基于扩展单粒子模型的锂离子电池参数识别策略

为了精确识别电动汽车锂离子动力电池的关键状态参数,基于多孔电极理论和浓度理论,建立了一种考虑液相动力学行为的锂离子电池扩展单粒子模型.相较于传统单粒子模型,该模型增加了对负电极表面固体电解质界面膜参数的描述,并考虑了温度和液相浓度变化对锂离子电池关键参数的耦合影响.基于所建立的扩展单粒子模型,提出一种简化的参数灵敏度分析方法和有效的锂电池参数识别策略,用以确定特定工况下的高灵敏度待识别参数,进而利用遗传算法实现参数的优化求解.最后,通过对比分析本文模型和传统单粒子模型的仿真输出电压和相同工况下电池的实验输出电压验证了提出模型和参数识别方法的有效性和可行性,为电池管理系统的健康状态估计提供了理论基础.     

Time-gating scheme based on a photodiode for single-photon counting

A fast, simple, and low-cost optical time-gating scheme for counting single photons is presented. Its construction consists of a silicon photodiode connected in series with a 50 Ω resistor and that operates in the photoconductive mode. The temporal resolution at the FWHM of the photon counting system was measured to be 62 ps. The profile of a single-photon pulse measured with the counting system agreed well with analytical results. The system was also used to successfully resolve a pair of targets with 4 mm separation inside a highly scattering medium by the use of time-gated early-arriving photons.     

An extended Lennard-Jones potential energy function for diatomic molecules: Application to ground electronic states

A new simple analytical diatomic potential energy function that can be considered an extension of the prototypical Lennard-Jones model is proposed and tested. Five- and six-parameter models are considered and these can be easily constructed from widely available low-order vibrational-rotational constants and the dissociation energy. Accuracy tests are carried out on the ground electronic states of sixteen diatomic molecules. The proposed six-parameter function is found to be more accurate than other available few-parameter analytical models for the diatomic potential energy, and has accuracy comparable to that of modern high-level ab initio functions.     

Classification scheme for resonant states of muonic molecules

We have performed a hyperradial-adiabatic one-state calculation of resonant states of (dd)⁺ and (dt)⁺ below then=2 level of the muonic atoms. The results are used for a new classification scheme of these states. Comparing our calculation with a recent full variational calculation by Hara and Ishihara and opposing our findings to the analysis of Shimamura we demonstrate that the classical Born-Oppenheimer classification scheme can be misleading. The symmetry-adapted hyperradial-adiabatic potential curves provide better grounds for the classification procedure.     

An optical MEMS-based dynamic capacity allocation scheme for handoff using moving extended cells in radio-over-fiber networks

We demonstrate a Dynamic Capacity Allocation scheme for the realization of Moving Extended Cells in Radio-over-Fiber networks. Our scheme exploits a reconfigurable MEMS-based Central Office architecture for routing of and switching between six data carrying wavelengths, forming in this way cell clusters that transmit the same information content and can move with the mobile user. Error free transmission through 25 km SMF is presented for a 5-cell MEC structure, with each optical channel carrying 500 Mb/s data subcarrier-modulated at 8.5 GHz.     

Fast maximum likelihood algorithm for localization of fluorescent molecules

A common task in microscopy is to fit an image of a fluorescent probe to a point spread function (PSF) in order to estimate the position of the probe. The PSF is often approximated as a Gaussian for mathematical simplicity. We show that the separable property of the Gaussian PSF enables a reduction of computational time from O(L2) to O(L), where L is the width (in pixels) of the image. When tested on realistic simulated data, our algorithm is able to localize the probes with precision close to the Cramér-Rao lower bound.     

Fabrication of polymer dot pattern containing fluorescent molecules by laser photopolymerization

A simple and easy method for micro-patterning of organic molecules was developed. Fluorescent molecules were added to an ultraviolet (UV) photopolymerization polymer solution, and dot patterns were formed by a photopolymerization process with a conventional nanosecond pulsed UV laser. Since the molecules fixed in the dot pattern showed fluorescence corresponding to the added molecules in all cases, it is suggested that this method is applicable to micro-patterning of various kinds of organic molecules without serious damage to the molecules. Micro-patterning was also achieved using a visible pulsed laser by adding coumarin 6 to the polymer solution.PACS 82.50.Hp; 81.65.Cf; 81.05.Lg     

Tracking of fluorescent molecules diffusing within membranes

A new method is proposed for tracking fluorescing single molecules diffusing within a two-dimensional membrane. It is based on a confocal microscopy setup with a constantly rotating laser focus, which follows the position of the molecule. The optimization and efficiency of the method are theoretically studied for a broad range of experimentally realistic conditions. The proposed method allows for a long-time observation of diffusing molecules while allowing the application of fast spectroscopic techniques such as fluorescence decay time determination or fluorescence anisotropy measurements. Received: 14 January 2000 / Published online: 13 September 2000     

Transverse fluctuation analysis of single extended DNA molecules

We observed fluctuations of elongated DNA molecules by fluorescence microscopy. The molecules are fixed at both ends and undulate. Mode analysis of the thermally excited undulations of the labeled DNA molecules gives access to the spectral density of the amplitude fluctuations. From these measurements we estimate the tension acting on the DNA molecules. We found the forces to be within the entropic elasticity range of a typical DNA molecule (measured on the single-molecule level). Received: 11 November 2002 / Accepted: 12 May 2002 / Published online: 4 June 2003 RID="a" ID="a"Present address: Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. e-mail: zoherg@rockefeller.edu     

Full counting statistics of strongly non-ohmic transport through single molecules

We study analytically the full counting statistics of charge transport through single molecules, strongly coupled to a weakly damped vibrational mode. The specifics of transport in this regime--a hierarchical sequence of avalanches of transferred charges, interrupted by "quiet" periods--make the counting statistics strongly non-Gaussian. We support our findings for the counting statistics as well as for the frequency-dependent noise power by numerical simulations, finding excellent agreement.     

Femtonewton force spectroscopy of single extended DNA molecules

We studied the thermal fluctuations of single DNA molecules with a novel optical tweezer based force spectroscopy technique. This technique combines femtonewton sensitivity with millisecond time resolution, surpassing the sensitivity of previous force measurements in aqueous solution with comparable bandwidth by a hundredfold. Our data resolve long-standing questions concerning internal hydrodynamics of the polymer and anisotropy in the molecular relaxation times and friction coefficients. The dynamics at high extension show interesting nonlinear behavior.     

Identification of single fluorescently labelled mononucleotide molecules in solution by spectrally resolved time-correlated single-photon counting

We describe a method to identify single dye-labelled mononucleotide molecules in solution with high classification probability based on confocal microscopy in combination with spectrally and time-resolved fluorescence detection with two detectors. For efficient excitation of the labelled mononucleotide molecules JA133-dUTP, JA169-dUTP, Cy5-dCTP, and JA242-dUTP a short-pulse diode laser emitting at 634 nm with a repetition rate of 64 MHz was applied. The time-resolved fluorescence signals of individual molecules were analyzed and identified by a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). Scatter plots of spectrally and time-resolved fluorescence data demonstrated the existence of four distinct populations with symmetrical shape. The distributions of each of the mononucleotide conjugates were determined by fitting a superposition of two independent Gaussians. Taking only those single-molecule bursts which contain more than 50 photon counts, three labelled mononucleotide molecules were identified in solution by spectrally and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy with a probability of correct classification of ≈99%. Received: 31 March 2000 / Revised version: 31 May 2000 / Published online: 13 September 2000     

Geometry-dependent electronic properties of highly fluorescent conjugated molecules

We present a combined experimental/theoretical study of the electronic properties of conjugated para-phenylene type molecules under high pressure up to 80 kbar. Pressure is used as a tool to vary the molecular geometry and intermolecular interaction. The influence of the latter two on singlet and triplet excitons as well as polarons is monitored via optical spectroscopy. We have performed band structure calculations for the planar poly(para-phenylene) and calculated the dielectric function. By varying the intermolecular distances and the length of the polymer repeat unit the observed pressure effects can be explained.     

An extended active control for chaos synchronization

By introducing a control strength matrix, the active control theory in chaotic synchronization is developed. With this extended method, chaos complete synchronization can be achieved more easily, i.e., a much smaller control signal is enough to reach synchronization in most cases. Numerical simulations on Rossler, Liu's four-scroll, and Chen system confirmed this and show that the synchronization result depends on the control strength significantly. Especially, in the case of Liu and Chen systems, the response systems' largest Lyapunov exponents' variation with the control strength is not monotone and there exist minima. It is novel for Chen system that the synchronization speed with a special small strength is higher than that of the usual active control which, as a special case of the extended method, has a much larger control strength. All these results indicate that the control strength is an important factor in the actual synchronization. So, with this extended active control, one can make a better and more practical synchronization scheme by adjusting the control strength matrix.     

An extended technicolour model for grand unification

An extended technicolour grand unification model based on the gauge groupE ₆×SU(7) extended technicolour is presented. The symmetry-breaking based on extended technicolour theory is discussed. It is shown that the existing phenomenology is well explained by the model. The strangeness changing neutral currents may not be a problem with this model.     

An evaluation scheme for nanotechnology policies

Dozens of countries are executing national nanotechnology plans. No rigorous evaluation scheme for these plans exists, although stakeholders—especially policy makers, top-level agencies and councils, as well as the society at large—are eager to learn the outcome of these policies. In this article, we recommend an evaluation scheme for national nanotechnology policies that would be used to review the whole or any component part of a national nanotechnology plan. In this scheme, a component at any level of aggregation is evaluated. The component may be part of the plan’s overarching policy goal, which for most countries is to create wealth and improve the quality of life of their nation with nanotechnology. Alternatively, the component may be a programme or an activity related to a programme. The evaluation could be executed at different times in the policy’s life cycle, i.e., before the policy is formulated, during its execution or after its completion. The three criteria for policy evaluation are appropriateness, efficiency and effectiveness. The evaluator should select the appropriate qualitative or quantitative methods to evaluate the various components of national nanotechnology plans.     

Investigation of reactions from the highest excited states of molecules by fluorescent spectroscopy methods

The effect of the highest excited states on the yield of photoproducts that are usually formed upon excitation of the first singlet electronic state of polyatomic molecules is discussed. It is shown that the excitation of molecular objects through the highest singlet states can, in some cases, increase the yield of reaction products. This allows one to estimate the probabilities of reactions from the corresponding states. The consideration concerns a wide range of primary photoreactions, including the electronic density redistribution (the intramolecular electron transfer) in the excited state, the protolytic reactions, the intramolecular proton transfer (the phototautomerization), the hydrogen bond formation, and the formation of excimers and exciplexes. The relations obtained are used to analyze the experimental fluorescence spectra of 3-hydroxyflavone solutions, excited by electromagnetic radiation with different wavelengths in the region of the S ₁, S ₂, and S ₃ absorption bands. The analysis fulfilled shows that the highest singlet states play an important role in the formation of tautomers in 3-hydroxyflavone due to the intramolecular proton transfer.