多孔聚合物贮氢材料的研究进展

微孔聚合物由于具有较高的比表面积,因此可用作物理吸附贮氢材料.本文通过比较0.1MPa、77K下自具微孔聚合物、超交联聚合物等多孔聚合物与其它多孔贮氢材料(如碳材料、金属有机网络等)的贮氢性能,阐述了比表面积、孔尺寸及孔形貌、与氢气的作用力等因素对多孔聚合物贮氢量的影响,由于合成超交联聚合物的单体多且孔形貌容易控制,因此超交联聚合物成为具有发展潜力的贮氢聚合物.     

KOH活化的炭干凝胶及其储氢性能(英文)

以苯二酚与甲醛为前驱体,赖氨酸作为催化剂,快速合成了有机溶胶。有机溶胶经碳化以及KOH进一步活化,获得了具有较高微孔率和较大比表面积的炭干凝胶。研究了多孔炭干凝胶的储氢性能,比较了不同活化程度的炭干凝胶的最大储氢容量与比表面积、微孔体积以及微孔孔径分布的关系。结果表明,KOH适度活化的炭干凝胶(ACX-5)具有较高的比表面积(2 204 m2.g-1)和较大的总孔容积(1.09 cm3.g-1),在77 K和1.1 MPa氢压下时其储氢量可达4.3wt%。     

汉麻杆基活性炭表面织构与储氢性能的研究

以天然汉麻杆为原料,采用KOH化学活化的方法改变活化时间制备出了高比表面积活性炭,并且对其表面进行硝酸氧化处理,研究活性炭表面化学状态对其吸附性能的影响。采用77 K低温氮气吸附和FTIR对样品进行了表征,并在77 K、100 kPa的条件下测定样品的氢气吸附等温线。结果表明,所有样品具有较高的比表面积(2 435.93～3 240.95 m²·g^-1)和总孔容(1.3～1.98 cm³·g^-1),且随活化时间的延长而增加,3.5 h达到最大值,之后由于骨架坍塌有所减小。所有样品的孔径分布较为一致呈多峰型分布,主要以小于2 nm的微孔为主,同时含有少量的中孔和大孔。活化3.5 h样品的吸氢量最大,达到3.28wt%。研究发现,吸氢量受比表面积和孔容等参数影响较大,77 K下不仅小于2 nm的微孔对活性炭吸氢行为贡献较大,中孔也有十分重要的影响。样品经硝酸氧化处理后,BET比表面积和总孔容均在一定程度上减小,而氢气吸附量也有所降低。     

应用超临界温度氢吸附数据表征活性炭结构

为准确研究氢在活性炭上的吸附平衡,本文对比分析了由氮和氢在活性炭上吸附数据确定的活性炭的孔径分布(PSD)。首先,应用容积法,在0～12.5MPa压力范围、3个温度(113.15K、193.15K、273.15K)下测定氢在K05活性炭上的吸附平衡数据,并由引入系统内氢的质量衡算确定吸附池内氢的总量。其次,以77K氮吸附数据确定的PSD为初值、以吸附池内氢的总量为基准,通过优化非局域密度泛函理论(NDFT)计算值确定活性炭的PSD,进而比较表征介质、温度及平衡压力对PSD的影响。研究表明,应用氢吸附数据表征孔宽小于0.8nm的超细微孔的微分容积较大;平衡压力较高时,由不同温度氢吸附数据确定的超细微孔的PSD相近;孔宽大于1.2nm时,不同温度氢吸附数据确定的PSD间有明显偏差。须应用超临界温度高压氢或氢在亚临界温度区域的吸附数据,同时结合77K氮吸附等温线来表征吸附剂在超细微孔和微孔范围的PSD。     

KOH活化废弃麻制备活性炭及其结构表征

以日常生活中废弃麻纺品为原料, KOH为活化剂, 采用炭化和活化两步法制备麻质活性炭(LAC). 采用比表面积测定仪在77 K下测定其N2吸附-脱附等温线, 通过Langmuir方程、BET方程和BJH法计算其比表面积、孔体积和孔径分布. 结果表明, 麻质活性炭的BET比表面积为1387.473 m2/g, Langmuir比表面积为1790.573 m2/g, 吸附累积总孔容达0.415 cm3/g; 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射分析仪以及红外光谱仪对麻质活性炭的结构进行了表征, 分析其表面形貌、微观结构及表面化学官能团.     

氢同位素吸附容量与吸附剂比表面积的关系

采用容积法测量了77 K下氢气与氘气在不同微孔与介孔分子筛吸附剂上的吸附容量与比表面积. 结果表明, 同类吸附剂上氢同位素的吸附容量与其比表面积之间存在较好的线性关系, 这有力地证明了超临界温度下氢同位素吸附遵循单分子层吸附机理. 在相同的温度、压力和比表面积条件下, 氢同位素气体在微孔分子筛上的吸附容量比介孔分子筛上的大, 这是由于在吸附剂微孔内吸附势场叠加所致, 并通过构建的吸附势模型, 较好地解释了该实验结果.     

Mg-20%(RE-Ni)(RE=La,Y,Mm)复合材料储放氢性能研究

通过磁悬浮熔炼和反应球磨相结合的方法成功制备出Mg-20wt%(RE-Ni)(RE=La,Y,Mm)复合储氢材料,主要研究了材料的物相结构和储放氢性能.结果表明.Mg-20wt%(RE-Ni)(RE=La,Y,Mm)复合储氢材料,具有相似的物相结构和吸放氢热力学性能,吸氢相均为MgH2和Mg2Ni,在同一温度下,合金只有一个放氢平台,表明两相具有良好的协同放氢效应.在复合体系中,Mg-20wt%(Y-Ni)具有最佳的综合储氢性能,表明Y具有最佳的催化效果,其在293 K,3.0 MPa H2,10 min的吸氢量和573 K,对0.1 MPa,15 min的放氢量可分别达到3.92%和4.75%,实现了室温快速大量吸氢和较温和条件下的快速放氢.     

CO_2吸附法表征材料孔结构的研究进展

对于多孔材料孔结构的表征,N_2吸附(77K)是最常用的方法。但随着多孔材料种类的日益丰富,CO_2吸附表征引起人们越来越广泛地关注。CO_2作为N_2吸附的有效补充,被用于各种传统和新型多孔材料的表征,特别是极微孔结构的探测。概述了CO_2吸附法表征多孔材料孔结构的现状,总结了CO_2吸附等温线的类型及测试条件,阐述了用CO_2吸附数据分析材料的比表面积、孔容和孔径分布时常见的各种问题。     

常温合成硫掺杂微孔碳及其二氧化碳的吸附性能

常温下以间苯三酚和3-甲醛苯并噻吩作为原料,一步法合成了含硫酚醛树脂。在氩气保护下碳化,成功制备出了硫掺杂多孔碳(S-PC)。并利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和氮气吸附-脱附仪对材料进行了形貌、结构和性能的表征。实验结果表明,所得样品具有较高比表面积和大量的微孔,经过调控,可以使制备的硫掺杂多孔碳的BET比表面积达到997 m2·g~(-1),并使其微孔孔体积达到0.44 cm3·g~(-1)。得益于较高的比表面积以及其富含微孔的特性,当材料应用于二氧化碳吸附时,具有较高的CO2吸附量,在273和298 K时分别高达5.13,3.22 mmol·g~(-1),并具有良好的选择性。     

基于三蝶烯的微孔聚二胺磷腈

近年来有机多孔聚合物材料由于其在气体吸附分离、气体存储及非均相催化等多个领域具有优良性质而受到国内外科学家们广泛的关注. 三蝶烯是一类具有D_3h刚性对称骨架结构的化合物, 同时它特有的结构特点及其丰富的反应性能使其成为一类构筑有机多孔材料的优良建筑块. 基于六氨基三蝶烯盐酸盐和六氯环三磷腈, 通过N-P型一步聚合法制备了两种聚二胺磷腈多孔材料TrpPOP-1和TrpPOP-2. 材料的结构通过固体核磁共振碳谱、磷谱和红外光谱等进行了表征. 氮气吸脱附等温线表明两种聚合物均具有永久的微孔性质, TrpPOP-1和TrpPOP-2的BET比表面积分别为790和640 m²·g^-1, 主要孔径分别在0.63和0.59 nm左右. 孔径分布较窄的多孔聚合物能与小分子气体有更好的相互作用, 因此, 我们对这两种材料的小分子气体(氢气、二氧化碳和甲醛)吸附性能进行了研究. TrpPOP-1的氢气吸附量在77 K和1.0 bar条件下为1.30 wt%, 二氧化碳吸附量在273 K和1.0 bar条件下为16.2 wt%. 材料TrpPOP-2对甲醛的吸附量在298 K为5.5 mg·g^-1.     

Hydrogen storage capacity characterization of carbon nanotubes by a microgravimetrical approach

An accurate gravimetric apparatus based on a contactless magnetic suspension microbalance was developed. This unit was used to measure the hydrogen storage capacity for a variety of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at room temperature and hydrogen pressures up to 11.5 MPa. The results show that regardless of their synthesis methods, purities, and nanostructures all investigated CNT products possess relatively low hydrogen storage capacities (<0.2 wt %). For comparison, the adsorption characteristics of theses samples were also measured at a pressure of 0.1 MPa and liquid nitrogen temperature (approximately 77 K) by a conventional volumetric approach. The methodological aspects related to the accuracy of the hydrogen uptake measurements are also discussed.     

Adsorption of gases on layered silicates at high pressures

Equilibrium adsorption of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and argon was examined on the sodium and pyridinium forms of montmorillonite and on the hydrogen form of bentonite. The measurements were carried out at 303, 343, 373, and 400 K over pressure ranges of 0.1–90 MPa (Ar and N₂) and 0.1–6 MPa (CO₂). The amount of nitrogen vapor adsorbed was determined at 77 K and pressures from 0 to 0.1 MPa. The porous structure parameters of the studied samples were determined using adsorption isotherms of nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide vapors. At elevated temperatures and pressures >10 MPa, Ar and N₂ adsorption processes on the Na-form of montmorillonite and Ar adsorption on bentonite are activated, since the amounts of the gases adsorbed and adsorption volumes increase with temperature. No activated adsorption is observed for carbon dioxide adsorption on these adsorbents. A comparison of the excess adsorption isotherms of gases on the Py-form of montmorillonite and H-form of bentonite shows that adsorption in micropores predominates for the Py-form of montmorillonite, whereas for the Na-form of bentonite and H-form of bentonite adsorption occurs mainly in meso- and macropores.     

Hydrogen adsorption on model adsorbents from the viewpoint of the theory of volumetric filling of micropores

Hydrogen adsorption on model microporous adsorbents with slit-shaped pores was calculated on the basis of Dubinin’s theory of volumetric filling of micropores using the property of linearity of adsorption isosters. Model adsorbents with micropore widths of 0.5, 0.9, and 1.2 nm obtained by the successive exclusion of one, two, and three layers of hexagonal carbon in the crystalline lattice of graphite were used. Hydrogen adsorption was calculated in the structures with single-layer and two-layer carbon walls at temperatures 20, 33, 77, 200, 300, and 400 K and pressures up to 20 MPa. The maximal hydrogen desorption for the AU structure (1:3) with the pressure drop from 20 to 0.1 MPa was 8 wt.% at 200K. The parameters of the porous adsorbent structure were calculated.     

Zeolite-templated carbon materials for high-pressure hydrogen storage

Zeolite-templated carbon (ZTC) materials were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as potential hydrogen storage materials between 77 and 298 K up to 30 MPa. Successful synthesis of high template fidelity ZTCs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K; BET surface areas up to ~3600 m(2) g(-1) were achieved. Equilibrium hydrogen adsorption capacity in ZTCs is higher than all other materials studied, including superactivated carbon MSC-30. The ZTCs showed a maximum in Gibbs surface excess uptake of 28.6 mmol g(-1) (5.5 wt %) at 77 K, with hydrogen uptake capacity at 300 K linearly proportional to BET surface area: 2.3 mmol g(-1) (0.46 wt %) uptake per 1000 m(2) g(-1) at 30 MPa. This is the same trend as for other carbonaceous materials, implying that the nature of high-pressure adsorption in ZTCs is not unique despite their narrow microporosity and significantly lower skeletal densities. Isoexcess enthalpies of adsorption are calculated between 77 and 298 K and found to be 6.5-6.6 kJ mol(-1) in the Henry's law limit.     

Adsorption of hydrogen on nanoporous carbon adsorbents

Four samples of active carbons with specific micropore volumes of 0.4—1.33 cm³g^-1 at 77 K and pressures up to 5 MPa were used to study hydrogen adsorption. The highest amount of of hydrogen adsorbed on these active carbons at the boiling point 20.38 K and pressure 0.101 MPa was calculated by methods derived from the theory of volumetric filling of micropores (TVFM). The adsorbent FAS-1-05 prepared by the liquid-phase polymerization of furfurol was shown to have the highest adsorption capacity. The amounts of hydrogen adsorbed on FAS-1-05 at temperatures 77, 196, and 300 K and pressures 7 and 20 MPa were calculated using the TVFM methods with allowance for linearity of the isosters. The results were compared with the experimental values obtained at 77 K and pressure below 5.1 MPa and at 293 K and pressures up to 16.1 MPa. The highest amounts of hydrogen adsorbed (6.2 wt.% for the adsorbent FAS-1-05) were obtained under pressures below 5.1 MPa and at 77 K.     

氢在A、X及ZSM-5型沸石上的高压物理吸附

The hydrogen adsorption properties and uptake capacities of the A, X and ZSM-5 types of zeolites were investigated at temperatures of 77, 195 and 293 K and pressures up to 7MPa, using a conventional volumetric adsorption apparatus. All hydrogen adsorption isotherms were basically type I, but the maximum in isotherm,a unique feature of supercritical adsorption, was observed at high pressures of 2-5 MPa at 77 K. The isosteric heats of adsorption were determined from the isotherms and the factors that influence their variations were discussed. Different types of zeolites exhibited remarkably different hydrogen uptake, based on both the framework structure and the nature of the cations present. The highest gravimetric storage capacity of 2.55wt% was obtained for NaX-type zeolite at 4 MPa and 77 K. In CaA, NaX and ZSM-5 types of zeolites,hydrogen uptakes were proportional to the specific surface areas, which were associated with the available void volumes of the zeolites. A threshold in hydrogen adsorption observed in NaA and KA was attributed to a pore blocking effect by large cations in KA. A ratio of the kinetic diameter of adsorbate to the effective opening diameter of zeolite was used to judge the blocking effect for physisorption.     

Hydrogen adsorption on nanoporous carbon adsorbents prepared from furaldehyde by thermochemical synthesis

Hydrogen adsorption on two samples of active carbon (FAS) produced from furaldehyde by the thermochemical synthesis method is investigated. Maximum hydrogen adsorption on these active carbons at hydrogen boiling temperature of 20.38 K and a pressure of 0.101 MPa is calculated in terms of the theory of the volume filling of micropores. Hydrogen adsorption on FAS-1-05 active carbon at temperatures of 77, 196, and 300 K and pressures of 7 and 20 MPa is calculated using the condition of linear isosteres. The calculated data are compared with the experimental results obtained for the same adsorbent at temperatures of 77 and 293 K and pressures below 5.1 and 16.1 MPa, respectively. The maximum adsorption value of hydrogen on FAS-1-05 amounts to 6.2 wt % at 5.1 MPa and 77 K.     

Adsorption of carbon dioxide on microporous carbon adsorbents

Adsorption isotherms of carbon dioxide on microporous carbon adsorbents prepared by activation with potassium sulfide in water vapor were measured. The measurements were carried out in the pressure interval from 1 Pa to 0.1 MPa at temperatures from 216.2 to 293.15 K. Based on the theory of volumetric filling of micropores, the main structural and energetic parameters of the microporous carbon adsorbents were calculated. The adsorption isosters of carbon dioxide were calculated from the adsorption isotherms in the same pressure and temperature ranges and approximated by linear dependences. The plots of the differential mole isosteric heats of adsorption vs amount adsorbed were constructed by using the adsorption isosters.     

Estimation of the average heat of gas adsorption from the adsorption isotherm measured at supercritical temperatures and pressures

Using a high-precision volumetric—gravimetric experimental unit, the adsorption iso-therms of methane, argon, and nitrogen were measured at pressures of 0.1—40 MPa and at temperatures of 303—373 K on four carbon adsorbents with different porosities. To calculate the characteristic energy and average heat of adsorption of gases in the supercritical region, two parameters, which characterize an adsorptive were introduced: critical temperature T _c of the gas and the analog of the saturated vapor pressure “P _s”, which is defined assuming that densities of an adsorbate and an adsorptive are equal. The average heats of gas adsorption well agree with the average isosteric heats for the adsorption systems over the entire pressure and temperature intervals under study.