自然状态下水泥路面温度与其发射率耦合关系研究

地表发射率是地表温度遥感反演中不可缺少的参数之一。常规获取地表发射率的遥感方法中,存在温度和发射率病态反演的问题;而实验室实测方法在恒定的自然条件下测定,对于遥感实用有一定的局限性。为解决上述问题,本研究利用温度和发射率相互耦合的关系,剔除温度效应的影响,提高发射率的精度,进而提高遥感反演地表温度的精度。对于不同地表物质而言,发射率和温度耦合关系又不同,本研究针对典型的城市人造地表类型之一——水泥路面,基于合理的自然状态下水泥路面发射率和温度观测实验,筛选理想大气环境下实测数据;利用最优发射率与温度分离算法取代光谱仪自带算法,提取精度较高发射率数据;分析时序水泥路面温度和发射率数据的耦合关系,建立耦合模型,并进行验证。研究结果表明：水泥路面的发射率二阶导数与温度相关性最高,相关系数为-0.925 1。以发射率二阶导数为自变量的逐步回归模型为最佳关系模型,判定系数R2达到0.886,验证结果的均方根误差RMSE为0.292 1。水泥路面温度与其发射率耦合关系模型的建立为提高遥感反演地表温度的精度提供了一种途径。     

Structural Changes in the Surface of a Heterogeneous Body (Xenolite) under Friction

The structure of the surface layer of a heterogeneous solid body (xenolite) before and after friction is studied by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Before friction, the layer contained hornblende and pyroxene crystals. The friction resulted in partial transformation of pyroxenes into hornblende and the latter was transformed into montmorillonite clay. The xenolite surface is covered with a ~60-nm-thick layer of water.     

Acoustic Streaming under Thermal Boundary Conditions of the Third Kind

A numerical study of acoustic streaming in a cylindrical cavity subjected to vibrational action with a small vibration amplitude is performed. The dependence of the streaming character on the intensity of heat exchange with the surrounding medium is studied. A change in the forms of the acoustic streaming vortices is shown for a smooth transition from adiabatic to isothermal boundary conditions, which occurs via variation in the heat transfer coefficient. The values of the dimensionless heat transfer coefficient are determined for which the acoustic streaming pattern is close to the limiting cases corresponding to adiabatic and isothermal boundary conditions. For limiting cases of thermal boundary conditions, comparison with an analytical solution is performed.     

SH Acoustic Waves in a Lithium Niobate Plate and the Effect of Electrical Boundary Conditions on Their Properties

It is theoretically and experimentally confirmed that the electromechanical coupling coefficient of SH waves propagating in a Y-cut lithium niobate plate along the X direction can exceed 30% when the plate thickness satisfies the condition h/λ= 0.02–0.15. This value of the coupling coefficient is approximately six to seven times greater than the maximal value obtained for SAW in the same material. Such a high value of K ² offers a possibility to control the wave velocity by varying the electrical boundary conditions, e.g., by moving a conducting screen toward the plate surface. The effect of such a screen on the properties of the SH waves is studied both theoretically and experimentally. On the whole, the results of the study show that the use of SH waves offers considerable improvements in the parameters of the known SAW devices and also opens up the possibilities for the development of new devices and sensors that have to operate in contact with a liquid medium.     

GaN的声表面波特性研究

采用金属有机物化学气相外延方法在(0001)面蓝宝石上生长了高质量、高阻的未掺杂(0001)面GaN薄膜。为精确测量GaN薄膜材料的声表面波特性，在GaN薄膜表面上沉积了金属叉指换能器，叉指换能器采用等叉指结构，叉指的数目为40对，叉指间距为15μm。采用脉冲法测量了声表面波在自由表面和金属表面上的速度，并通过计算得到了机电耦合系数(κ^2)。所测量的声表面波速度（ν)为5667m／s，机电耦合系数(κ^2)为1．9％。     

Formation of Heterogeneous Powder Coatings with a Two-Level Micro-and Nanocomposite Structure under Gas-Dynamic Spraying Conditions

Heterogeneous coatings have been deposited by the cold gas-dynamic spraying of mechanically synthesized AMg2/graphite + Al₂O₃ powders. A specific feature of the coatings formed is the existence of a two-level micro-and nanocomposite structure. It has been established that an increase in the content of microsized Al₂O₃ particles in the mixture from 10 to 30 wt % produces a twofold increase in the thickness of the coating deposited for the same time period from 140 to 310 μm. A further growth in the content of microsized Al₂O₃ particles in the mixture up to 50 wt % leads to a decrease in the thickness of the coating formed to 40 μm. The manufactured coatings have a high microhardness ranging from 1.7 to 3.2 GPa depending on their composition. The high microhardness of these coatings is caused by an increase in the hardness of the matrix material due to the creation of a nanocomposite structure, which strengthens the immobilization of microsized Al₂O₃ particles in it, thus improving the properties of the heterogeneous coating as a whole.     

Features of the Electric Response of Rocks to Vibration under Weak Nonuniform Fluid Saturation Conditions

Acoustical Physics - Abstract—The specific features of the electrical response of rocks to vibration in the 0.7–10 kHz frequency range were studied for Berea sandstone cores weakly and...     

Investigation of Moisture Migration in the Concrete of a Special Test Construction under Simulated Load Conditions

Investigations of the behaviour of water in the concrete of special constructions under load conditions are essential for judging safety aspects especially when the concerto is enclosed between liners. The injection of tritiated water of 60 Ci into the fresh concrete of the dome range of a test construction, sampling and sample preparations are described. The test results obtained again demonstrate the unique possibilities of the tracer technique with radionuclides in the investigation of local and temporal distributions of substances under complicated actual conditions.     

On the Formation of Centered Shock Waves in Gas Bubbles under the Conditions of Acoustic Cavitation

The possibility of the formation of centered shock waves in collapsing gas bubbles under the conditions of acoustic cavitation is considered. In this case, the overturning of the front of compression waves occurs at the instant the waves reach the center of the cavitation bubble, resulting in the highest possible temperatures and pressures inside the bubble. Examination of the magnetohydrodynamic equations has shown that the law of the motion of the wall of a bubble at the final stage of compression, described by the Rayleigh–Plesset equation, has a universal form and coincides with the condition of the formation of a spherically symmetric centered shock wave with the adiabatic constant = 5/3. For < 5/3, the collapse of a bubble occurs within a shorter time than it takes for a spherically symmetric centered shock wave to form. In this case, the overturning of the front of compression waves occurs earlier than they reach the center of the bubble, and shock waves are formed inside the bubble at different points. The most appropriate condition for the detection of centered shock waves is the cavitation in cryogenic fluids, such as helium, for which 5/3.     

Array Acoustic Signal Processing in Shallow-Water Channels under Conditions of a Priori Uncertainty: Estimates of the Efficiency Loss

The objective of this study is a comparative analysis of the efficiency of the matched-field and optimal spatial signal processing methods in a shallow-water sound channel under conditions of inaccurate knowledge of its parameters. It is assumed that a signal of a remote localized source is received by a vertical antenna array against the background of an intense interference, which is also created by a localized source, while the vertical profile of the sound velocity, the channel depth, the sound velocity in underlying bottom, and its density are known with arbitrary deviations from actual values within specified intervals. The processing efficiency is characterized by the array gain in terms of the signal/(noise + interference) ratio normalized to the number of the array elements. The stochastic modeling technique is used to show that with an increase in the a priori uncertainty in the estimation of these parameters, the efficiency losses for these two processing methods not only have significantly different values, but can reveal the nonmonotonic character. The permissible error levels in the estimation of the channel parameters are determined, at which the gain loss does not exceed the specified level (3 dB) for each of the methods. The results are important to specify the requirements for facilities of operational oceanography that provide the effective operation of receiving antenna systems in real shallow-water conditions.

     

一种天然正长石的释光特性

应用RGB-3B型热释光仪和BG2003释光谱仪对一种正长石矿物的热释光和选频释光发光曲线进行测定,获得正长石的释光特性。研究表明：天然正长石的三个热释光峰峰温为148,197,310 ℃,辐照一定剂量后,出现197 ℃和263 ℃两个稳定的热释光峰。正长石的峰位温度随着增温速率的减小,向左移动。选频热释光290, 300, 310, 340, 400, 480 nm存在释光响应,选频绿光释光280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 400, 460, 480 nm存在释光响应,400 nm频道的光子计数随剂量的变化具有一定的线性关系,具有辐射剂量计的特性,具备释光测年的应用潜力。     

高压下天然顽火辉石能量色散X射线粉末衍射研究

 在北京同步辐射装置（BSRF）高压站对采自于河北大麻坪的天然顽火辉石,在室温高压（0~31.64 GPa）下,利用金刚石压腔装置（DAC）,进行了能量色散X射线粉末衍射（EDXD）原位测量,得到了顽火辉石在不同压力下的衍射图谱,并利用UnitCell软件进行解谱,获得了其晶胞参数a、b、c和晶胞体积V及其随压力的变化,最后利用Murnaghan等温方程得到了天然顽火辉石的体积模量K_T(0)=172 GPa、压缩系数及p-V状态方程,发现沿a、b、c三方向的压缩系数存在明显的各向异性,结果与斜方辉石的弹性波速各向异性完全一致。     

A Videographic Study of Dynamic Phase Separation for Immiscible Solutions under Acoustic Levitation Condition

The transparent aqueous solutions of succinonitrile(SCN) provide an effective model system to simulate the phase separation process of various advanced materials.Here we report a real-time and in-situ study of phase separation dynamics for the SCN-15%H_2O,SCN-48%H_2O and SCN-70%H_2O solutions implemented by high-speed CCD videography together with acoustic levitation technique.It is found that liquid phase separation induces an unsteady state of drop rotation under levitated conditions.The resultant centrifugal force plays the dominant role in the migration of secondary liquid globules.The most desirable homogeneously dispersive structures can only be derived from the earlier stage of phase separation,whereas three kinds of macrosegregation are always the finally stable structure patterns.The migration velocity of minor liquid phase displays the nonlinear feature owing to the variations of globule location and centrifugal force.The surface tensions and volume fractions of immiscible phases also show a conspicuous influence upon the evolution dynamics of separation morphology.     

不同卸围压速率下花岗岩的力学性质及声发射特征

为了研究不同卸围压速率下花岗岩的力学性质,利用RMT-150B岩石力学试验系统对花岗岩试样进行恒轴压卸围压应力路径试验。试验结果表明:相同的初始围压下,随着卸围压速率增大,岩样的延性减小,表现为脆性破坏。卸围压速率越大,卸围压阶段的应变率越高,但总变形量小;当卸围压的速率相同时,初始围压越高,卸围压阶段岩样的应变率和总变形量越大。采用Mogi-Coulomb强度准则对试验结果进行拟合,结果显示:卸围压速率对花岗岩的黏聚力有劣化作用,对岩石的内摩擦角有强化作用;卸围压速率越小,振铃计数的活跃期越长,表明在低卸围压速率下,花岗岩岩样内部损伤发展缓慢且完全。     

周期性边界条件下多孔介质方腔内自然对流换热数值研究

对充满多孔介质的倾斜方腔,在其上下壁面绝热、右侧壁面维持恒温To及左侧壁面温度基于To随时间按正弦规律变化的情况下,采用Brinkman扩展达西模型和SIMPLER算法对方腔内的自然对流与换热进行了非稳态数值模拟,方腔倾角α的范围为0°～90°,Pr数为1,Ra数为106.计算研究不同的振荡频率和方腔倾角对方腔内对流换热的影响.数值模拟结果表明:振荡频率f为60π,方腔倾角为43°时,方腔内的换热最强.     

纯天然植物紫外吸收剂的光谱特性研究

纯天然植物紫外吸收剂是一种高安全性、无副作用且有发展前景的化妆品新型紫外吸收添加剂。纯天然植物紫外吸收剂是由对紫外光有吸收作用的草本植物通过干品粉碎,用有机溶剂萃取、真空干燥后获得。新型紫外吸收剂固体呈现暗褐色,用乙醇和水配成溶液(紫外吸收剂原液)呈淡黄色。本文主要用紫外-可见分光光度计测定新型纯天然植物紫外吸收剂的紫外吸收光谱,分析结果发现,紫外吸收剂在UVC区和UVB区其相对透射率均小于0.2%,最大值出现在UVA区约375 nm处也仅为2.1%。说明新型天然植物紫外吸收剂对紫外线有较好的吸收,能屏蔽各种波长的紫外光。     

Reflection and Refraction of Harmonic Plane Acoustic Waves by a Plane Interface of Media with Arbitrary Acoustic Properties

Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics - We propose universal formulas for the amplitudes of longitudinal and transverse plane acoustic waves, which are reflected and refracted by a plane interface...     

Acoustic signature of a submarine hull under harmonic excitation

The structural and acoustic responses of a submarine under harmonic force excitation are presented. The submarine hull is modelled as a cylindrical shell with internal bulkheads and ring stiffeners. The cylindrical shell is closed by truncated conical shells, which in turn are closed at each end using circular plates. The entire structure is submerged in a heavy fluid medium. The structural responses of the submerged vessel are calculated by solving the cylindrical shell equations of motion using a wave approach and the conical shell equations with a power series solution. The far-field radiated sound pressure is then calculated by means of the Helmholtz integral. The contribution of the conical end closures on the radiated sound pressure for the lowest circumferential mode numbers is clearly observed. Results from the analytical model are compared with computational results from a fully coupled finite element/boundary element model.     

Nanosecond Dynamics of the Destruction of Heterogeneous Natural Bodies by Friction

Physics of the Solid State - Abstract—Luminescence caused by friction of heterogeneous solids (basalt and granite) was investigated, the spectra are recorded, and the dynamics of the...