椭圆截面非球形颗粒群的多重光散射

尽管非球形下一些特殊形状颗粒的单散射已被得到,球形多颗粒系（颗粒群）的多重散射也被研究,但至今仍未得到非球形颗粒群的多重散射.文中建立了一类椭圆截面非球形颗粒模型,求得其散射相位函数,借助于辐射传播方程,考虑形状及大小分布,得到了该类颗粒群的多重光散射.在两种特例情况下的结果能与已有的结果符合较好,说明了方法的可靠性.计算分析表明：非球形颗粒群的多重散射光强角分布要比球形颗粒平坦.椭圆截面颗粒的粒度或形状参数越大,多重散射光越集中于小的散射角;粒度分布或形状分布越宽,多重散射光强的角分布越平坦.随着光学厚 关键词： 多重光散射 颗粒 非球形 椭圆截面     

非球形气溶胶粒子散射相函数经验公式

散射相函数是研究电磁波传输特性的重要参数，直接影响电磁波传输方程的简化程度和解的精度。基于电磁散射与辐射传输中的基本理论，对非球形粒子散射相函数的经验公式进行了研究。为了很好的模拟非球形粒子的后向散射峰值，提高辐射传输方程的简化程度和解的精度，提出了一种新的相函数经验公式。分析新的相函数对非球形粒子的适用性，以单个沙尘性气溶胶为例，计算了不同形状粒子的Henyey-Greenstein*相函数和新的相函数随角度的变化，并与T矩阵法的计算结果进行了对比，发现椭球形粒子的长短轴比和有限长圆柱形粒子的径长比大于0.5时，新的相函数在大角度后向散射部分与T矩阵法的吻合程度较高。考虑波长变化，对比了尺寸谱满足对数正态分布的四种气溶胶粒子的Henyey-Greenstein*相函数和新的相函数与T矩阵法的计算结果。研究表明，对于椭球形粒子和有限长圆柱形粒子，在大角度(大于90°)后向散射部分，除了0.694时的椭球形海洋性气溶胶，新的相函数均方根差较小的占100%，证明了新的相函数可以较好的模拟非球形粒子的后向散射特征。新的相函数对准确模拟辐射传输过程具有重要意义。     

CFB不同密相区形状对固态医疗垃圾颗粒运动特性的影响

提出了不同密相区结构形状(球形、椭球形、方形体)的固态医疗垃圾循环流化床(SMW-CFB),并针对SMW-CFB各段特征,对循环流化床不同密相区形状对固态医疗垃圾颗粒运动特性的影响进行了数值研究,结果表明:密相区为球形体结构比其它结构形状密相区更易出现回流.密相区不同形状时,颗粒运动进入分离器的时间不一样.固态医疗垃圾颗粒在循环流化床内,直径在大于3.5 mm的垃圾颗粒,随烟气上升到一定高度后,落回密相区,而直径小于3.5 mm的颗粒随烟气一同进入分离器,分离器可以捕集直径大于0.025 mm的颗粒,直径小于0.025 mm的颗粒由排气管排出.球形和椭球形密相区有助于垃圾颗粒与风充分混合接触,有利于垃圾颗粒的燃烧.     

退极化因子与形状因子

以球形或椭球形颗粒介质为例,从颗粒介质内外电势分布出发,得出了颗粒介质内部退极化场,从而进一步讨论了退极化因子和形状因子的关系.     

利用近前向散射图样识别单粒子形状的理论研究

近前向光学散射图样可以用来表征颗粒物的形状.基于球形芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、类鼻疽伯克氏菌的回转长椭球模型, 采用离散偶极子近似方法, 通过模拟3个不同方位探测器接收的散射光强响应信号, 讨论了非球形生物气溶胶颗粒的形状对前向角分辨光强的影响.结合球形指数反演算法, 在一定取向条件下, 前向5°–20° 内角分辨散射光强具有识别长形颗粒物和非长形颗粒物的能力.该研究可以为颗粒物形态测量仪器设计以及快速检测有害生物气溶胶提供依据.     

非球形颗粒布朗运动的涨落-格子Boltzmann数值研究

采用涨落-格子Boltzmann方法对非球形颗粒(二维)的布朗运动进行直接数值模拟.数值结果包括椭圆形、矩形颗粒的速度均方值及速度自相关函数等.研究发现,对于非球形颗粒,其方向性并没有影响能量均分原理的适用性,每个自由度的能量由其速度或角速度的均方值确定,而且计算的颗粒平动温度和转动温度一致.此外,颗粒的速度自相关函数在相对长的时间内以~ct^-1的规律衰减,其系数c与颗粒的形状无关.     

高温高压条件下石墨的再结晶与金刚石单晶的生长

 用电子显微镜观察到了在高温高压条件下再结晶石墨的形状随温度变化而改变的规律。实验表明：从石墨向金刚石的转变，与石墨在催化剂——溶剂合金中的再结晶状态有关，类球形再结晶石墨是转变成金刚石小单元的基础。金刚石晶体的不同形态及其多样化的表面结构表明金刚石单晶的生长具有比较复杂的过程。研究了具有一定规则形状由类球形再结晶石墨晶粒组成的聚合体，这种聚合体将在适当温度压力下转变成金刚石颗粒。本研究给出了生长粗颗粒、晶形完整的金刚石单晶的原则办法。     

基于超二次曲面的颗粒材料缓冲性能离散元分析

自然界或工业中普遍是由非球形颗粒组成的复杂体系,与球形颗粒相比,非球形颗粒间的高离散和咬合互锁可使冲击载荷引起的能量有效衰减实现缓冲作用.基于连续函数包络的超二次曲面单元能准确地描述非球形颗粒的几何形态,并可精确地计算单元间的接触碰撞作用.本文采用离散元方法对冲击载荷作用下非球形颗粒物质的缓冲性能进行数值分析,并与圆柱体冲击的理论结果和球体冲击的实验结果进行对比验证.在此基础之上,进一步研究了筒底作用力在不同颗粒层厚度和形状等因素影响下的变化规律.计算结果表明:不同颗粒形状都存在一个临界厚度H_c.当HH_c时,缓冲率随H的增加而增加;当HH_c时,缓冲率的变化不再显著并趋于稳定值.此外,减小颗粒表面尖锐度和增加或减小圆柱形和长方形颗粒的长宽比都会提高颗粒材料的缓冲效果.     

Elastic Behaviors of Adsorbed Protein-like Chains

基于三维格点的ODI模型,采用PERM方法研究了吸附在表面的类蛋白质分子的力学性质．首先计算了拉伸过程中,类蛋白质分子链的尺寸大小以及形状参数．发现类蛋白质链在拉伸过程中经历了从棒形到球形,再从球形到棒形;最终在链全部脱离表面作用时,又形成了球形结构．还计算了类蛋白质分子链的热力学性质,如每个键的平均自由能、平均相互作用能、平均吸附能、平均螺旋能、平均折叠能以及平均紧密接触对能．同时也讨论了拉伸过程中的弹性力,在表面对类蛋白质分子有吸附时,弹性力在拉伸过程中出现一个力的平台,这和SMFS实验得到的一般高分子拉伸的力学平台类似．弹性力对能量的贡献以及对紧密接触对能量的贡献的曲线中出现了力学平台,随后出现了极大值．     

火灾烟颗粒的分形结构形状模拟与光散射计算

针对火灾烟颗粒的形状特点，提出并建立火灾烟颗粒分形结构凝团的形状模型，并对烟颗粒扫描电镜(SEM)图像进行分析，获取分形结构模型中的单个凝团中基本颗粒个数、凝团分形维数、基本颗粒半径等参数.利用该模型对火灾烟颗粒的形状进行模拟的结果表明，该模型能够较好反映出烟颗粒的形貌特征.利用形状模型对火灾烟颗粒散射进行初步计算表明，在其他参数相同的情况下，相对于同体积的球形颗粒，分形凝团具有前向散射较弱，后向散射较强的特征.     

Observation of colloidal crystals with the cesium chloride structure

Binary mixtures of hard sphere-like colloidal particles, of the same size but different polymer composition, when suspended in some liquids phase separate and form crystals with the Cesium Chloride structure. We attribute this behavior to a cross-attraction between particles of the different species. In other suspending liquids this apparent cross-attraction is absent; hard sphere-like behavior is observed with the expected randomly stacked close packed crystal structure with no positional correlation of the two particle types.     

分散相颗粒几何因素对电流变液体反应时间的影响

瞬变的反应时间是电流变液体的一个重要参数．本文通过实验和理论分析，建立了考虑分散相颗粒几何因素的电流变反应时间模型根据此模型，长椭球状颗粒的电流变液体反应时间比等效球状颗粒的短，扁椭球状和片状颗粒的电流变液体反应时间比等效球状颗粒的长，而棒状颗粒的电流变液体反应时间则视ε_p/ε_f比值大小或快于或慢于等效球状颗粒的反应时间．且反应时间与分散相尺寸的关系是（１）随体积增大，各种形状颗粒的电流变液体反应时间均变短；（２）同体积下，随长径比增大，长椭球状颗粒的电流变液体反应时间变短，而扁椭球状颗粒和片状颗粒的电流变液体反应时间变长，棒状颗粒的电流变液体反应时间则视。ε_p/ε_f比值大小或增快或减慢．因此，要获得反应快的电流变液体，颗粒形状除选择球状外，还可在使雷诺数较小范围内，选择一定尺寸的长椭球状或棒状颗粒。 关键词：     

Surface-integral formulation of scattering theory

We formulate scattering theory in the framework of a surface-integral approach utilizing analytically known asymptotic forms of the two-body and three-body scattering wavefunctions. This formulation is valid for both short-range and long-range Coulombic interactions. New general definitions for the potential scattering amplitude are presented. For the Coulombic potentials, the generalized amplitude gives the physical on-shell amplitude without recourse to a renormalization procedure. New post and prior forms for the Coulomb three-body breakup amplitude are derived. This resolves the problem of the inability of the conventional scattering theory to define the post form of the breakup amplitude for charged particles. The new definitions can be written as surface-integrals convenient for practical calculations. The surface-integral representations are extended to amplitudes of direct and rearrangement scattering processes taking place in an arbitrary three-body system. General definitions for the wave operators are given that unify the currently used channel-dependent definitions.     

两种按比例混合颗粒系的多次散射模拟

一种颗粒与其他种类的颗粒混合后, 会使其散射特性发生变化, 本文研究了水云中混有黑炭气溶胶后的散射特性变化. 根据Mie理论计算了水云和黑炭气溶胶散射相函数、单次散射反照率和不对称因子. 给出了混合颗粒系的蒙特卡罗模拟方法, 给出了颗粒碰撞类型抽样、自由程抽样和根据Mie相函数进行散射方向抽样的方法. 计算了光垂直入射时, 水云和黑炭气溶胶混合颗粒系的反射光强随观测角的变化, 并计算了平面反照率随入射角的变化, 讨论了黑炭气溶胶的有效半径、混合比例对整个混合颗粒系散射特性的影响. 计算结果表明, 水云中混合黑炭会加强其吸收, 且黑炭的比例和尺寸不同其散射特性差异较大.     

Scattering eikonal for two classical relativistic particles

It is shown that the classical relativistic scattering is characterized by an eikonal function of two real variables as in the nonrelativistic theory. The most general form of this function is given.     

Introduction to light scattering by Gaussian random particles

Background, current status, and future prospects are offered for “Light scattering by Gaussian random particles: Ray-optics approximation” [1]. The stochastic geometry of the random particle is called the Gaussian random sphere. The radial distance of the Gaussian sphere is lognormally distributed. Two logarithmic radial distances at a given great-circle angle apart relate to one another according to the covariance function. Sample Gaussian particles can be conveniently generated using a Legendre polynomial expansion for the covariance function and a spherical harmonics expansion for the logarithmic radial distance. The ray-optics approximation consists of the geometric-optics and forward-diffraction parts fully accounting for polarization. It is valid for particles much larger than the wavelength of incident light and with central phase differences much larger than unity. The numerical ray-tracing algorithms are general and, in principle, applicable computationally to arbitrarily shaped non-spherical particles.     

An effect of turbulent clustering on scattering of microwave radiation by small particles in the atmosphere

A coherent scattering of electromagnetic waves by clusters of inertial Rayleigh particles in atmospheric turbulence is considered. A preliminary estimate based on the Maxwell-Garnett theory and the Rayleigh approximation for single clusters demonstrates an importance of the coherent scattering contribution. It is confirmed by a general solution in a combination with theoretical estimates for the two-point probability density function for low-inertia spherical particles in isotropic turbulence. An approximate analytical expression for the coefficient characterizing effect of coherent scattering by the particle clusters is derived. The calculations for small Stokes numbers typical of water droplets in cumulus clouds yield an estimate of the coherent scattering effect on the microwave radar reflection. The model suggested allows solving the inverse problem to determine the pair correlation function for cloud particles. It is expected to be important for the investigations on particle–turbulence interaction in the atmosphere. The theoretical model developed is true not only in the limit of low-inertia particles and can be potentially used at arbitrary Stokes numbers in other applications.     

On the theory of brownian motion. VIII. A Brownian particle in a dilute gas with inelastic collisions

The Fokker-Planck equation for a heavy particle in a dilute gas of light particles is derived from a Boltzmann equation. Inelastic collisions between the heavy and light particles are considered, and explicit quadratures for the frictional coefficients are given in terms of the scattering kernels. It is shown that the general formulation reduces properly to known results in the cases of pure elastic and pure diffuse scattering, respectively.     

Exact integral operator form of the Wigner distribution-function equation in many-body quantum transport theory

A formal derivation of a generalized equation of a Wigner distribution function including all many-body effects and all scattering mechanisms is given. The result is given in integral operator form suitable for application to the numerical modeling of quantum tunneling and quantum interference solid state devices. In the absence of scattering and many-body effects, the result reduces to the noninteracting-particle Wigner distribution function equation, often used to simulate resonant tunneling devices. The derivation uses a Weyl transform technique which can easily incorporate Bloch electrons. Weyl transforms of self-energies are derived. Various simplifications of a general quantum transport equation for semiconductor device analysis and self-consistent numerical simulation of a quantum distribution function in the phase-space/frequency-time domain are discussed. Recent attempts to include collisions in the Wigner distribution-function approach to the numerical simulation of tunneling devices are clearly shown to be non-self-consistent and inaccurate; more accurate numerical simulation is needed for a deeper understanding of the effects of collision and scattering.