A multitracer study on the adsorption of 47 elements on a calcareous soil and its solid components

The distribution coefficients of 47 elements from Na to Bi on untreated calcareous soil, treated soil to remove CaCO₃ and treated soil to remove both CaCO₃ and organic matter, respectively, were determined by using a multitracer technique. The variation of the distribution coefficients of 47 elements was explained in terms of chemical bond formation and hydration. The effect of different solid components of the calcareous soil on the adsorption was investigated.     

Adsorption of fission products onto soils using a fission multitracer

The adsorption behavior of fission products to various soils was studied using a multitracer. The multitracer was prepared by neutron irradiation of ²³⁵U. Distribution coefficients of fission products were obtained for seventeen kinds of Japanese soils. It was found that zirconium, niobium, and rare earth elements show high distribution coefficients for all soil samples, however, elements like alkali metals show varied values.     

Preconcentration and instrumental neutron activation analysis of acid rain for trace elements

A combination of instrumental and preconcentration neutron activation analysis (NAA) methods has been developed for multielement determination in acid rain. Concentrations of 24 elements have been measured in the particulate matter of rainwater by the instrumental NAA method which involves 3 irradiation and 4 counting periods. Trace elements in the soluble fraction of rainwater have been preconcentrated using Chelex-100 resin. Various factors that could influence the retention of elements on to the resin have been examined, and reagent and other blanks investigated in detail. Concentrations of 15 elements have been measured by directly irradiating the resins. A graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry method has been used for determining Cd and Pb levels in the soluble fraction. Precision and accuracy of the methods have been evaluated, and limits of detection and determination calculated. The methods have been applied to rainwater samples collected from 36 locations across Canada. Enrichment factors, interelement and inter-ion concentration correlation coefficients are discussed     

Adsorption of fission products on a metal surface in nitric acid solutions: Radiochemical study using a multitracer

Adsorption behavior of fission products in nitric acid solution on various alloys and metals was studied by using a multitracer produced by neutron irradiation of UO₂. The adsorption behavior of the fission products ⁹⁹Mo, ¹³¹I, ¹³²Te, ¹⁴⁰La, and ¹⁴³Ce, and ²³⁹Np was simultaneously studied. Some chemical decontamination tests were also examined. Clear adsorption of ⁹⁹Mo, ¹³¹I, and ¹³²Te was observed, whereas adsorption of ¹⁴⁰La, ¹⁴³Ce, and ²³⁹Np was not. The adsorption characteristics were discussed by considering anion-exchange reaction and surface complexation.     

Determination of trace elements in acid rain by reversed-phase extraction chromatography and neutron activation

A preconcentration neutron activation analysis (PNAA) method involving reversed-phase extraction chromatography on 8-hydroxyquinoline-loaded Amberlite XAD-2 resin has been developed for the simultaneous determination of selected trace elements in acid rain and natural water samples. Quantitative retention has been achieved for Co, Cu, Hg, V and Zn at pH 6.0 and for Cd at pH 7.0. Various factors that can influence the preconcentration procedure have been studied in detail. Concentrations of the elements have been determined by the direct irradiation of the resin without eluting them from the column. Both precision and accuracy of the PNAA method are very good. The detection limits vary between 0.01 and 3 ppb.     

Excretion of biotrace elements using the multitracer technique in mice

A radioactive multitracer solution obtained from the nuclear reaction of selenium with 25 MeV/nucleon⁴⁰Ar ions was applied to the investigation of the trace elements behavior in feces and urine of mouse. The excretion rates of 23 elements, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ga, As, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Zn, Y, Zr, Mo, Nb, Tc, Ru, Ag and In were simultaneously detected under strictly identical experimental conditions, in order to clarify the excretion behavior of the elements in mice. Fecal and urinary excretion rates of the elements in mice reached the highest value separately at 48 and 24 hours. The total excretion of Mo, Tc and Co within 96 hours were all larger, more than 60%. Accumulative excretion rates of Ca, Nb, Mg, Sr, V, Sc, Na, Cr, Fe, Ag, Mn and Zr were 60-30%. The total rates of Ru, K, As, Zn, Rb, Y, Ga and In were less than 30%, and low excretion. The main excretion pathway of Mo, Co, Mg, Fe and Ag was through urine, and Na, K, As and Rb were eliminated from the body also in urine. But fecal excretion of Tc, Nb, Sr, Y, Ru, and In were larger than urinary excretion, and Ca, Sc, Mn, Zr, Zn were eliminated from the body in feces.     

In vivo assessment of dynamics of various elements in living rat by using a multitracer

Time series of the distribution of bio-trace elements in the upper abdomen of living rats were examined using the in vivo multitracer analysis technique. The in vivo dynamics of the elements were estimated by comparison with the distribution of ⁷⁴As. Vanadium, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Se, and Rb were distributed in tissues of the upper abdomen, i.e., mainly in the liver. Be, Sr, and Y might be in the blood or bone at a low level and in the excretion stage already. Dynamics of bio-trace elements were noninvasively obtained in a living rat within one hour after administration.     

Affinity of various bio-trace elements to lipid membrane: In vivo and in vitro study using multitracer

Affinity of several bio-trace elements to various reconstructed lipid membranes (liposomes) was assessed using multitracer analysis technique (MTAT). To estimate affinity of bio-trace elements to the sub-cellular components such as lipid membranes, MTAT was applied to the various reconstructed liposomes. Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin liposomes showed a similar pattern of elemental affinity. Phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol liposomes showed another similar pattern of elemental affinity, except that phosphatidylinositol liposome has no affinity to vanadium.     

Time dependence of distribution of radioactive trace elements in Se-deficient rats: Application of the multitracer technique

The uptake and the distribution of radioactive trace elements in Se-deficient rats were examined by the multitracer technique, which can be used to evaluate the behavior of many elements under the same experimental conditions. The uptake of Se was larger in the brain, spleen, and testicles of the Se-deficient rats than in those of the normal ones. The uptake of As, Fe, and Sc was larger in the liver of Se-deficient rats than in that of normal ones. In the bone, the uptake of Zr of Se-deficient rats was larger than that of normal ones. Selenium is known to be in a competitive or synergetic relationship with several metals. From the present results on Sc and Zr, it was newly cleared up that there is also some interaction between those elements and Se.     

Determination of some trace elements in natural and fertilised Libyan soils using INAA and ED-XRF

Samples of natural and fertilised soils were collected from Al-Gheran region, west of Tripoli, Libya. The samples were investigated by means of INAA and ED-XRF for Al, Si, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, Pb and Th. The results indicate that the concentrations of K, Ca, Zn, Sr and Pb are 2–4 fold higher in fertilised compared to natural soil, while the concentrations of Al, Si, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Rb, Y, Nb, Cs, Ba Ta and Th are nearly the same in all samples. Mn and Fe values in two arable soils have been found to be 4–6 times lower than the average concentration in the earth's surface soils. This study concludes that, although the levels of some trace elements important for human health are very low in both natural and fertilised soils. Further research is needed to understand the full significance of the distribution transfer and toxicity of trace elements introduced in imported fertilisers.     

Determination of trace elements by neutron activation analysis using dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid as a preconcentrating agent

Dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid (HD) has been used as a preconcentrating agent to enrich trace metal ions and to separate the interfering elements such as Na, K, Cl and Br which normally exist in the natural aqueous systems. Experiments were performed by extracting the ions in the aqueous medium with HD in n-hexane and subsequently back-extracted into a minimal volume of acid solution. Factors influencing the extraction efficiency of the ions of interest were investigated. The preconcentration technique developed in this study was applied to the determination of trace elements in biological and natural water samples by neutron activation analysis.     

Study of the diffusion of trace elements and radionuclides in soils

Thin layer method of measuring diffusion processes was modified to shorten time and to increase efficiency of experiments. For this purpose small and fine glass capillaries of 20 mm length and inner diameter of several millimeters were used as diffusion cells. The diffusion of trace amounts of¹³⁷Cs, its dependence on soil moisture and interaction with the soil have been studied. Experimental technique. evaluation of records and the basic interpretation of the migration process are described.     

Application of INAA to ancient bricks for grouping study using trace elements

The paper presents the chemical composition analysis results of 57 ancient clay bricks obtained from Buddhist sites of two major locations of Andhra Pradesh, India. Samples were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) using high flux reactor neutrons and high resolution gamma ray spectrometry. Major, minor and trace concentrations of 23 elements were determined by relative method of NAA. For the grouping/provenance study, statistical cluster analysis was performed using concentrations of 14 selected elements namely Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Cs, La, Ce, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Ta and Th. The cluster analysis results indicated two major groups, which are in good agreement with the collection history of samples. Accuracy of the method was evaluated by analyzing two IAEA reference materials, RMs SL-1 and Soil-7.     

Preparation of dithiocarbamatecellulose derivatives and their adsorption properties for trace elements

Tosylcellulose was treated separately with aniline, benzylamine, n-butylamine and piperazine to give four different aminocelluloses which were further treated with carbon disulfide to furnish four dithiocarbamatecelluloses (AND, BZD, BUD and PID). A comparative study was made of their performance as adsorbents for several kinds of metal ions. PID, which has the highest degree of substitution of the dithiocarbamate group of the four derivatives obtained, was investigated for its adsorption behavior towards Ag⁺, As⁵⁺, Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Cr³⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Hg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Sb⁵⁺; Se⁴⁺, Te⁴⁺ and Zn²⁺. PID showed good adsorption characteristics with relatively large capacities for Ag⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Cu²⁺, Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Se⁴⁺ ranging from 9.5 to 370 mg g^-1 of resin.     

Determination of trace elements using multi-parameter coincidence spectrometry

In this study, sensitive trace element analyses were carried out without chemical separation by the combination of neutron activation analysis and multi-parameter coincidence spectroscopy. A long-lived radioisotope ¹²⁹I in algae samples and iridium in geological samples were analyzed.     

The spectrographic determination of trace elements in rocks,minerals and soils

Summary The total content of trace elements in rocks, minerals and soils is determined by a semi-quantitativecathode layer arc spectrographic technique. For more accurate determinationsa variable internal standard technique, in which the trace element contents are compared with that of iron, is employed. This method is combined with a chemical concentration for the analysis of extracts of soils and plant materials. The chemical concentration technique involves the use of 8-hydroxyquinoline, tannic acid and thionalide, and gives recovery of microgram quantities of most trace elements, rejecting at the same time the alkalis, alkaline earths and phosphate.

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Zusammenfassung Der Gesamtgehalt von Spurenelementen in Gesteinen, Mineralien und Bodenproben wird nach einem halbquantitativen Verfahren bestimmt; hiezu werden die Proben in gehöhlten, als Kathoden geschalteten Elektroden im Bogenstrom verbrannt. Für genauere Bestimmungen wird nach einem abgeänderten Verfahren der quantitativen Spektralanalyse die Menge des Spurenelementes der Probe in Bezug auf ihren Eisengehalt ermittelt. Diese Methode ist mit einer chemischen Anreicherung für die Untersuchung von Bodenextrakten und Pflanzenmaterial kombiniert. Die Technik der chemischen Anreicherung beruht auf der Verwendung von 8-Oxichinolin, Gerbsäure und Thionalid; auf diese Weise lassen sich Mikrogramme der meisten Spurenelemente ermitteln, bei gleichzeitiger Abscheidung der Alkalien, Erdalkalien und Phosphate.

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Résumé La teneur globale des traces d'éléments dans les roches, les minéraux et les sols, est déterminée par une technique semi-quantitative, spectrographique d'arc à couche cathodique. Pour les dosages plus précis, on emploie une technique à étalon interne variable dans laquelle les teneurs en traces sont comparées à celles du fer. Cette méthode est combinée avec une concentration chimique pour l'analyse des extraits de sols et de végétaux. La technique de concentration chimique comporte l'emploi d'oxine, d'acide tannique et de thionalide et permet de récupérer des quantités de l'ordre du microgramme de la plupart des éléments en traces, ce qui élimine simultanément les alcalins, les alcalino-terreux et les phosphates.

     

A study on some trace elements in Chilean seafood

Levels of essential and toxic trace elements in six marine species greatly in demand in the international market (canned pink clams, razor clams, clams, king crab, sardines, and frozen albacore tuna fish) were studied. A special laboratory adequately equipped for handling and preparing biological materials, is described. The elements As, Br, Na, Se, Hg, Cr, Fe, Zn and Rb were determined by INAA, while copper and cadmium content were determined using RNAA. Significant differences were found on comparing the contents of some toxic elements in mollusk and other samples of marine food. Various certified reference materials (CRMs) of the IAEA, NIST and NIES were analyzed for quality assurance purposes.     

DFT方法研究没食子酸对树脂吸附苯的影响

用密度泛函B3LYP/6-311++G**理论,气相和水相中(PCM溶剂模型应用于水相计算),对所研究物种进行全自由度优化,通过研究没食子酸与水或苯分子间的氢键作用,探讨树脂对没食子酸及苯吸附的影响.计算结果显示,没食子酸的羟基不仅与水分子能形成双聚氢键,显示极强的亲水性;且与苯分子亦可形成双氢键,其作用力强于苯分子与水分子间的作用力,没食子酸的存在显著影响树脂吸附苯.同时,溶剂化效应对树脂吸附没食子酸和苯具有一定的影响.