PVP的混合分子量体系对AgNWs生长包覆的影响研究

近年来,AgNWs(Ag Nanowires)透明电极由于良好的导电性、优秀的韧性,作为氧化铟锡(ITO)的替代材料受到了广泛的关注,可以用于多种电子设备,如触摸屏、有机太阳能电池和显示器等.但是,在近年的透明电极应用中,低长径比所带来的雾度过高、导电性较差的缺陷使AgNWs不能广泛地推广,所以提高长径比是迫在眉睫的.本文采用一步多元醇法制备AgNWs,探究不同分子量的混合PVP体系参与反应对包覆效果及生长过程的影响.研究结果表明,与单一分子量PVP体系相比,PVP混合体系在生长过程中的再次形核点减少,AgNWs的长径比更高;分子量为1 300 000与分子量为58 000的PVP按2∶1的比例混合,AgNWs宽度最小,长径比最高可达到1 200以上.     

钛铝共掺杂氧化锌和钛掺杂氧化锌透明导电薄膜的制备与性能对比研究

利用直流磁控溅射法,在相同实验条件下成功沉积出了钛掺杂氧化锌(TZO)透明导电薄膜和钛铝共掺杂氧化锌(TAZO)透明导电薄膜,并对两种薄膜的结构、应力和光电性能进行了对比研究.结果表明:两种薄膜均为具有c轴择优取向的六角纤锌矿结构多晶薄膜;TAZO薄膜的导电性能优于TZO薄膜,100 W溅射功率下制备的TZO薄膜的电阻率具有其最小值5.17×10-4 Ω·cm,而相同功率下TAZO薄膜的电阻率为3.88×10-4 Ω·cm;同时TAZO薄膜的光学性能也优于TZO薄膜,所有TAZO薄膜样品的可见光透过率均大于91;,而TZO薄膜的可见光透过率均大于85;.     

膜厚对Zr,Al共掺杂ZnO透明导电薄膜结构和光电性能的影响

采用直流磁控溅射法在玻璃衬底上制备出Zr,Al共掺杂ZnO(AZZO)透明导电薄膜.用XRD和SEM分析和观察了薄膜样品的组织结构和表面形貌.研究表明:制备的AZZO透明导电薄膜为六角纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜,且具有c轴择优取向.另外还研究了薄膜的结构、光学和电学性质随薄膜厚度的变化关系.当薄膜厚度为843 nm时,电阻率具有最小值1.18×10~(-3) Ω·cm,在可见光区(500～800 nm)平均透过率超过93;.     

镓掺杂氧化锌透明导电薄膜的制备及其性能研究

采用射频磁控溅射方法在玻璃基片上制备了镓掺杂氧化锌(Ga∶ ZnO)透明导电薄膜,通过XRD、XPS、四探针仪和分光光度计等表征技术,研究了衬底温度对Ga∶ ZnO薄膜结构、组分、光学和电学性质的影响.结果表明:所有样品均为具有(002)择优取向的高质量透明导电薄膜,其晶体结构和光电性能与衬底温度密切相关.当衬底温度为673 K时,所制备的Ga∶ ZnO薄膜具有最大的晶粒尺寸(72.6 nm)、最低的电阻率(1.3×10-3Ω·cm)、较高的可见∶ZnO薄膜的光学能隙,结果显示随着衬底温度的升高,薄膜的光学能隙单调增加.     

基于柔性玻璃衬底ZnO∶B薄膜的非晶硅太阳能电池的制备及其光电性能研究

采用低压化学气相沉积法(LPCVD)在大面积(40 cm ×40 cm)超薄柔性玻璃和硬质玻璃衬底上分别制备了B掺杂的ZnO(BZO)透明导电薄膜及非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池,对比了两种衬底上BZO薄膜的形貌、光学和导电性能及其非晶硅薄膜电池的性能.结果表明,在相同LPCVD工艺下,超薄柔性玻璃衬底上BZO薄膜的生长速率相对减小;当生长相同厚度BZO薄膜时,超薄柔性玻璃衬底的透光率相对于硬质玻璃衬底提高约2;,同时并具有相同的导电能力.在柔性玻璃衬底上制备的非晶硅薄膜电池的初始和稳定转化效率也相对提高,分别达到9.16;和7.82;.     

反应磁控溅射制备AZO薄膜相结构的演化及机理研究

在室温下,利用直流反应磁控溅射技术在不同的氧气流量下沉积ZnO∶ Al (AZO)薄膜.采用XRD、SEM和TEM技术分析薄膜相成分、表面截面形貌及微观结构.结果表明:氧气流量为2.5 sccm时,沉积形成的薄膜为不透明具有金属导电性能的AZO/Zn( AZO)双层复合膜结构;氧气流量为3.5 sccm时,沉积形成了透明导电的AZO薄膜;氧气流量为5.0 sccm时,形成了透明不导电且含有纳米Al2O3颗粒的AZO薄膜;此外,AZO薄膜在400℃退火后,薄膜晶粒长大和(002)晶面方向择优生长更加明显以及高氧气流量沉积的AZO薄膜中的纳米Al2O3颗粒消失.     

铟锡氧(ITO)和氟锡氧(FTO)透明导电薄膜的表征与分析

本文以射频(RF)磁控溅射方法制备的ITO薄膜和购置的ITO及FTO薄膜为研究对象,通过紫外可见分光光度计表征薄膜样品的透射率,结果表明ITO和FTO薄膜均展现出良好的光学透过率。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察薄膜样品的表面形貌,所有薄膜样品的表面较为均匀。通过X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)表征薄膜样品表面的元素、组成、价态和电子态信息,结果表明制备方式与退火处理等因素影响了薄膜样品表面的元素组成与价态,这些信息与薄膜的电学和光学性能具有一定的关联。上述研究结果可以为新型透明导电薄膜的设计和性能提升提供参考。     

纳米硅增强纳米纤维薄膜的制备与研究

利用纳米硅粉和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)的乙醇混合溶液,通过静电纺丝和碳化制备了Si/C纳米纤维薄膜.通过XRD、SEM、XPS、拉伸测试和TG法对样品进行表征.结果表明,纤维直径、薄膜表面元素含量、碳化薄膜强度可以通过控制Si与PVP含量而调节;当Si与PVP的质量比为0.2时,碳化薄膜拉伸强度最高其值为(6.1±0.3)MPa,继续增加硅的含量其薄膜强度明显降低.     

ZAO透明导电薄膜微观结构和光电性能的研究

以ZnAl2O4陶瓷靶为靶材,采用射频磁控溅射法制备了掺铝氧化锌(ZAO)透明导电薄膜,通过XRD、SEM、四探针仪和分光光度计等测试,研究了沉积温度对薄膜结构、形貌、力学和光电性能的影响.结果表明:ZAO具有(002)择优取向的六角纤锌矿结构,沉积温度对薄膜性能具有明显影响,当温度位于370～ 400℃区间时,薄膜的结晶质量较好、电阻率较低、可见光波段的平均透射率较高,其品质因数大于1.20×10-2S,具有良好的光电综合性能.同时基于透射光谱计算了ZAO薄膜的光学常数,并用有效单振子理论解释了薄膜的折射率色散关系.     

沉积压强对Sc掺杂ZnO薄膜性能的影响

利用射频磁控溅射方法,采用Sc_2O_3掺杂(质量百分比2;)ZnO为靶材在石英玻璃上制备透明导电ZnO:Sc(SZO)薄膜.用X射线衍射仪、分光光度计及霍尔测试仪等对样品进行表征,分析了沉积压强从0.3 Pa到2.0 Pa的变化对SZO薄膜的微结构及光学特性的影响.XRD研究结果表明所有样品都是六角密堆积结构,而且溅射压强对SZO薄膜的微结构有着显著的影响.所有SZO薄膜的透过率在可见光区域均大于85;,近紫外区域由于吸收,透射率大大降低.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.