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1.
The performance of an electrical aerosol detector (EAD; TSI Model 3070A) was experimentally evaluated for measuring the integral parameters of particles (i.e., total length concentration of particles, and the total surface area concentrations of particles deposited in a human lung). The EAD consists of a unipolar diffusion charger with an ion trap, and aerosol electrometer. We first evaluated the performance of the EAD charger. Both polydisperse and monodisperse particles of Ag, NaCl, and oleic acid (with the dielectric constants of infinite, 6.1 and 2.5) were then generated to evaluate the particle material effect on the EAD readout. 相似文献
2.
H. Fissan S. Neumann A. Trampe D. Y. H. Pui W. G. Shin 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2007,9(1):53-59
The risk of nanoparticles by inhalation for human health is still being debated but some evidences of risk on specific properties
of particles <100 nm diameter exist. One of the nanoparticle parameters discussed by toxicologists is their surface area concentration
as a relevant property for e.g. causing inflammation. Concentrations of these small particles (~ <100 nm) are currently not
measured, since the mass concentrations of these small particles are normally low despite large surface area concentrations.
Airborne particles will always be polydisperse and show a size distribution. Size is normally described by an equivalent diameter
to include deviations in properties from ideal spherical particles. Here only nanoparticles below a certain size to be defined
are of interest. Total concentration measures are determined by integration over the size range of interest. The ideal instrument
should measure the particles according to the size weighting of the wanted quantity. Besides for the geometric surface area
the wanted response function can be derived for the lung deposited surface area in the alveolar region. This can be obtained
by weighting the geometric surface area as a function of particle size with the deposition efficiency for the alveolar region
for e.g. a reference worker for work place exposure determination.
The investigation of the performance of an Electrical Aerosol Detector (EAD) for nearly spherical particles showed that its
response function is close to the lung deposited surface areas in different regions of the human respiratory system. By changing
the ion trap voltage an even better agreement has been achieved. By determining the size dependent response of the instrument
as a function of ion trap voltage the operating parameters can be optimized to give the smallest error possible. Since the
concept of the instrument is based on spherical particles and idealized lung deposition curves have been used, in all other
cases errors will occur, which still have to be defined.
A method is now available which allows in principle the determination of the total deposited surface area in different regions
of the lung in real time. It can easily be changed from one deposited region to another by varying the ion trap voltage. It
has the potential to become a routine measurement technique for area measurements and personal control in e.g. work place
environments. 相似文献
3.
C. Asbach H. Fissan B. Stahlmecke T. A. J. Kuhlbusch D. Y. H. Pui 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2009,11(1):101-109
Nanoparticle Surface Area Monitor (NSAM, TSI model 3550 and Aerotrak 9000) is an instrument designed to measure airborne surface
area concentrations that would deposit in the alveolar or tracheobronchial region of the lung. It was found that the instrument
can only be reliably used for the size range of nanoparticles between 20 and 100 nm. The upper size range can be extended
to 400 nm, where the minimum in the deposition curves occurs. While the fraction below 20 nm usually contributes only negligibly
to the total surface area and is therefore not critical, a preseparator is needed to remove all particles above 400 nm in
cases where the size distribution extends into the larger size range. Besides limitations in the particle size range, potential
implications of extreme concentrations up to the coagulation limit, particle material (density and composition) and particle
morphology are discussed. While concentration does not seem to pose any major constraints, the effect of different agglomerate
shapes still has to be further investigated. Particle material has a noticeable impact neither on particle charging in NSAM
nor on the deposition curves within the aforementioned size range, but particle hygroscopicity can cause the lung deposition
curves to change significantly which currently cannot be mimicked with the instrument. Besides limitations, possible extensions
are also discussed. It was found that the tendencies of the particle deposition curves of a reference worker for alveolar,
tracheobronchial, total and nasal depositions share the same tendencies in the 20–400 nm size range and that their ratios
are almost constant. This also seems to be the case for different individuals and under different breathing conditions. By
means of appropriate calibration factors NSAM can be used to deliver the lung deposited surface area concentrations in all
these regions, based on a single measurement. 相似文献