Mechanism of the aromatic hydroxylation of thiophene by acid-catalyzed peracid oxidation

The oxidation of thiophene (1) with peracids in a strongly acidic environment yielded thiophen-2-one (4) as the product of an apparent direct hydroxylation of the thiophene aromatic ring together with the anticipated thiophene-S-oxide dimers, 2a,b, as the main products. Formation of the latter dimers can be rationalized in a straightforward manner by initial oxidation at the sulfur atom of thiophene (1) to yield thiophene-S-oxide followed by subsequent dimerization in a Diels-Alder type reaction. Trapping experiments in the presence of a competing dienophile indicated that thiophen-2-one (4) did not originate from the monomeric thiophene-S-oxide but was the product of an independent reaction pathway. The extent of thiophen-2-one (4) formation correlated with the acidity of the reaction medium and was suppressed in the presence of water, the latter presumably acting as a competing base. As evidenced by the use of 2,5-dideuterated thiophene (1-D), its mechanism of formation involved a 1,2-hydride shift, a feature commonly described in the peracid-mediated epoxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons and indicative for the occurrence of cationic intermediates. In agreement with all these observations we propose a mechanism involving initial protonation of thiophene followed by nucleophilic attack of the peracid in position 2 of the thiophene ring. Intramolecular epoxidation may lead to the formation of thiophene 2,3-epoxide as a highly reactive intermediate that then undergoes heterolytic ring opening and a 1,2-hydride shift to yield thiophen-2-one (4) after a final, acid-catalyzed, isomerization of the double bond.     

The synthesis of benzo[b]phenanthro[d]thiophenes and anthra[b]benzo[d]thiophenes

The synthesis of benzo[b]phenanthro[2, 3-d]thiophene ( 5 ), benzo[b]phenanthro[4, 3-d]thiophene ( 6 ), benzo-[b]phenanthro[2, 1-d]thiophene ( 9 ), benzo[b]phenanthro[3, 2-d]thiophene ( 14a ), anthra[1, 2-b]benzo[d]thiophene ( 24 ), anthra[2, 3-b]benzo[d]thiophene ( 29 ) and anthra[2, 1-b]benzo[d]thiophene ( 30 ) is described as well as the preparation of 13-methylbenzo[b]phenanthro[3, 2-d]thiophene ( 14b ).     

Adsorption, desorption, and conversion of thiophene on H-ZSM5

The dynamics and stoichiometry of thiophene adsorption and of rearrangements of thiophene-derived adsorbed species in O(2), He, H(2), and C(3)H(8) carriers were measured using chromatographic methods and mass spectrometry on H-ZSM5 and H-Y zeolites. Thiophene adsorption obeyed Langmuir isotherms on both zeolites. Adsorption uptakes were 1.7 and 2.8 thiophene/Al at 363 K on H-ZSM5 and H-Y zeolites, respectively, after removal of physisorbed thiophene. These stoichiometries differed for these two zeolite structures but did not depend on their Al content (Si/Al = 13-85). Adsorption from a thiophene-toluene mixture showed thiophene selectivities ( approximately 10) greater than expected from van der Waals interactions. These adsorption stoichiometries, without contributions from physisorption, and the color changes detected indicate that thiophene adsorption occurs concurrently with oligomerization on acidic OH groups and that oligomer size depends on spatial constraints within channels. Thiophene oligomers decompose at approximately 534 K during subsequent thermal treatment to form molecular thiophene with all carriers, leaving behind unsaturated thiophene-derived species with a 0.9-1.1 thiophene/Al stoichiometry, confirming the specificity of OH groups and the oligomeric nature of bound thiophene during adsorption at 363 K. With He, H(2), and C(3)H(8), residual thiophene-derived species desorb as stable fragments, such as H(2)S, ethene, propene, arenes, and heavier organosulfur compounds (methylthiophene and benzothiophene) during thermal treatment; they also form unsaturated organic deposits that cannot desorb without hydrogenation events. H(2) and C(3)H(8) remove larger amounts of adsorbed species as unreacted thiophene than He, suggesting that dehydrogenation reactions are inhibited or reversed by a hydrogen source. C(3)H(8) removes a larger fraction of thiophene-derived intermediates as hydrocarbons and organosulfur compounds than H(2) or He; thus, hydrogen atoms formed during C(3)H(8) dehydrogenation are more effective in the removal of unsaturated deposits than those formed from H(2). Thiophene-derived adsorbed species are completely removed only with O(2)-containing streams at 873 K, a process that fully recovers initial adsorption capacities. This study provides a rigorous assessment of the nature and specificity of thiophene adsorption processes on acidic OH groups and of the identity and removal pathways of adsorbed species in various reactive environments.     

Self-induced 1-D molecular chain growth of thiophene on Ge(100)

The adsorption of thiophene on Ge(100) has been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), high-resolution core-level photoemission spectroscopy (HRPES), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Until now, thiophene is known to react with the Ge(100) dimer through a [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction at room temperature, similar to the case of thiophene on Si(100). However, we found that thiophene has two adsorption geometries on Ge(100) at room temperature, such as a kinetically favorable Ge-S dative bonding configuration and a thermodynamically stable [4 + 2] cycloaddition adduct. Moreover, our STM results show that under 0.25 ML thiophene molecules preferentially produce one-dimensional molecular chain structures on Ge(100) via the Ge-S dative bonding configuration.     

噻吩在USY沸石上的裂化脱硫反应机理探索

采用在线脉冲反应色谱和质谱瞬变响应技术,对噻吩在USY沸石上的裂化脱硫反应行为进行了研究。结果表明,噻吩在USY沸石上发生反应,除生成烃和H2S外,还可以生烷基噻吩和苯并噻吩等硫化物;但噻吩的裂化脱硫是主要反应。噻吩在USY沸石上裂化脱硫反应中,裂化和氢转移是两个重要的反应步骤。热力学上高温有利于前者而低温有利于后者,这对矛盾使得400℃左右最有利于噻吩的裂化脱硫。本文在实验结果的基础上,提出了噻吩在USY沸石上的裂化脱硫及生成其它硫化物的反应机理。     

改性氧化铝负载氧化物催化氧化噻吩的脱硫研究

以负载氧化铜的改性氧化铝为催化剂, 在H₂O₂/HCOOH体系中, 对噻吩(C₄H₄S)的正庚烷溶液进行了氧化脱硫研究. 考察了改性酸度、酸性氧化体系、温度、烯烃和芳烃的存在等因素对噻吩脱除的影响, 并对噻吩的氧化机理进行了初步的探讨. 实验结果表明, 醋酸改性负载氧化铜的氧化铝对噻吩氧化的催化活性高; H₂O₂/HCOOH体系中, 噻吩硫的脱除率较其他酸性氧化体系中高; 在H₂O₂/HCOOH体系中, 负载氧化铜的酸改性氧化铝的催化活性对噻吩的催化氧化效果随温度的升高而增大, 但烯烃和芳烃的加入降低了噻吩硫的脱除率.     

Nitrogen derivatives of 2-(1-naphthyl) thiopene. II

5-Amino-2-(1-naphthyl) thiophene and 4-amino-2-(1-naphthyl) thiophene are synthesized in the form of their complex salts with stannic chloride. It is shown that the stannic chloride complexes with amino derivatives of 2-(1-naphthyl) thiophene diazotize, and can be used as azo components.For Part I see [1].     

A new efficient route to 3-vinylthiophene

The synthesis of 3-vinylthiophene was efficiently achieved in two steps. 3-(2-bromoethyl)thiophene prepared from 3-(2-ethanol)thiophene was converted to the title compound (70% overall yield) using tetraglyme as a solvent and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene as a base.     

meso取代卟啉衍生物的结构和光学性质

meso取代卟啉衍生物在红色电致发光材料上有较大的应用前景.本文采用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,对以反式二噻吩(S)作为能量传输供体的卟啉衍生物,Zn-5,10,15,20-tetra(2-[thiophen-2-yl]thiophene)porphyrin(SPZ)和5,10,15,20-tetra(2-[thiophen-2-yl]thiophene)porphyrin(TSP),进行了全优化.计算了二者的电离能(IP)、电子亲和势(EA)、空穴抽取能(HEP)、电子抽取能(EEP)、空穴和电子重组能(λ),评估了它们的载流子注入和传输能力.用含时密度泛函理论(TDDFT)/B3LYP/6-31G(d)方法计算了吸收光谱.用从头算单激发组态相互作用(CIS)方法优化了SPZ和TSP的最低激发单重态S1,并用含时Hartree-Fock(TDHF)方法研究它们的荧光光谱.理论计算结果表明,引入S基团对卟啉的光物理性质影响很大,尤其是电子注入和传输性质.     

Gallium(iii)-mediated dimerization routes for (5-phenyl-2-thienyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate

A selectivity-switched dimerization process for (5-phenyl-2-thienyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate under activation conditions with anhydrous Gaiii salts was developed. Using GaCl3 or Ga(NTf2)3 as catalysts, 3a,4,5a,6,7,8-hexahydro-5H-pentaleno[6a,1-b]thiophene and 5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclo-penta[b]thiophene derivatives can be selectively obtained as a result of ipso-type and [3+2]-annulation type dimerization. The crucial role of a phenyl substituent at position 5 of the thiophene ring and some regularities are discussed.     

碱酸改性ZSM-5分子筛催化剂的噻吩烷基化反应性能研究

以SiO_2/Al_2O_3物质的量比为50的HZSM-5分子筛为原粉,经过一定浓度的NaOH溶液处理后再使用柠檬酸溶液进行酸洗以制备微孔-介孔多级孔HZSM-5催化剂,并研究其在模拟油中的噻吩烷基化反应性能。结果表明,使用柠檬酸溶液进行酸洗可以清除碱处理后孔道内残余的杂质。当柠檬酸溶液浓度为0.5 mol/L时,此时得到的HZ(AC-0.5)催化剂具有适宜的孔径和酸性,因而噻吩烷基化转化率最高,达到95.6%。在HZ(AC-0.5)催化剂上以苯并噻吩作为噻吩衍生物模型化合物,异戊二烯作为烯烃模型化合物,苯作为芳烃模型化合物,分别考察噻吩烷基化反应性能,并分析不同组分的模拟油对噻吩烷基化反应转化率和选择性的影响。结果表明,噻吩烷基化的最佳反应温度是120℃,在该温度下苯并噻吩烷基化的转化率高于噻吩烷基化的转化率,当异戊二烯作为烯烃模型化合物后噻吩的转化率会升高,当苯作为芳烃模型化合物后噻吩的转化率会降低。     

Photocyclization reaction of a diarylmaleimide derivative in polar solvents

Photochromism of a symmetric diarylmaleimide derivative, having two thiophene rings (1), and a non-symmetric derivative having a S,S-dioxide thiophene ring and a thiophene ring (2) as the aryl moieties, was studied in various solvents. The photocyclization quantum yield of gradually decreased with increasing the solvent polarity and the reaction was not observed in polar solvents, such as ethanol and acetonitrile; on the other hand, such a strong solvent dependence of the photocyclization reaction was not observed for ; the different behavior is attributed to the weaker electron donating ability of the S,S-dioxide thiophene ring.     

The synthesis of dinaphthothiophenes

The synthesis of dinaphtho[1,2-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene ( 6 ), dinaphtho[2,1-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene ( 15 ), dinaphtho-[1,2-b:1′,2′-d]thiophene ( 20 ), dinaphtho[2,1-b:1′,2′-d]thiophene ( 26 ), dinaphtho[2,3-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene ( 37 ) and dinaphtho[1,2-b:2′,1′-d]thiophene ( 45 ) has been accomplished.     

Nitro derivatives of 2-(1-naphthyl) thiophene

2-[1-(3, 4-Dihydronaphythyl)]thiophene, 2-(1-naphthyl)thiophene, 3, 4, 5-triacetoxymercuri-, 3, 4-diacetoxymercuri-5-nitro-, 4, 5-diacetoxymercuri-3-nitro-2-(1-naphthyl)thiophenes and 3, 3, 4-triacetoxymercuri-2[1-(4-nitronaphthyl)]thiophene are synthesized and characterized. Nitration of 2-(1-naphthyl)thiophene with copper nitrate in acetic anhydride leads to formation of two isomeric mono-nitro derivatives, 4-nitro- and 5-nitro-2-(1-naphthyl)thiophene.     

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Photo-oxidation of Thiophene by O2 Adsorbed on Molecular Sieves

Photochemical oxidation of thiophene in n-octane/water extraction system using O2 as oxidant was studied. The reaction mechanism ofthiophene oxidation was proposed. Results obtained here can be used as the reference for the oxidative desulfurization of gasoline because thiophene is one of the main components containing sulfur in fluid catalytic cracking gasoline. Thiophene dissolved in n-octane was photodecomposed and removed into the water phase at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. A 500 W high-pressure mercury lamp （main wave length 365 nm, 0.22 kW/m） was used as light source for irradiation, and air was introduced by a gas pump to supply O2. Thiophene can be photo-oxidized to sulfone, oxalic acid, SO4^2-, and CO2. The desulfurization yield of thiophene in n-octane is 58.9% under photo-irradiation for 5 h under the conditions of air flow at 150 mL/min and V（water）：V（n-octane）=1：1. It can be improved to 92.3% by adding 0.15 g zeoliteartificial into 100 mL reaction system, which is the adsorbent for O2 and thiophene. And under such conditions, the photo-oxidation kinetics of thiophene with O2/zeoliteartificial is first-order with an apparent rate constant of 0.5047 h^-1 and a half-time of 1.37 h. The sulfur content can be depressed from 800 μL/L to less than 62 μL/L.     

Acetylation of 2-(1-naphthyl)thiophene

Acetylation of 2-(1-naphthyl) thiophene with acetyl chloride in the presence of SnCl₄, or with acetic anhydride in the presence of H₃PO₄ gives 5-aceto-2-(1-naphthyl) thiophene. 5-Ethyl-2-[1-(3, 4-dihydronaphthyl)] thiophene, 5-ethyl-2-(1-naphthyl) thiophene and 3, 4-diacetoxymercuri-5-ethyl-2-(1-naphthyl) thiophene are now synthesized and characterized.     

Bond character of thiophene on Ge(100): Effects of coverage and temperature

We have studied the adsorption and decomposition of thiophene (C4H4S) on Ge(100) using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), high-resolution core-level photoemission spectroscopy (HRPES), and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Analysis of S 2p core-level spectra reveals three adsorption geometries, which we assign to a Ge-S dative bonding state, a [4 + 2] cycloaddition bonding state, and a decomposed bonding state (desulfurization reaction product). Furthermore, we found that the number ratio of the three adsorption geometries depended on the molecular coverage and the annealing temperature. At low coverages, the kinetically favorable dative bonding state is initially formed at room temperature. As the molecular coverage increases, thermodynamically stable [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction products are additionally produced. In addition, we found that as the surface temperature increased, the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction product either possibly desorbed as molecular thiophene or decomposed to form a metallocycle-like species (C4H4Ge2) and a sulfide (Ge2S). We systematically elucidate the changes in the bonding states of adsorbed thiophene on Ge(100) according to the thiophene coverage and annealing temperature.     

Novel thiophene-based cycloruthenated compounds: synthesis, characterization, and reactivity

The reactions between a series of thiophene-based imines with [(η(6)-C(6)H(6))RuCl(μ-Cl)](2), in a basic medium, and in MeCN give a family of ruthenacycles of stoichiometry [Ru(C^N)(NCMe)(4)]PF(6) (C^N = orthometalated thiopheneimine). In these species, the C-H activation process is produced in most cases at the thiophene ring. When two C-H bonds are competing (thiophene vs aryl), the cyclometalation can be driven regioselectively to the thiophene unit or to the aryl ring as a function of the location of the iminic C=N bond. Cyclometalation can also be oriented to positions 2 or 3 of the thiophene depending on the situation of the imine in the heterocycle (3 or 2, respectively). In all studied cases, the η(6)-C(6)H(6) ligand was substituted by acetonitrile. The X-ray structures of two representative complexes have been determined. These thiophene-based metallacycles react with iodine under very mild conditions affording, after hydrolysis, substituted 3-iodo-2-formyl(benzo)thiophenes or substituted 2-iodo-3-formyl(benzo)thiophenes, as a function of the organometallic precursor.     

噻吩在γ-Mo_2N(100)表面上加氢脱硫反应的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论研究了γ-Mo2N(100)表面上的噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)过程.噻吩在γ-Mo2N(100)表面上不同作用形式的结构优化结果显示,η5-Mo2N吸附构型最稳定,具有最大的吸附能(-0.56 eV),此时噻吩通过S原子与Mo2原子相连平行表面吸附在四重空位(hcp位).H原子和噻吩在hcp位发生稳定共吸附,hcp位是噻吩HDS的活性位点.噻吩在γ-Mo2N(100)表面进行直接脱硫反应,HDS过程分为S原子脱除和C4产物加氢饱和两部分.过渡态搜索确定了HDS最可能的反应机理及中间产物,首个H原子的反应需要最大的活化能(1.69 eV),是噻吩加氢脱硫的控速步骤.伴随H原子的不断加入,噻吩在γ-Mo2N(100)表面上优先生成―SH和丁二烯,随后―SH加氢生成H2S,丁二烯加氢饱和生成2-丁烯和丁烷.由于较弱的吸附,H2S、2-丁烯和丁烷很容易在γ-Mo2N(100)表面脱附成为产物.     

Thiophenes as traps for benzyne. 3. Diaryl sulfides and the role of dipolar intermediates

The reactions of seven thiophenes with benzyne generated from diphenyliodonium-2-carboxylate (DPIC) under a standard set of conditions led among other products to the formation of alpha- and beta-naphthyl phenyl sulfides 2a and 2b from thiophene (1a) and of 2c and 2d from 2-methylthiophene (1b). Dithienyl sulfides 4a-f were produced from the halothiophenes 1c-g. The structures of the naphthyl sulfides were proven by comparison with authentic samples of 2a-f, thus eliminating one of two possible mechanisms of formation. The remaining mechanism involves [4+2]-cycloaddition of benzyne to thiophene or to an S-phenylthiophenium ylide 10 to give the dipolar 2:1 benzyne/thiophene adduct 8 followed by ring-opening. Stevens-like rearrangements of 11, formed from 10 by proton transfer, may also explain the origin of arylated thiophenes such as 12 and 3 found in some reactions of benzynes with thiophene.