单自由度体系地震动力响应的混沌特性分析

引入非线性动力学理论和混沌时间序列分析方法考察地震动作用下单自由度体系动力响应的混沌特性。输入典型近断层地震动记录,定量计算了代表性周期的单自由度弹性和非弹性体系加速度响应时程的非线性特性参数。计算表明,这些加速度响应的关联维数为分数维,最大Lyapunov指数大于0;地震动激励下单自由度体系的地震动力响应具有混沌特性,不是完全的随机信号,为理解结构地震动力响应的不规则性与复杂性提供了新思路和新视角。     

近断层地震动作用下地铁车站中柱减震效果研究

为研究近断层地震动作用下地铁车站中柱减震效果,本文首先从PEER强震数据库中选取我国台湾集集大地震中典型近断层地震动记录,进行了近断层地震动频谱特性分析.然后,以某地铁车站为背景,分别建立中柱安装橡胶隔振支座和没有安装橡胶隔振支座的土-地铁车站结构相互作用体系有限元模型.在此基础上,选取4条具有明显脉冲特性的近断层地震...     

地震动速度脉冲对高温气冷堆核电厂地震反应的影响

为探讨近断层地震动的速度脉冲对结构抗震能力的影响特征,以某高温气冷堆核电厂结构为研究对象,利用有限元软件建立线性三维模型,选择4组具有速度脉冲特性的近断层地震动加速度记录及人工模拟的具有相同加速度反应谱而无速度脉冲的地震动时程分别作为地震动输入,对模型进行动力时程分析,对比在有、无速度脉冲地震动作用下模型的地震反应。研究发现,虽然反应过程中结构仍处于弹性阶段但是地震动的速度脉冲对结构的位移反应具有一定的不利影响,这一点与已有的基本认识不同。因此对于需要安装对位移反应较为敏感设备的高温气冷堆核电厂房,应充分关注地震动速度脉冲对结构反应的影响。     

Approximate MPA-based method for performing incremental dynamic analysis

In performance based earthquake engineering, it is important to accurately predict the seismic demand and capacities of structures. One recent estimation method is incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), which requires a series of nonlinear response history analyses (RHA) of the structure under various ground motions, each scaled to multiple levels of intensity, selected to cover entire range of structural response from elasticity, to yield and finally global dynamic instability. The implementation of IDA requires intensive computation and detailed knowledge of the nonlinear RHA of structures. In response to the complexity of IDA, an approximate method based on modal pushover analysis (MPA-based IDA) was developed. In MPA-based IDA, seismic demands are computed using the nonlinear RHA of the equivalent SDF systems instead of using nonlinear RHA of MDF systems. The objective of this study is to develop a simpler MPA-based IDA procedure that can avoid nonlinear RHA of equivalent SDF systems. For this purpose, MPA-based IDA employs the empirical equation of the inelastic displacement ratio (C _R ), defined as the ratio of peak displacement of the inelastic SDF system to that of the corresponding elastic SDF system given the strength ratio R, and that of the collapse strength ratio (R _c), which is the ratio of collapse intensity to yield strength. The proposed procedure is verified by comparing the seismic demands and capacities of 6-, 9-, and 20-story steel moment frames as determined by the proposed method and exact IDA.     

Wavelet analysis for the characterization of forward-directivity pulse-like ground motions on energy basis

The characterization of the prominent features of near-fault pulse-like ground motions is under scrutiny. Relationships between pulse characteristics and the performance of structures are here established. Two wavelet energy-based signal processing procedures are introduced. The aim is the construction of simplified signals containing the prominent features of the data distribution recorded from pulse-like earthquakes; signals that can be efficiently used in the design of civil engineering structures, increasing the safety and reliability of the structural design itself. The first procedure is based on the analysis of the absolute input energy. The second one considers the relative input energy. Comparisons with other wavelet-based earthquake analyses are developed.     

Numerical analysis of cracked inelastic shells with large displacements or mixed mode loading

The trend in higher utilization of structural materials leads to a need for accurate numerical tools for reliable predictions of structural response. In some instances both material and geometrical nonlinearities are allowed for, typically in assessments of structural collapse or residual strength in damaged conditions. Dynamically loaded structures are prone to fatigue cracking; this has to be accounted for when computing nonlinear structural response. The present study addresses the performance of cracked inelastic shells with out-of-plane displacement not negligible compared to shell thickness. This situation leads to membrane force effects in the shell. Hence, a cracked part of the shell will be subjected to a nonproportional history of bending moment and membrane force, and e.g. fracture mechanics parameters (J-integral ) are affected. A Mindlin shell finite element based nonlinear program is developed and utilized herein. The cracked parts are accounted for by means of inelastic line spring elements. These elements also account for possible mode II deformations.     

考虑场地和震源机制的近断层地震动衰减特性的研究

在收集了世界范围内自由场地的近断层地震记录基础上 ,综合考虑台站场地和震源构造机制的差别 ,应用统计分析方法对近断层地震动的峰值加速度、峰值比、特征比值及特定周期处的反应谱的衰减关系进行了研究 ,并和集集地震得到的结果进行了比较 ,发现场地和震源机制的共同作用对近断层地震动的影响是很显著的 ,为抗震设计规范的研究提供了参考     

Comparison of near- and far-fault ground motion effect on the nonlinear response of dam–reservoir–foundation systems

In this paper, it is aimed to compare the near- and far-fault ground motion effects on the nonlinear dynamic response of dams including dam–reservoir–foundation interaction. Two different types of dams, which are concrete arch and concrete faced rockfill dams, are selected to investigate the near- and far-fault ground motion effects on the dam responses. The behavior of reservoir water is taken into account using Lagrangian approach. The Drucker–Prager material model is employed in nonlinear analyses. Near and far-fault strong ground motion records, which have approximately identical peak ground accelerations, of Loma Prieta (1989) earthquake are selected for the analyses. Displacements, maximum and minimum principal stresses are determined using the finite element method. The displacements and principal stresses obtained from the analyses of dams subjected to each fault effect are compared with each other. It is clearly seen that there is more seismic demand on displacements and stresses when the dam is subjected to near-fault ground motion.     

多维地震波作用下地铁车站及场地的地震反应

研究了不同类型多维地震波作用下地铁车站及软土场地的地震反应特征。以上海软土场地条件下的某双层地铁车站为背景,采用有限元方法建立了描述场地土与地铁车站结构相互作用的二维非线性力学模型,其中利用等效线性化方法模拟了土的非线性。以不同类型基岩的多维(含水平向和竖向）地震波作为输入,运用ANSYS软件数值分析了软土场地中地铁车站结构及场地的地震反应,比较了不同类型地震波作用下地铁车站结构和场地地震反应的差异．算例结果表明：在长周期地震波作用下地铁车站结构的内力响应峰值以及场地地表的加速度响应峰值和位移响应峰值均明显大于普通地震波作用下的相应值;考虑竖向地震动时双层地铁车站底层中柱的柱底轴力较单一水平向地震动作用的情形有明显增大;地铁车站的存在使结构上覆土层加速度响应峰值和位移响应峰值有所降低．     

单自由度系统的爆炸地震演变响应

提出了一个单自由度结构系统爆炸地震随机地面振动演变响应的理论分析方法。根据爆炸地震效应的特点 ,建立了一个地面运动激励模型 ,并以TNT炸药爆炸实验测试结果为实例 ,讨论了模型中相关基本参数的确定方法及其结果。在给定结构固有频率和阻尼系数条件下 ,得到了单自由度系统的爆炸地震位移响应功率演变谱和均方根位移理论解。与在一个混凝土基座上的测试结果进行对比表明 ,得到的理论均方根位移具有较好的预测精度。     

计算近场地震作用下隔震结构支座破坏易损性曲线的概率凸集混合模型

用凸集模型模拟隔震结构参数的不确定性,而用随机模型模拟地震动输入的不确定性,提出了计算近场地震作用下在考虑双不确定性因素时隔震结构支座发生破坏的易损性曲线计算新方法;计算结果将给隔震支座力学参数的设计提供参考;通过计算对比可知,若不考虑结构参数不确定性将低估隔震支座破坏的地震易损性;对计算实例中基底最大位移敏感度分析发现,隔震支座的力学参数(如屈服力、屈服后刚度等)对基底最大位移影响较大,上部结构质量的影响次之,而上部结构的刚度对其影响不大;此外,本文的研究内容也为考虑结构参数和输入地震动双不确定性因素的情况下,计算各类结构地震易损性曲线提供了一种新的思路和途径。     

平面偏心结构的三维能力谱方法

基于单自由度模型的性态评估方法,无法考虑偏心结构平扭耦联效应且不便于考虑双向地震动输入,存在很大的局限性.本文在对水平偏心结构模态分析的基础上,利用OpenSees构建等效三自由度模型(ETDOF),将该模型用于双向地震动作用下偏心结构平扭耦联简化计算和性态评估.在对ETDOF模型进行振动特性分析的基础上,基于等位移原...     

考虑双向地震动作用的非对称结构多维Pushover分析

目前的Pushover分析多集中于平面单向分析,考虑到非对称结构反应的多维性,在单向地震动作用振型Pushover分析研究基础上,提出了考虑双向地震动作用的结构多维Pushover分析程序。采用弹性振型分解的思路,将非线性结构反应近似为结构多振型弹塑性反应的叠加,进而将结构按振型等效为多个等效方程,将每一等效方程转化为以双向实际地震记录的组合为地震输入的等效单自由度体系。在此基础上给出了考虑双向地震作用的非对称结构多维Pushover分析程序,并阐述了该方法与传统Pushover分析方法的区别,最后通过算例将该方法结果与非线性时程分析结果进行比较,证明了该方法具有一定的准确性。     

Buckling and progressive crushing of laterally loaded honeycomb

This paper presents a comprehensive study of the lateral compressive response of hexagonal honeycomb panels from the initial elastic regime to a fully crushed state. Expanded aluminum alloy honeycomb panels with a cell size of 9.53 mm, a relative density of 0.026, and a height of 15.9 mm are laterally compressed quasi statically between rigid platens under displacement control. The cells buckle elastically and collapse at a higher stress due to inelastic action. Deformation then first localizes at mid-height and the cells crush by progressive formation of folds; associated with each fold family is a stress undulation. The response densifies when the whole panel height is consumed by folds. The buckling and crushing events are simulated numerically using finite element models involving periodic domains of a single or several characteristic cells. The models idealize the microstructure as hexagonal, with double walls in one direction. The nonlinear behavior is initiated by elastic buckling while inelastic collapse that leads to the localization observed in the experiments occurs at a significantly higher load. The collapse stress is found to be mildly sensitive to various problem imperfections. The subsequent folding can be reproduced numerically using periodic domains but requires a fine mesh capable of capturing the complexity of the folds. The calculated crushing response is shown to better resemble measured ones when a 4 × 4 cell domain is used. However, the average crushing stress can be captured with engineering accuracy even from a single cell domain.     

爆炸载荷特征参数对无限长圆柱壳弹性动态响应的影响

采用含有三角脉冲载荷和准静压载荷的爆炸载荷加载,利用单自由度模型对无限长圆柱壳体（即等效平面应变圆环）的弹性动态响应进行了力学分析,获得了径向位移响应解析解及准静压阶段弹性响应振幅的解析解。基于所得解析解,通过控制变量法分析了载荷压力及载荷分界点时刻（即三角脉冲载荷与准静压载荷作用的分界点时刻）对径向位移最大值、准静压阶段弹性响应振幅的影响规律,更加深入地研究了爆炸载荷对结构响应的影响。本文主要从准静压幅值与三角脉冲峰值的比值以及载荷分界点时刻两个主要特征参数入手,结合结构的呼吸振动频率来研究爆炸载荷对无限长圆柱壳弹性动态响应的影响。在研究中发现存在临界时刻:当载荷分界点时刻早于临界时刻时,径向位移最大值出现在准静压阶段;当载荷分界点时刻晚于临界时刻时,获得了便于直观判断径向位移达到最大值时所处载荷阶段的分区图。基于前述解析解的分析,还获得了不同影响因素导致的振幅变化的单调性分区图,便于判别载荷压力的变化所致的准静压阶段振幅的增减趋势。通过研究获得的爆炸压力载荷对结构响应的影响规律,可为爆炸容器设计以及结构防护基础研究提供参考。     

Primary pulse transmission in a strongly nonlinear periodic system

The aim of this work is to study the transmission of stress waves in an impulsively forced semi-infinite repetitive system of linear layers which are coupled by means of strongly nonlinear coupling elements. Only primary pulse transmission and reflection at each nonlinear element is considered. This permits the reduction of the problem to an infinite set of first-order strongly nonlinear ordinary differential equations. A subset of these equations is solved both analytically and numerically. For a system possessing clearance nonlinearities it is found that the primary transmitted pulse propagates to only a finite number of layers, and that further transmission of energy to additional layers can occur only through time-delayed secondary pulses or does not occur at all. Hence, clearance nonlinearities in a periodic layered system can lead to energy entrapment in the leading layers. An alternative continuum approximation methodology is also outlined which reduces the problem of primary pulse transmission to the solution of a single strongly nonlinear partial differential equation. The use of the continuum approximation for studying maximum primary pulse penetration in the system with clearance nonlinearities is discussed.     

Analysis and design of the force and displacement transmissibility of nonlinear viscous damper based vibration isolation systems

This study is concerned with the analysis and design of the force and displacement transmissibility of nonlinear viscous damper based vibration isolation systems. Analytical algorithms are derived using the Ritz–Galerkin method to evaluate the transmissibility of SDOF displacement vibration isolation and force vibration isolation systems where a nonlinear viscous damper is used as an energy dissipating device. The results reveal that compared to linear dampers, nonlinear viscous dampers can more significantly improve the system vibration isolation performance in a wider frequency range. A procedure is then proposed based on the analysis results to facilitate the design of nonlinear viscous dampers for system vibration isolation purposes. These results have significant implications for the design of vibration isolation systems in many engineering applications.     

Dynamic buckling of a simple elastic-plastic model under pulse loading

The dynamic buckling of an elastic-plastic imperfection-sensitive model subjected to rectangular- and triangular-shaped loading pulses is examined to provide some insight into the dynamic buckling behaviour of structures. The loading pulse is expressed as a function of the horizontal displacement, which allows an analytical method to be used for determining the stability domains for both pulses. The estimates obtained are compared with some previously published results on the dynamic elastic-plastic buckling of the same model under a step loading. It transpires that for the pulse loading of models with large imperfections dynamic instability occurs either elastically or plastically depending on the pulse duration, while for a step loading only an elastic instability is possible for the parameters examined.     

土-地铁车站及其上盖结构体系地震反应分析

为研究地震作用下地铁车站及其上盖结构体系的地震反应特征,本文以一典型的地铁车站及上盖结构体系为背景,采用ABAQUS软件建立土-地铁车站及其上盖结构体系的三维有限元模型,利用等效线性化方法考虑土的非线性,以不同类型的单向地震波和双向地震波（含水平向和竖向）作为输入,对土-地铁车站及其上盖结构体系进行了地震反应分析,比较了不同类型地震波作用下地铁车站及其上盖结构体系地震反应的差异,探讨了竖向地震动效应和转换梁刚度的影响．本文的算例结果表明：与普通基岩波和El-centro反演波输入相比较,在长周期基岩地震波作用下地铁车站及其上盖结构体系的内力响应和位移响应均最大．这一地铁车站及其上盖结构体系的薄弱部位位于地铁车站底层第2列、第3列柱的柱端和侧墙与底板连接处．竖向地震动对地铁车站及其上盖结构体系中柱的轴力响应值有较大影响．对于本文的动力计算工况,适当弱化转换梁刚度可降低上盖结构层间位移角的动力响应值．     

A theory of pulse propagation in anisotropic elastic solids

A theory is described for the propagation of pulses in anisotropic elastic media. The pulse is initially defined by a harmonically modulated Gaussian envelope. As it propagates the pulse remains Gaussian, its spatial form characterized by a complex-valued envelope tensor. The center of the pulse follows the ray path defined by the initial velocity direction of the pulse. Relatively simple expressions are presented for the evolution of the amplitude and phase of the pulse in terms of the wave velocity, the phase slowness and unit displacement vectors. The spreading of the pulse is characterized by a spreading matrix. Explicit equations are given for this matrix in a transversely isotropic material. The rate of spreading can vary considerably, depending upon the direction of propagation. New reflected and transmitted pulses are created when a pulse strikes an interface of material discontinuity. Relations are given for the new envelope tensors in terms of the incident pulse parameters. The theory provides a convenient method to describe the evolution and change of shape of an ultrasonic pulse as it traverses a piecewise homogeneous solid. Numerical simulations are presented for pulses in a strongly anisotropic fiber reinforced composite.