Human subjects, third parties, and informed consent: a brief historical perspective of developments in the United States

The protection of human subjects in biomedical research has become a source of increasing concern over the past century. During the early days of human experimentation, the human subject was rarely if ever consulted about his or her participation in research because scientists and physicians acted in the traditional paternalistic role with respect to their subjects and patients. However, as options for both researchers and their subjects increased, more attention was focused on the rights and obligations of participants on both sides of the research relationship. Investigators became more aware of the costs and benefits associated with their research programs, and subjects became more curious about the nature of research and what could be reasonably expected from their participation. This paper reviews the evolution of the doctrine of informed consent in biomedical research and the development of rules and guidelines for the conduct of research in the United States, for the benefit of both researchers and their human subjects.     

Community genetics and dignity in diversity in the Quebec Network of Genetic Medicine

The Quebec Network of Genetic Medicine (QNGM), implemented in 1971, has been an integrated program of community genetics serving the population (approximately 7.5 million) of Quebec province in Canada. QNGM reported to the Minister of Social Affairs and operated under an umbrella of universal health insurance in the province. The Network's programs have been run by members of the four university medical schools of the province under the direction of a central committee. A global annual budget was awarded to QNGM from its inception. Among its many programs, QNGM supported: (1) two newborn screening programs (using blood and urine samples) for early diagnosis, treatment and research in phenylketonuria, hereditary tyrosinemia, congenital hypothyroidism, and in a large number of other hereditary metabolic diseases; (2) follow-up of confirmatory diagnostic tests at regional centers, followed by supervision of ambulatory treatment modalities; (3) carrier screening and reproductive counseling for Tay-Sachs and beta-thalassemia diseases; (4) a spectrum of feasibility (research) studies (e.g., screening for biotinidase deficiency, neuroblastoma, hemoglobinopathies, and cystic fibrosis) to inform policy decisions. QNGM performed economic analyses of its major programs and followed prevailing ethical guidelines. Its global budget and integrated structure terminated in 1994, although some of its programs continue independently.     

基金重大项目“大型旋转机械非线性动力学问题”中期成果总结

大型旋转机械是国家基础设施和基础工业中最关键和最核心的设备之一．我国机械、能源、石化、国防等重要国民经济部门的高速发展迫切要求高质量、高性能的大型旋转机械．当前我国大型旋转机械存在着两个急待解决的重要技术问题：一是机组振动超标及低频振动分量过大,二是转子系统稳定裕度偏低,稳定性差,恶性事故频发．这两大技术难题都是机组的非线性动力学因素引起的,迫切要求从理论上给以解决．另外,混沌动力学是当前国际科学研究的前沿和热点之一,新理论、新方法和新现象需要研究和揭示．本项目由基金委组织工程界和力学界的非线性…     

Informed consent and subject motivation to participate in a large, population-based genomics study: the Marshfield Clinic Personalized Medicine Research Project

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to measure subject perspective and reaction to participation in the Personalized Medicine Research Project (PMRP) and to identify factors predicting understanding of the study elements. METHOD: Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to 1,593 subjects (10% sample). The questionnaire had three sections: section A consisted of 21 factual questions; section B consisted of 14 questions to assess the level of understanding about the PMRP concepts, and section C asked about the purpose of the PMRP. RESULTS: The mean age of the 924 survey respondents was 52 years (SD = 16.9), with a range of 18-95 years. The majority of participants were female (n = 561, 61%). The percent of total correct responses for section A was significantly higher for females compared with males (males: 58.4% and females: 60.4%, t test = -2.18, p = 0.03) and age was significantly inversely related to percent of correct responses (beta coefficient = -0.122, p < 0.001). More than one third of the participants indicated that the USD 20 greatly influenced their decision to participate in the project. In a multiple logistic regression model, people living outside of Marshfield were significantly more likely to indicate that the USD 20 greatly influenced their decision to participate (odds ratio = 1.40, 95% confidence limit = 1.06, 1.86) and age was inversely related to the monetary influence on decision to participate (odds ratio = 0.98, 95% confidence limit = 0.97, 0.98). CONCLUSION: Future community consultation efforts should highlight areas of lower understanding. In addition, research coordinators may need to take more time informing males and older individuals about project details so that they are making truly informed decisions about study participation.     

中国力学学会2005年国际、国内学术活动计划

序号}会议名称 学术内容及议题1.纳米多晶材料的力学性能2.纳米单层和多层膜的超强和超韧性能3.碳纳米管、纳米带、纳米线、纳米棒等的 力学特性4.围绕纳米结构材料的实验技术和实验测量 方法以及反分析方法5.生物材料的纳米尺度力学6.纳米结构材料在微电子机械系统和微器件 中的应用7.纳米结构材料的微尺度力学的模型和模拟时间}人数}地点}主席,联系人IU汪,AMSymposium onMeehaniealBehaVior&Miero一Meehallies ofNanostrueturedMaterials6月27、30日50}北京主席:白以龙联系人:魏悦广北京中关村中科院力学所,100050电话:010一62648721…     

中国力学学会2006年国际、国内学术活动计划

序号}会议名称 学术内容及议题 时间}人数}地点}主席，联系人及地址 新型工程材料的 关键力学问题中 青年学术研讨会 研讨新型工程材料的广泛应用，对力学， 尤其是固体力学提出的挑战性问题及其 对策. 1月 19~22日 40，广州 2006全国基础 力学实验教学 改革工作交流 研讨会 全     

中国力学学会2010年及2011年部分国际、国内学术活动计划

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