquefaction of transient solid clusters.