Review of the Novel Slow-Wave Structures for High-Power Traveling-Wave Tube

All-metal slow-wave structures are being paid great attention because of their advantages, such as good heat dissipation, high power capacity, wide passband, good wholeness of structure and large size etc. The emphases in this paper concentrate on the present state of study of four types of structures: helical groove, ring-plane, folded waveguide and periodically loaded waveguide, including theoretical analyses and practical applications. The problems and directions for future studies of these types of slow-wave circuits are also discussed. It is pointed out that all-metal slow-wave structures are suitable for applications in millimeter wave vacuum devices, like TWT, BWO, Gyro-TWT, and relativistic devices.     

Tape Analysis of an Inhomogeneously-Loaded Helical Slow-Wave Structure for Broad-Band Traveling-Wave Tubes

Theoretical simulation of the dispersion and interaction impedance characteristics of an inhomogeneously-loaded helical slow-wave structure is validated. The structure is supported by double-curve-shaped rods which are smoothed out into a number of dielectric tubes with their respective effective permittivity values. The effects of the helix thickness are taken into account by considering a free-space gap equal to the difference between the mean helix radius and the outer helix radius. Moreover, the helix tape model is used instead of the simpler sheath-helix model. The theoretical predictions are compared with those of MAFIA simulation. The dispersion error is found to be within 3–6 percent and the impedance characteristic is in great agreement with that of MAFIA simulation. At last, for the sake of comparison, the cold-test characteristics under sheath-helix model are also provided.     

演示用Sondhauss管的研制及理论分析

介绍了演示用 Sondhauss管的结构与制作过程 ,它具有直观、简单、成本低等突出优点 ,是一种比较理想的热声效应演示器件。通过初步实验 ,文中对热声管发声机制进行了理论分析 ,有助于更好地理解热声效应 ,并为进一步研究热声机理奠定了基础     

Analysis of a Chiral Dielectric Supported Broadband Helix Slow-Wave Structure for Millimeter-Wave TWTs

A novel technique of broadbanding a helical slow-wave structure through negative dispersion shaping is proposed. The model considers a simple continuous chiral dielectric support for the helix inside a metallic barrel, unlike conventional helix slow-wave structures with three discrete dielectric supports at 120⁰ apart. The dispersion relation of the slow-wave structure was derived following sheath-helix abstraction, suitably benchmarked for special cases, and was used for analyzing the dispersion behavior of a typical slow-wave structure. Chiral dielectric loading could easily provide negative dispersion characteristics (required for broadband operation) by merely controlling the chirality parameter alone. The scheme with its simple geometric configuration is expected to be useful for millimeter-wave devices providing better thermal management. The basic concept was presented as a conference abstract at the 27th IEEE International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves, California, 22–26 September 2002, as: S. K. Datta, E. V. Jayashree, S. D. Veena, and Lalit Kumar, “Broadbanding of a Helical Slow-Wave Structure Using Chiral Dielectric Loading.”     

微小圆管中分裂火焰的实验与理论研究

对丙烷/空气在内径2 mm的圆管内的预混燃烧进行了实验研究,借助于高速数码摄像机发现了分裂火焰现象,其中一个为向上游传播的较亮的常规火焰,另一个为向下游传播的较暗的微弱火焰。这些火焰先后熄灭,经过一段时间后又重复发生自着火、分裂、反向传播、灭火过程。这种现象在富燃、化学恰当比以及贫燃火焰中都有存在。一维非稳态计算表明化...     

Wave Theory of a Traveling-Wave Tube Operated Near the Cutoff

We outline the main principles of the wave theory of interaction between an electron beam and waves in a slow-wave structure near the edge of the transmission band. Formulation of the basic equations and the boundary conditions is considered taking consistently into account that the interaction parameter is small. A comparison of the results with a discrete version of the theory is discussed. We also consider the starting conditions for the oscillation regime, the linear amplification regimes, and some effects found within the framework of the nonstationary nonlinear theory, e.g., parasitic self-excitation in the amplification regime and hard excitation of the oscillation regime.     

Linear Analysis of Folded Double-Ridged Waveguide Slow-Wave Structure for Millimeter Wave Traveling Wave Tube

A novel slow-wave structure （SWS）, the folded double-ridged waveguide structure, is presented and its linear gain properties are investigated. The perturbed dispersion equation is derived and the small signal growth rate is caleulated for dimensions of the ridge-loaded region and the parameters of the electron beam. The novel structure has potential applications in the production of high power and broad band radiation. For a cold beam, the linear theory predicts a gain of 1.1-1.27dB/period and a 3-dB small-signal gain bandwidth of 30% in W-band. A comparison between the folded double-ridged waveguide SWS and folded waveguide SWS （FWSWS） shows that with the same physical parameters, the novel SWS has an advantage over the FWSWS on the bandwidth and electron efficiency.     

Theoretical and Experimental Heat and Mass Transfer Analysis for a Falling Film Outside a Grooved Tube

The heat and mass transfer from a grooved tube is investigated experimentally for a falling-film flow. The experiments are conducted on a helical trapezoidal grooved tube at three temperatures of the feeding water: 30°C, 35°C, and 40°C. The Reynolds number (Re) of the air ranges between 1,500 and 3,500. Nusselt number (Nu) is expressed as a function of the Prandtl number (Pr), Re for air (Re_a), Re for water (Re_w); Sherwood number (Sh) is expressed as a function of the Schmidt number (Sc), Re_a, and Re_w, and the correlation coefficients are determined.     

Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Research on Recordable Compact Disc with Dye Material

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平板型虚阴极振荡器频率特性实验研究

介绍了在“闪光二号”加速器上开展平板型虚阴极高功率微波振荡器频率特性实验研究的结果及分析。结果表明：平板型虚阴极振荡器表现出多频特性,且在微波脉宽内频率随时间变化;其频率分布在C波段和X波段,主频在C波段;主频由虚阴极自身振荡产生并且等于局部电子束的相对论等离子体频率,主频与二极管间隙电压有弱的依赖关系,与二极管间距成反比,而与阴极尺寸和阳极材料关系不大。     

Theoretical Treatment of Electric and Magnetic Multipole Radiation Near a Planar Dielectric Surface Based on Angular Spectrum Representation of Vector Field

We have developed an analytic treatment of light emission properties of electric and magnetic multipoles near a planar dielectric surface, using angular spectrum representation of vector spherical waves. The results are described in terms of spatial rotation matrix elements, so that the angular distribution of light emission for higher order multipoles is easily obtained, which enables us to evaluate basic optical near-field problems such as electric dipole radiation with arbitrary orientation with respect both to surface and observation direction. The numerical results are in good agreement with our previous experimental results and the numerical results reported by Lukosz.     

Numerical Study of a Microstrip Line with a Two-Layer Dielectric Substrate of Finite Width

An open microstrip line with a two-layer substrate of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, employed in millimeter-wave range mikroelectronic devices, has been numerically studied. The dependences of the characteristic electrodynamical properties of this line upon its geometrical parameters were calculated. For computations, the method of singular integral equations in the quasistatic approximation was applied. Double complexity was introduced: with respect to time and to coordinates. This method allows taking into account even very large losses in the material of the microstrip line substrate. The computation algorithm permitted us to take into account the finite strip conductor thickness and substrate width.     

双轴晶体会聚偏光干涉的理论与实验研究

晶体会聚偏光干涉图包含了晶体特性的许多信息,建立偏光干涉图的定量分析方法可以使这些信息得到充分利用。基于双轴晶体折射时满足的波矢关系,导出了两折射光波相位差的精确计算公式。分析了光波在各界面折射时偏振态的变化,提出了会聚偏光干涉合成振幅的计算方法。针对任意取向的双轴晶体,计算了完整的偏光干涉图,反映了相位分布决定等色线、振幅分布决定消光影的规律。用数字图像模似了干涉图,并讨论了干涉图的变化情况。对4块不同取向的KTP晶片进行实验,实验干涉图与理论干涉图的特征完全一致,两者仔细对比可判断现有KTP晶体色散方程的优劣。     

再生纤维素太赫兹光谱的实验与理论研究

采用低温溶解法制备了再生纤维素膜, 运用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪和X射线衍射仪对所制薄膜进行形貌和晶型表征。在此基础上, 结合太赫兹时域光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱技术, 测量了再生纤维素膜的太赫兹光谱。据此, 详细指认了再生纤维素在太赫兹波段的特征峰, 指出再生纤维素的太赫兹透过率随波数的减少而增大的现象是由其无定形部分所导致。通过比较再生纤维素和脱脂棉在100～700 cm-1的光谱特性, 发现两者具有相似的峰形,但再生纤维素在此波段的特征峰相对于脱脂棉特征峰发生了不同程度的蓝移。据此, 提出了鉴别纤维素Ⅱ和纤维素Ⅰ_β同质异晶体的一种新方法。重要的是, 还采用CASTEP对纤维素Ⅱ晶体进行结构优化及光谱的理论研究, 并对再生纤维素的太赫兹特征峰进行了系统的归属。理论计算结果表明,再生纤维素在42和54 cm-1处的太赫兹特征峰分别是由平移振动和转动的晶格振动模式引起, 而位于68～238 cm-1间的太赫兹特征峰则与—CH₂OH基团的扭绞振动以及C—H及O—H的变形振动相关。此外, 351～583 cm-1范围内的吸收峰与C—O—C及吡喃环的骨架振动相关, 而611和670 cm-1两处的吸收峰则主要源于O—H的面外弯曲振动。结果不仅揭示了再生纤维素的物质结构与太赫兹光谱间的联系, 也为理论上研究部分结晶的聚合物及生物有机大分子等的太赫兹响应的物理原理提供了参考。     

聚晶金刚石复合体超高压液相烧结理论研究

 在对前人有关聚晶金刚石超高压烧结机理的综合分析与评价的基础上,通过对金刚石与不同组分的钴熔体相互作用规律,及金刚石从钴熔体中的结晶热力学与动力学的理论研究,提出了石墨优先金刚石“溶解”和金刚石石墨化“溶解”的观点,阐明了钴熔体的性质对金刚石（石墨）的浸润扩散溶解过程,以及金刚石再结晶析出过程的影响,认为在金刚石-钴烧结系统中存在三种主要烧结机构：颗粒重排,溶解-析出和聚晶固架形成机构。不同温度条件下不同碳含量钴熔体在烧结过程中,对于促进金刚石表面石墨化,进一步引起颗粒重排,实现sp³结构碳原子在金刚石颗粒间的有效迁移传递以及D-D直接结合等方面起到了十分重要的作用。根据上述金刚石超高压液相烧结理论的基本观点,可较合理地解释聚晶金刚石复合体（PDC）在超高压烧结过程中观察到的一些基本现象和实验事实。     

异补骨脂素热解实验和理论研究

利用同步辐射真空紫外光电离质谱技术,在不同光子能量下,研究了异补骨脂素(C₁₁H₆O₃)的低压热解,探测了不同温度下异补骨脂素的热解产物及其与前驱体的比例. 实验结果表明,异补骨脂素的主要热解产物是CO及其依次消去CO的产物(C₁₀H₆O₂和C₉H₆O). 利用密度泛函理论计算异补骨脂素的解离途径,并利用过渡态理论计算了竞争通道的反应速率常数. 通过实验和理论的结合,确定了异补骨脂素主要解离路径和相应产物的分子结构.     

卤素氟化物ClFO3的结构与性能的理论研究

卤素氟化物是一类反应活性很强的物质,在诸多领域有重要应用。本文采用量子化学密度泛函理论（DFT）B3LYP/6-31G(2df)方法,对卤素氟化物ClFO3的七种异构体进行了几何优化和振动频率分析,结果表明它们均对应于势能面上的稳定构型。这七种异构体中,Cl原子作为中心原子,与1个F原子和3个O原子直接成键形成的分子结构能量最低,为最稳定结构。根据统计热力学原理,计算了标题物的标准热力学函数,包括摩尔热容（Cop,m）、摩尔熵（Som）和摩尔焓（Hom）。理论计算所得结构参数和与热力学函数均与文献报道的实验值相符,说明了所用理论方法的可靠性。借助于原子化反应和生成反应计算了其生成焓及其与甲烷和水反应的热效应。在DFT优化分子结构的基础上,采用力场方法得到ClFO3的最可能堆积方式属于Pbca空间群,进一步采用DFT GGA-RPBE方法优化其晶体结构,并计算能带结构和态密度,发现其带隙较宽（4.61eV）,表明其具有较好的稳定性。在Fermi能级附近,ClFO3晶体中的导带主要来自于O和F原子的2p轨道的贡献,而价带主要来自于Cl原子的2p轨道的贡献。     

PPQ共轭有机聚合物平面光波导的非线性传输特性的实验研究

从实验上研究了聚苯基喹恶啉（ＰＰＱ）共轭有机物平面光波导中的飞秒光脉冲的非线性传输特性，难过研究其光波导中由于自相位调制效应而导致的光谱展宽，得到了ＰＰＱ的非线性折射率，同时表明ＰＰＱ共轭有机物平面光波导中具较大的非线性效应，有可能制作较理想的全光器件。     

卤素氟化物ClFO3的结构与性能的理论研究

卤素氟化物是一类反应活性很强的物质,在诸多领域有重要应用。本文采用量子化学密度泛函理论（DFT）B3LYP/6-31G(2df)方法,对卤素氟化物ClFO3的七种异构体进行了几何优化和振动频率分析,结果表明它们均对应于势能面上的稳定构型。这七种异构体中,Cl原子作为中心原子,与1个F原子和3个O原子直接成键形成的分子结构能量最低,为最稳定结构。根据统计热力学原理,计算了标题物的标准热力学函数,包括摩尔热容（Cop,m）、摩尔熵（Som）和摩尔焓（Hom）。理论计算所得结构参数和与热力学函数均与文献报道的实验值相符,说明了所用理论方法的可靠性。借助于原子化反应和生成反应计算了其生成焓及其与甲烷和水反应的热效应。在DFT优化分子结构的基础上,采用力场方法得到ClFO3的最可能堆积方式属于Pbca空间群,进一步采用DFT GGA-RPBE方法优化其晶体结构,并计算能带结构和态密度,发现其带隙较宽（4.61eV）,表明其具有较好的稳定性。在Fermi能级附近,ClFO3晶体中的导带主要来自于O和F原子的2p轨道的贡献,而价带主要来自于Cl原子的2p轨道的贡献。