考虑压头曲率半径的J2形变理论压痕有限元分析

采用经典J2形变理论,在考虑压头曲率半径的前提下,针对几组微压痕实验进行了有限元数值模拟,给出理论计算结果并与实验进行了系统比较.结果发现考虑了压头曲率半径后的经典J2形变理论得到的整段计算曲线不能和实验曲线吻合,可以推理出即使考虑压头曲率半径的的影响,经典J2形变理论也不能很好地解释实验现象.     

纳米压痕试验中压头尺寸效应的准连续介质法分析

采用准连续介质法模拟了单晶铝纳米压痕试验过程,分析了不同宽度的刚性矩形压头所引起的初始塑性变形特点,获得了载荷-压深、应变能-位移和硬度-压深曲线.从位错理论的角度分析了压头尺寸对纳米压痕测试结果的影响.研究发现:随着压头宽度的不断增大,压头下方位错形核所需要的载荷和压深程度增大,需要的应变能增加,应变能的变化速率递增,纳米硬度值减小,呈现出明显的尺寸效应.同时表明在一定的压人深度下,硬度与压头尺寸之间存在着一定的比例关系,不同尺寸压头获得的硬度值可以相互换算,但当矩形刚性压头宽度大于或等于120A时这种尺寸效应消失.研究结果为纳米压痕实验过程中压头尺寸的选择提供了参考依据.     

摩擦因素对不同形状压头微压痕测试的影响

本文基于低阶应变梯度塑性有限元,分析了摩擦因素在不同形状压头的微压痕测试中的影响.结果表明对于目前普遍采用的Berkovich 压头(简化为半后顶角为70.3°并具有一定球头半径的圆锥),摩擦的影响并不重要,可以简化为无摩擦情况.而对于Cube-corner压头(简化为圆锥半后顶角为 42.3°),摩擦不可以忽略.同样压深情况下,相对于较钝压头,尖锐压头下材料变形更加激烈,几何必需位错密度更大,同时受摩擦因素影响更加明显.模拟结果还显示,摩擦对卸载曲线的影响可以忽略不计.     

考虑压头尖端曲率的弹塑性材料硬度的解答形式

结合近来发表的对金属材料采用球形压头的微压痕实验结果及Johnson对应原理，讨论了在传统弹塑性理论下锥形压头在计及压头顶端曲率半径影响时硬度的解答形式．进而得出结论：压头尖端曲率半径不是引起尺度效应的根源，相反，它会使尺度效应减弱．     

纳米压痕法研究PZT压电薄膜的力学性能

PZT压电薄膜的力学性能如弹性模量、硬度等对于MEMS器件的结构设计、结构响应特性、服役性能等尤为重要。薄膜材料由于尺寸效应、表面效应等的作用，力学性能与宏观块体材料有显著差异。本文用纳米压痕法获得了PZT压电薄膜的弹性模量和硬度，考察了基底的影响，分析了退火时间对于其力学性能的影响，以及硬度和压入深度之间的压痕尺度效应。     

纳米压痕仪接触投影面积标定方法的研究

基于Oliver与Pharr方法的纳米压痕实验以其简单方便获得广泛的应用，但众多因素对压 痕实验结果的影响范围并无明确的结论. 其中压痕接触面积的确定是一个重要环节，该因素 对实验结果，特别是小深度下的实验结果具有重要影响. 仔细分析了Oliver与Pharr 方法并进行了几种材料的纳米压痕实验，针对该方法在接触深度确定、不同深度范围下方法 的适用性进行了说明. 分析结果表明，对所有的材料使用统一的面积公式，只有在大压痕深 度时才是适用的，而在小压痕深度时可能带来较大的误差. 因此，应慎重使用由Oliver与 Pharr方法得到的小压痕深度的硬度数据.     

应变梯度理论进展

应变梯度理论是近10年来为解释材料在微米尺度下的尺寸效应现象而发展起来的一种新理论.首先综述了应变梯度理论近年的发展及其对材料力学行为研究方面的进展.其次主要介绍了不含高阶应力的一类应变梯度理论及其应用;最后对应变梯度理论的发展做了展望.      

纳米压痕过程的三维有限元数值试验研究

采用有限元方法模拟了纳米压痕仪的加、卸载过程，三维有限元模型考虑了纳米压痕仪的标准Berkovich压头．介绍了有限元模型的几何参数、边界条件、材料特性与加载方式，讨论了摩擦、滑动机制、试件模型的大小对计算结果的影响，进行了计算结果与标准试样实验结果的比较，证实了模拟的可靠性．在此基础上，重点研究了压头尖端曲率半径对纳米压痕实验数据的影响．对比分析了尖端曲率半径r＝0与r＝100nm两种压头的材料压痕载荷—位移曲线．结果表明，当压头尖端曲率半径r≠0时，基于经典的均匀连续介质力学本构理论、传统的实验手段与数据处理方法，压痕硬度值会随着压痕深度的减小而升高．     

基于应变梯度理论的微尺度蜂窝等效模量计算方法

本文提出了一种新的能够计及尺度效应的微纳米蜂窝等效模量的计算方法。将一种单参数应变梯度理论引入到本构方程当中,并基于能量等效原理推导了蜂窝面内等效模量地计算公式。算例分析表明,本文方法能够有效地计及尺度效应对蜂窝等效模量的影响。尺度效应与胞壁厚度和长度的值都有关,当胞壁厚度较小时,尺度效应显著,本文方法预测的模量会明显高于传统方法;而当胞壁厚度较大时,尺度效应变得微弱乃至可以忽略不计。但如果胞壁的长度/厚度比很大,则面内等效模量会趋近于0,此时是否考虑尺度效应意义不大。     

压头形状对高分子材料压痕和刮擦行为影响的实验研究

针对聚丙烯PP和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯PMMA,本文开展了系统的压痕与刮擦实验,研究了压头形状对高分子材料压痕与刮擦过程中变形和失效的影响,探讨了高分子材料压痕和刮擦响应的应力集中敏感性.压痕实验结果表明:不同压头形状下,PP压入硬度均随栽荷增加而小幅减小;而不同压头下PMMA的压入硬度变化不大.两种材料维氏压头压入硬度均小...     

SIZE EFFECT AND GEOMETRICAL EFFECT OF SOLIDS IN MICRO—INDENTATION TEST

Micro-indentation tests at scales of the order of sub-micron show that the measured hardness increases strongly with decreasing indent depth or indent size,which is frequently referred to as the size effect.At the same time,at micron or sub-micron scale,another effect,which is referred to as the geometrical size effects such as crystal grain size effect,thin flim thickness effect,etc.,also influences the measured material hardness.However,the trends are at odds with the size-independence implied by the conventional elastic-plastic theory.In the present research,the strain gradient plasticity theory(Fleck and Hutchinson)is used to model the composition effects(size effect and geometrical effect) for polycrystal material and metal thin film/ceramic substrate systems when materials undergo micro-indenting.The phenomena of the “pile-up“ and “sink-in“ apeared in the indentation test for the polycrystal materials are also discussed.Meanwhile,the micro-indentation experiments for the polycrystal Al and for the Ti/Si3N4 thin film/substrate system are carried out.By comparing the theoretical predictions with experimental measuremtns.the values and the variation trends of the micro-scale parameter included in the strain gradient plasticity theory are predicted.     

The indenter tip radius effect in micro- and nanoindentation hardness experiments.

Nix and Gao established an important relation between the microindentation hardness and indentation depth. Such a relation has been verified by many microindentation experiments (indentation depths in the micrometer range), but it does not always hold in nanoindentation experiments (indentation depths approaching the nanometer range). Indenter tip radius effect has been proposed by Qu et al. and others as possibly the main factor that causes the deviation from Nix and Gao's relationship. We have developed an indentation model for micro- and nanoindentation, which accounts for two indenter shapes, a sharp, conical indenter and a conical indenter with a spherical tip. The analysis is based on the conventional theory of mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity established from the Taylor dislocation model to account for the effect of geometrically necessary dislocations. The comparison between numerical result and Feng and Nix's experimental data shows that the indenter tip radius effect indeed causes the deviation from Nix-Gao relation, but it seems not be the main factor. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10121202) and the Ministry of Education of China (20020003023)     

基于Hellinger-Reissner变分原理的应变梯度杂交元设计

从一般的偶应力理论出发,基于Hellinger-Reissner变分原理,通过对有限元 离散体系的位移试解引入非协调位移函数,得到了偶应力理论下有限元离散系统的能量相容 条件,并由此建立了应变梯度杂交元的应力函数优化条件. 根据该优化条件,构造了一 个C0类的平面4节点梯度杂交元,数值结果表明,该单元对可压缩和不可压缩状态的 梯度材料均可给出合理的数值结果,再现材料的尺度效应.     

Mode I and mode II crack tip asymptotic fields with strain gradient effects

The strain gradient effect becomes significant when the size of fracture process zone around a crack tip is comparable to the intrinsic material lengthl, typically of the order of microns. Using the new strain gradient deformation theory given by Chen and Wang, the asymptotic fields near a crack tip in an elastic-plastic material with strain gradient effects are investigated. It is established that the dominant strain field is irrotational. For mode I plane stress crack tip asymptotic field, the stress asymptotic field and the couple stress asymptotic field can not exist simultaneously. In the stress dominated asymptotic field, the angular distributions of stresses are consistent with the classical plane stress HRR field; In the couple stress dominated asymptotic field, the angular distributions of couple stresses are consistent with that obtained by Huang et al. For mode II plane stress and plane strain crack tip asymptotic fields, only the stress-dominated asymptotic fields exist. The couple stress asymptotic field is less singular than the stress asymptotic fields. The stress asymptotic fields are the same as mode II plane stress and plane strain HRR fields, respectively. The increase in stresses is not observed in strain gradient plasticity for mode I and mode II, because the present theory is based only on the rotational gradient of deformation and the crack tip asymptotic fields are irrotational and dominated by the stretching gradient. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19704100), National Natural Science Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJ951-1-20), CAS K.C. Wong Post-doctoral Research Award Fund and Post-doctoral Science Fund of China     

Mode I crack tip field with strain gradient effects

A plane strain mode I crack tip field with strain gradient effects is investigated. A new strain gradient theory is used. An elastic-power law hardening strain gradient material is considered and two hardening laws, i. e. a separation law and an integration law are used respectively. As for the material with the separation law hardening, the angular distributions of stresses are consistent with the HRR field, which differs from the stress results^[19]; the angular distributions of couple stresses are the same as the couple stress results^[19]. For the material with the integration law hardening, the stress field and the couple stress field can not exist simultaneously, which is the same as the conclusion^[19], but for the stress dominated field, the angular distributions of stresses are consistent with the HRR field; for the couple stress dominated field, the angular distributions of couple stresses are consistent with those in Ref. [19]. However, the increase in stresses is not observed in strain gradient plasticity because the present theory is based on the rotation gradient of the deformation only, while the crack tip field of mode I is dominated by the tension gradient, which will be shown in another paper. Supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No. 19704100), Science Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Project KJ951-1-20), CAS K. C. Wong Post-doctoral Research Award Fund and the Post Doctoral Science Fund of China.     

全应变梯度挠曲电纳米梁有限单元法研究

挠曲电效应是一种存在于所有电介质材料中的特殊的力电耦合效应,本质上是应变梯度与电极化之间的线性耦合。然而,应变梯度会引入位移的高阶偏量,常给挠曲电问题的理论求解带来困难。且已有研究表明应变梯度弹性项会影响纳米结构中的力电耦合响应,但是现有的挠曲电研究大多忽略了应变梯度弹性的影响。因此,本文提出了一种既考虑应变梯度弹性,又考虑挠曲电效应的有效数值方法。基于全应变梯度弹性理论,建立了包含3个独立材料尺度参数的纳米欧拉梁的理论模型和有限元模型,提出了满足C₂弱连续的两节点六自由度单元。基于本文的有限单元法,以简支欧拉梁为例,通过分析讨论挠度、电势和能量效率,得到了挠曲电效应和应变梯度弹性项对梁的力电响应的影响。结果表明,挠曲电效应存在尺寸依赖性,且应变梯度弹性项在纳米电介质结构的挠曲电研究中的影响不可忽略。     

A new finite element method for strain gradient theories and applications to fracture analyses

A new compatible finite element method for strain gradient theories is presented. In the new finite element method, pure displacement derivatives are taken as the fundamental variables. The new numerical method is successfully used to analyze the simple strain gradient problems – the fundamental fracture problems. Through comparing the numerical solutions with the existed exact solutions, the effectiveness of the new finite element method is tested and confirmed. Additionally, an application of the Zienkiewicz–Taylor C1 finite element method to the strain gradient problem is discussed. By using the new finite element method, plane-strain mode I and mode II crack tip fields are calculated based on a constitutive law which is a simple generalization of the conventional J₂ deformation plasticity theory to include strain gradient effects. Three new constitutive parameters enter to characterize the scale over which strain gradient effects become important. During the analysis the general compressible version of Fleck–Hutchinson strain gradient plasticity is adopted. Crack tip solutions, the traction distributions along the plane ahead of the crack tip are calculated. The solutions display the considerable elevation of traction within the zone near the crack tip.     

裂纹尖端弹塑性变形的实验测量与有限元计算

用显微网格数字图像处理方法，测量了Ｆｅ－Ｓｉ材料平面应力条件下Ⅰ型单边裂纹尖端附近的应变场，并且用弹塑性有限元程序进行了数值模拟。对实测结果和有限元计算模拟结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：逐级更新拉格朗日坐标体系下的弹塑性有限元计算在裂纹尖端不出现严重钝化和损伤的条件下，可以正确反映裂尖区域的弹塑性变形。在裂纹接近临界扩展时，有限元计算与实测结果之间有较大差别，其原因有待进一步研究。