Kinetics and mechanism of nucleophilic substitution of dichloro{1-methyl-2-(arylazo)imidazole}palladium(II) by pyridine bases

The reaction of dichloro{1-methyl-2-(arylazo)imidazole}palladium(II), Pd(RaaiMe)Cl₂ where RaaiMe = p-R–C₆H₄N=N–C₃H₂N₂-1-Me; R = H(1), Me(2), Cl(3), with pyridine bases [RPY: R = H (a), 4-Me (b), 4-Cl (c), 2-Me (d), 2,6-Me₂ (e), 2,4,6-Me₃ (f)] has been studied spectrophotometrically in MeCN at 451 nm. The products (4) have been isolated and characterised as trans-Pd(RPy)₂Cl₂. The kinetics of the nucleophilic substitution has been examined under pseudo-first-order conditions at 298 K. A single phase reaction step has been observed for bases such as Hpy (a), 4-MePy (b) and 4-ClPy (c) and follows the rate law: rate = (a + k[RPy]²[Pd(RaaiMe)Cl₂]). The bases 2-MePy (d), 2,6-Me₂Py (e) and 2,4,6-Me₃Py (f) exhibits a bi-phasic reaction and follows the rate laws: rate–1 = (a + k[RPy][Pd(RaaiMe)Cl₂]) and rate–2 = (a + k[RPy][Pd(RaaiMe)-Cl₂]), where k is the third-order rate constant; k is the second-order first phase rate constant, k is the second-order second phase rate constant and a/a/a correspond to the solvent dependent constant of the respective reaction path. The rate data supports a nucleophilic association path. External addition of Cl^– (LiCl) suppresses the rate, which follows the order: k/k/k (3) > k/k,k (1) > k/k,k (2). The k values are linearly related to the Hammett constants. The 2-substituted pyridines (d–f) remarkably reduce the rate and show a bi-phasic reaction behaviour as compared with 4-Rpy (a–c). This is attributed to the steric effect that destabilises the transition state. The rate decreases with increasing steric crowding at the ortho-position and follows the order: (d) > (f) > (e). The 4-substituted pyridines control the rate via an inductive effect and follow the order: (b) > (a) > (c).     

Gas chromatographic analysis of C1–C4 nitroparaffins. Separation and identification

Summary The separation of C₁–C₄ nitroparaffins on SE-30, PEGA and Porapak R stationary phases was investigated. The nitroparaffin mixture was obtained from a real technological process. The best separation was achieved on Porapak R at 190°C. The fact that each peak obtained from this column corresponded to a single compound was checked by utilizing the linear relationship between the peak widths and the adjusted retention times (t _R ). Peak identification was carried out using the chromatographic data only, with help of plots of log t _R vs. carbon number and log t _R vs. boiling point; some of the results were also confirmed with comparing the retention times with those of pure substances and IR investigation of the collected chromatographic fraction.     

Comparison of the relationships between the retention of dansyl derivatives of aliphatic amines and eluent composition for normal-and reversed-phase liquid-solid TLC systems

Summary Dansyl derivatives of four long-chain primary aliphatic amines and five secondary aliphatic amines were chromatographed in two adsorption systems: heptane+diisopropyl ether — silica and water+methanol — octadecyl cilica. In the normal-phase system R_M (log k) values were approximately linearly dependent on the log concentration of diisopropyl ether in the eluent; the separation selectivity of dansyl C₈–C₁₂ primary amines was poor. For the reversed-phase system the derivatives of both primary and secondary amines were well separated, the log k values being linearly dependent on per cent concentration of methanol in the eluent.     

Fluorothiolate–dithioacid complexes of ruthenium(III) and osmium(III): crystal structure of [Os(SC6F5)2(S2CNEt2)(PMe2Ph)2]

Treatment of the coordinative unsaturated complexes [M(SR_F)₃(PMe₂Ph)₂] (M = Os or Ru; R_F = C₆F₅ or C₆F₄H-4) with MS₂Z (M = Na, S₂Z = S₂CNEt₂; M = K, S₂Z = S₂COEt) and [Os(SR_F)₃(PMe₂Ph)₂] (R_F = C₆F₅ or C₆F₄H-4) with MS₂Z [M = Na; S₂Z = S₂P(OEt)₂] in Me₂CO solution, gave the paramagnetic Os^III and Ru^III derivatives, [M(SR_F)₂(S₂Z)(PMe₂Ph)₂]. X-ray crystallography shows that [Os(SC₆F₅)₂(S₂CNEt₂)(PMe₂Ph)₂] has an octahedral geometry with trans-fluorothiolates, cis-phosphines and a chelating N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate ligand.     

Liquid-chromatographische Trennung von aliphatischen Polysulfiden

Aliphatische Di- und Polysulfide lassen sich im reverse-phase-Verfahren an einer chemisch gebundenen Octadecylphase (Micro-Pak-CH) mit MeOH-H₂O als Eluens sauber trennen. Die qualitative Zuordnung der Peaks wird durch folgende Effekte vereinfacht:

Spin crossover studies in tris(N,N′-dialkyldithiocarbamato)iron(III) complexes

A series of fifteen complexes of the type [Fe(RRNCS₂)₃] with symmetric (R=R=n- C₆H₁₃, n-C₈H₁₇, CH₂–CH=;CH₂, C₆H₅, C₆H₁₁ and C₆H₅CH₂), unsymmetric (R = CH₃; R = n-C₄H₉, C₆H₁₁, C₆H₅ and R = C₂H₅; R = n-C₄H₉, C₆H₁₁, C₆H₅ and i-C₃H₇) and ring substituents (RNR=pyrrolidyl and piperidyl) have been synthesized and their magnetic moments and Mössbauer spectra recorded from room temperature (RT) to liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT). Room temperature Mössbauer spectra of all the complexes exhibit an asymmetric doublet, which could be resolved into two doublets, each corresponding to low and high spin states in equilibrium. The crystal structure of tris(N, N-diallyldithiocarbamato)iron(III) shows it to be monoclinic with trigonally distorted octahedral geometry and space group C2/c. Fe–S stretching vibrations in the far i.r. region also show equilibria, HS LS. Depending on the nature of the alkyl group substituent, variable temperature magnetic moment and Mössbauer spectral studies, all the complexes may be divided into three groups; high spin complexes exhibiting spin-crossover (⁶A_1g ²T_2g), high spin complexes exhibiting spin transition (⁶A_1g ⁴T_1g) and intermediate spin complexes showing spin transition (⁴A_1g ²T_2g). On the basis of areas of the two doublets corresponding to high and low spin states, their percent contributions were calculated. Furthermore, magnetic moments of the equilibrium mixture calculated on the basis of respective areas compare well with the experimentally determined _eff values. E_Q values for both high and low spin states show linear decrease with increasing temperature.     

Input of hydrocarbons into the North Sea by the river Elbe

An analytical procedure for evaluating the conditional stability constants K of aluminum/humic substance complexes, based on ²⁷Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, is described. It is well suited for the determination of Al(III) dissociated from dissolved humic substances at slightly acidic pH values. The new procedure offers a good sensitivity and requires neither special preparation of the sample nor the evaluation of complex coupled chemical equilibria. The pK values range from 2.0 to 4.3 depending on the ratio [Al_complex] to dissolved organic carbon and the pH.Dedicated to Professor Dr. Dieter Klockow on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Rhodium(I) carbonyl complexes with α-diimine ligands containing amino or hydroxy substituents

-Diimines, RN:C(R)C(R):NR(LL) derived from glyoxal, GLL (R=H) abbreviated as GAA (R= R=4-dimethylaminophenyl) or GHA (R= R=4-hydroxyphenyl), and derived from biacetyl, BLL (R=Me) abbreviated as BDH (R=R= NH₂), BOH (R=NH₂, R=OH) react with carbonylrhodium(I) compounds to give different products depending on the imino substituents in the ligand and/or the solvent employed. The reaction of -diimines bearing amino groups, such as GAA or BDH with [RhCl(CO)₂]₂ in acetone yields binuclear [RhCl(CO)₂]₂(-LL) while in CH₂Cl₂ ionic [Rh- (CO)₂(LL)]⁺[RhCl₂(CO)₂]^– species are obtained. In acetone [RhCl(CO)₂]₂(-GAA) exists as an equilibrium mixture between two different neutral binuclear species; [Rh(CO)₂(BDH)]⁺ exists as a mixture of two species containing chelate or monodentate bonded diimine respectively. GAA or BDH react in situ with [RhCl(CO)(C₂H₄)]₂ in benzene to yield tetracoordinated monocarbonylated [RhCl(CO)(LL)] compounds. -Diimines (LL) bearing hydroxy groups, such as GHA or BOH react with [RhCl(CO)₂]₂ or [RhCl(CO)(C₂H₄)]₂ to give pentacoordinated dicarbonylated [RhCl(CO)₂(LL)] compounds.     

Kinetics and mechanism of reactions of bis(biguanide)copper(II) ion with 2,2′-bipyridyl and 1,10-phenanthroline in aqueous solution

Summary In aqueous solution [Cu(bigH)₂]²⁺ (bigH=biguanide) reacts with 2,2-bipyridyl (bipy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) through intermediate formation of ternary complexes [Cu(bigH)(L)]²⁺ and [Cu(bipy)(phen)]²⁺ and binary complexes [CuL₂]²⁺ (L=bipy, phen). The rates of the different steps have been followed in borax buffer (pH 8.0±0.1) by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. For each step k_obs=k₀+k_L[L] and the k_L path appears to be associative. H and S values for the k_L path conform to an isokinetic trend.     

Zirkon(IV) derivate von bifunktionellen drei- und vierzähnigenSchiffschen Basen

Reactions of zirconium isopropoxide-isopropanolate with bifunctional tridentateSchiff bases such as acetylacetone-(2-hydroxy-anil), benzoylacetone-(2-hydroxy-anil) and salicylidene-o-aminophenol and bifunctional tetradentateSchiff bases such as bisacetylacetone ethylenediimine, bisbenzoylacetone ethylenediimine and bissalicylidene ethylenediamine have been investigated in different molar ratios. The resulting products of the type Zr(OPr ⁱ)₂(SB), Zr(SB)₂, Zr(OPr ⁱ)₂(SB) and Zr(SB)₂ (whereSB andSB represent the anions of the bifunctional tridentate and bifunctional tetradentateSchiff bases respectively) have been isolated in almost quantitative yields. I.R. spectral studies of a few representative derivatives have been made and their molecular weights determined ebullioscopically in benzene. Thermogravimetric analysis of the salicylidene-o-aminophenol derivative has also been carried out.

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Nucleophilic ligand displacement in dichloro[2-(arylazo)heterocycle]palladium(II) complexes by benzimidazole – a kinetic and mechanistic study

The reactions of benzimidazole (Bimz) with dichloro{2-(arylazo)pyridine}palladium(II), [Pd(aap)Cl₂ (3), aap = RC₆H₄N= N-2-C₅H₄N; R = H(a), o-Me(b), m-Me(c), p-Me(d), p-Cl(e)] and dichloro{2-(arylazo)pyrimidine}palladium(II), [Pd(aapm)Cl₂ (4), aapm = RC₆H₄N=N-2-C₆H₃N₂; R = H(a), o-Me(b), m-Me(c), p-Me(d), p-Cl(e)] were followed separately. The kinetics were examined under pseudo-first order conditions with reference to Bimz in MeCN at 385 and 390 nm, respectively and at 298 K using a u.v.–vis. spectrophotometer. The product was isolated and characterised as trans-Pd(Bimz)₂Cl₂. The reaction between Pd(aap)Cl₂ and Bimz follows the rate law, rate = K[Bimz]²[Pd(aap)Cl₂], a single step process, whereas biphasic behaviour is observed for the reaction between Pd(aapm)Cl₂ and Bimz; each step is first order with respect to the concentration of complex and to Bimz. The rate data support a nucleophilic association path and the rate decreases upon addition of Cl^–(LiCl). The aryl ring substituent of the arylazoheterocycle influences the substitution rate as follows: k(e) > k(a) > k(d) > k(c) > k(b). The k-values are linearly correlated with Hammett constants with usual deviations for the m-Me and o-Me substituents because of their steric crowding. The rate follows the order: k(aap) > k(aapm). This is unusual with reference to the -acidity order of the heterocycles, pyridine < pyrimidine, as the increased -acidity will enhance the nucleophilic association. The charge density calculation by MNDO method shows that in the pyrimidine ring of arylazopyrimidine, the peripheral m-N(uncoordinated) carries a high negative charge which may retard the nucleophilic association rate. This effect is absent in the pyridine ring of arylazopyridine and may be the reason for the faster single step nucleophilic substitution in Pd(aap)Cl₂.     

Extrapolation of isothermal retention data in gas chromatography for chiral recognition studies

Summary The calculation of capacity factors, k, from net retention times, t_R, and the corresponding dead times, t_M, at different temperatures suffers from the limited accuracy of the t_M values. If the temperature coefficient racy of the t_M values. If the temperature coefficient d ln k/d (1/T) only is required, it is sufficient to determine net retention times (t_R)_p at constant inlet pressure p_i for different temperatures, since the temperature dependence of (t_M)_p can be assumed as (t_M)_p=A·e^B/T, with B being approximately independent of the column inlet pressure and of the nature of the carrier gas. The extrapolation and interpolation of (t_R)_p may be either performed by linear regression or graphically with a nomogram for ln (t_R)_p versus 1/T. The resolution factor, , of two components, e.g. enantiomers which are resolved on a chiral stationary phase, can be treated in a similar way. Examples are given for the resolution of enantiomers of two non-proteinogenic amino acids on the new polysiloxane phase L-Chirasil-CPG.     

Einfluß der Polarität und Viskosität des Lösungsmittels auf die Deaktivierung des S1-Zustandes von Donator-Akzeptor-substituiertentrans-Stilbenen

The dependence of the fluorescence constantsk _f ⁿ and the adiabatic twisting constantsk _tpof the S₁-State upon the solvent polarity, the capacity of hydrogen-bonding, as well as the solvent viscosity, were investigated for donor-acceptor substitutedtrans-stilbenes [4-dimethylamino-4-cyano-stilbene (1 g), 4-dimethylamino-4-diphenylphosphinyl-stilbene (1 b), 4-dimethylamino-4-brom-stilbene (1 h) and 4-dimethylamino-4-methoxistilbene (1 k)] by using the multiparameter model. An increase of the solvent polarity results in the decrease of the fluorescence ratek _f ⁿ for all these compounds. The specific interaction between the strongly polar stilbenes such as1 g and1 b and a solvent leads to additional decrease ink _f ⁿ but in the case of a relatively weak polar compound1 k to its growth. The linear combination of universal and specific solvent-solute interactions yields distinct relations fork _tp. Both interactions have an influence onk _tpfor1 g,1 b, and1 k to an equal degree. The twisting observed for1 g and1 b due to the interaction with solvent is hindered, however it is being supported for1 k. The influence of the investigated small range of viscosity onk _tpat simultaneous variable solvent polarity (pure solvent) is only visible for the weak polar1 k. In the other cases the effect of solvent-polarity is predominant.The viscosity dependence ofk _tpwas also experimentally proved for1 g,1 b and1 k by applying the obtained different dimethylformamid-acetonitril mixtures. According previous results the radiationless deactivation process is caused by twisting around ethyl-bonding, thereforek _tpevidently decreases with an increase of viscosity.

     

Photometric Determination of Tin in Caspian Sea Water

Procedures were developed for the photometric determination of tin(II) with pyrogallol azo compounds, 2,3,4-trihydroxyphenylazo-5-sulfonaphthalene (R₁) and 2,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy-3-sulfo-5-chlorazobenzene (R₂), in the presence of triphenylguanidine and bathophenantroline. The complexation of tin(II) with R₁ and R₂ was studied. It was found that different-ligand complexes formed in the presence of hydrophobic amines. A bathochromic shift in absorption spectra was observed along with shifts of optimum pH formation. The effect of reagent concentration, time, and temperature on the formation of different-ligand complexes was studied, and their stoichiometry was determined by different methods. It was shown that the determination of tin(II) with R₂ in the presence of the third component is highly selective. The developed procedures were used for the photometric determination of tin in Caspian Sea water.__________Translated from Zhurnal Analiticheskoi Khimii, Vol. 60, No. 5, 2005, pp. 468–470.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Nagiev, Gambarov, Mamedov, Chyragov.     

Enthalpies of formation and O-O and C-O bond strengths in polyoxides RO x R′ and RO x

Bond strengths in RO-OOR, ROO-OH, and ROO-OOR (R, R = H, Me, Et, and Bu) molecules, calculated by the semiempirical quantum-chemical methods, were used to determine the enthalpies of formation of polyoxides RO _x R (x = 3, 4) and related radicals and the bond strengths (D/kcal mol^–1) in these molecules:D(ROOO-OR) = 33.2±0.9,D(ROOO-OH) = 37.5±0.7,D(R-O _x R) = 76.0±1.2,D(H-000) = 58.6,D(R-000) = 42.8±0.8. A new value of Benson's polyoxide thermochemical increment, _f H°[O-(O)₂] = 11.1±1.0 kcal mol^–1, was suggested.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 2190–2193, September, 1996.     

Aromatische Spirane, 12. Mitt.

The title compounds26 and32 were prepared by systematic mono- and bisanellation of sixmembered rings to the positions 5,6 and 5,6, resp. of 2,2-spirobiindane.S _E acylation and subsequent transformations of the acylgroups afforded many derivatives with substituents in positions 4 and 4 of the parent compounds which were required for testing semiempirical values of chirality functions.5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrobenz[f]indane (9) and several of its 4-substituted derivatives were prepared as models for the anellation and substitution reactions.Tentative preferred conformations of the 4-acylgroups could be deduced from¹H-nmr spectra.

     

Reaction of trialkylsilylalkanethiols with benzenesulfonyl chloride

Conclusions Depending on the ratio of the reactants and the reaction temperature, the reaction of benzenesulfonyl chloride with sodium trialkylsilylalkylthiolates R₃Si(CH₂)_nSNa (R=Me, Et; n=1–3) leads either to labile S-phenyl S-trialkylsilylalkyl thiosulfonates or to their mixture with S,S-bis(trialkylsilylalkyl) disulfides.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 204–205, January, 1979.     

Zur Kinetik der Polymerisation von Aethylen mit löslichen Ziegler-Natta-Katalysatoren

Zusammenfassung Die Geschwindigkeit der Aethylenpolymerisation bei konstantem Druck, in Toluol, unter Verwendung von Katalysator-Systemen der allgemeinen Zusammensetzung Cp₂TiRCl/RAlCl₂ (C_p=Cyclopentadienyl; R, R=Alkyl) wurde gemessen. Gleiche Geschwindigkeit bei Al/Ti=1,2 und 2,0 beweist einen 1:1 Komplex als katalytisch aktive Spezies.Durch Variieren von R (am Ti) und R (am Al) konnten die Einflüsse dieser Gruppen auf die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit getrennt untersucht werden.Zwei Abbruchsreaktionen wurden festgestellt, von denen die eine mit Reduktion Ti(IV)Ti(III) gekoppelt und die andere vermutlich der langsamen Bildung eines inaktiven Komplexes aus einer Titan- und zwei Aluminiumeinheiten zuzuschreiben ist.

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Summary Rates of ethylene uptake at constant pressure in toluene, with the use of catalytic systems of the general composition Cp₂TiRCl/RAlCl₂ (Cp=cyclopentadienyl: R,R=alkyl) have been measured. Equality of the observed rates at Al/Ti=1.2 and 2.0 shows the 1:1 complex to be the active species. On varying R (on Ti) and R (on Al) the influence of these substituents on the rate of polymerization could be determined. Two termination reactions have been observed. The first is due to the reduction Ti(IV)Ti(III), and the second is attributed to the slow formation of an inactive complex including 1 Ti(IV) and 2 Al-alkyls.

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Herrn Prof. Dr.J.W.Breitenbach zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Pseudohalogenverbindungen, 13. Mitt.

Zusammenfassung Der Halogenaustausch zwischen festem AgCl und einer Reihe von flüssigen Organosulfenylchloriden des Typs RRRCSCl (R, R, R=F, Cl, CF₃, CF₃S) wurde mit Hilfe von radioaktivem³⁶Cl untersucht. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß stark elektronegative Substituenten R, R und R eine Polarisierung der S–Cl-Bindung in den Sulfenylchloriden induzieren und dadurch die heterolytische Reaktivität dieser Bindung erhöhen.

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Heterogeneous³⁶ Cl exchange between halogenated organosulphenyl chlorides and silver chloride

The halogen exchange between solid AgCl and a number of liquid organosulphenyl chlorides of the type RRRCSCl (R, R, R=F, Cl, CF₃, CF₃S) has been studied using³⁶Cl as a tracer. On the basis of the results it is suggested that highly electronegative substituents R, R and R, by polarizing the S–Cl bonds in the sulphenyl chlorides, favour the heterolytic reactivity of these bonds.

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12. Mitt. vgl.A. Haas undH. Reinke, Chem. Ber.102, 2718 (1969).