CdSe单晶体的生长及其特性研究

本文报道了用改进的垂直气相法(多级提纯垂直气相法)生长富Cd的CdSe单晶体,并对晶体的性能进行了观测,其电阻率为107Ωcm量级,电子陷阱浓度为108cm-3量级,第一次报道了(110)面的腐蚀形貌。结果表明：采用这种方法制备CdSe单晶,设备简单,易于操作,在提纯和生长过程中不需要转移原料,有利于减少晶体中的杂质含量,降低位错密度,改善晶体的电学性能。多级提纯垂直气相法是一种有前途的CdSe单晶体生长的新方法。     

无约束二次物理气相法CdSe单晶体的生长研究

在物理气相法的基础上,通过无约束二次气相输运法生长出具有自然显露面的尺寸约为6mm×7mm×2mmCdSe晶体.对生长晶体的结构、成分和形貌进行表征,测试发现:XRD粉末衍射图谱强度高无杂峰,CdSe晶体的3个自然显露面分别是(100)、(002)和(110)面,回摆曲线半峰宽度较小;ICP-MS结果显示样品中杂质含量有效降低;红外透过率测试结果显示无约束二次气相法生长的CdSe晶体红外透过率高;SEM观测发现其解理面呈阶梯状且台阶方向一致.结果表明,采用无约束二次气相法生长的CdSe晶体结晶质量较好,纯度高,红外透过率高,并根据BFDH模型分析CdSe晶体自然显露面出现的原因.     

移动加热器法生长CdMnTe晶体的性能研究

采用垂直布里奇曼法(VB)生长CdMnTe晶体,由于生长温度高、堆垛层错能低、热应力大等因素,晶体中存在大量孪晶、杂质、夹杂相等,限制其在核辐射探测器方面的应用.为了提高晶体的质量,本文采用移动加热器法(travelling heater method,THM)生长CdMnTe晶体,对该方法生长的晶体中Mn的轴向分布、杂质浓度、Te夹杂和电学性能进行测试分析,并与VB法生长的晶体作对比.结果表明THM法生长的CdMnTe晶体中Mn的轴向分布均匀,杂质浓度低于VB法制得的晶体,Te夹杂的尺寸5～25 μm,浓度105 cm-3,电阻率为109～1010Ω·cm,导电类型为弱n型,制备的探测器在室温下对241Am放射源有能谱响应.实验表明THM法生长的CMT晶体在晶体质量和电学性能方面明显优于VB法.     

α-NiSO4·6H2O晶体生长与光学性质

用水溶液降温法生长出光学品级的α-NiSO4·6H2O大单晶,对晶体的透过光谱和(001)晶面的X射线衍射性能进行了测试和表征.     

磷锗锌晶体的热处理研究

采用改进垂直布里奇曼法生长出的磷锗锌(ZnGeP2,ZGP)晶体中存在各种缺陷,导致其红外透过率较低,刚生长的晶体不能直接用于制备红外非线性光学器件.分别采用真空、同成分粉末包裹和真空-同成分粉末包裹的复合退火工艺对生长的ZGP晶体进行了退火热处理研究.应用傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、高阻仪(HRM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)等对退火前后的晶体性能和成分进行了测试分析.结果表明,三种方法退火后晶体的红外透过率和电阻率都得到改善,其中复合退火工艺的改善效果最为显著,晶体红外透过率由41;提高到60;,电阻率由2.5×108 Ω·cm提高到7.2 ×108 Ω·cm,晶体成分接近ZGP理想化学配比,退火后晶体的光学和电学性能得到显著改善,可用于ZGP-OPO器件制作.     

单质直接气相生长ZnSe单晶

本文直接以高纯Zn、Se单质为原料,加入少量碘单质作为反应输运剂,用化学气相输运(CVT)的方法一步成功的生长出了ZnSe单晶.采用XRD、EDS、紫外可见分光光度计和光致发光(PL)技术研究了生长的ZnSe晶体的结构、成份以及光学特性.结果表明,生长的ZnSe单晶具有较好结晶性能,成份接近理想的化学计量比,在500～2000nm范围内透过率达到65;～70;,在1.9～2.5 eV范围内存在与Zn空位和杂质能级相关的发光带.由Zn和Se单质在输运剂I2的辅助下一步直接生长ZnSe单晶是可行的.     

Zn-Mg-Se-I2系统生长ZnMgSe单晶及其特征

以高纯的Zn、Mg以及Se2单质为生长原料,加入高纯的碘单质作为反应输运剂,采用化学气相输运(CVT)方法成功制备了ZnMgSe单晶,并且分别采用X射线衍射、双晶衍射、紫外可见分光光度计、红外光谱仪以及光致发光(PL)技术研究了晶体的结构、结晶质量以及光学性质.结果表明,制备的单晶结晶性能良好,在500 ～ 1500 nm波长范围内的透过率接近50;,在400 ～ 4000 cm-1波长范围内的透过率达到42;,在2.0～2.6 eV范围内有三个明显的空位与杂质发光带.以Zn、Mg及Se2单质为生长原料,在输运剂I2的帮助下可以实现ZnMgSe单晶的生长.     

红外非线性光学晶体CdSe生长与性能表征

采用垂直无籽晶气相法(VUVG)生长出尺寸达26 mm×45 mm的CdSe单晶体,对CdSe晶体的稳态气相生长速率进行了深入讨论.采用气相升华法提纯后的CdSe多晶原料的X射线粉末衍射谱与PDF卡片值(65-3436)吻合,生长出的单晶体{100}和(110)面XRD衍射峰尖锐,无杂峰,且{100}面出现3级衍射峰.晶锭密度为5.74 g/cm3,与理论计算值接近.退火处理后的晶片在1000～7000 cm-1 红外波段范围内透过率达到70;.采用VUVG法生长的CdSe单晶体,结晶性能好、结构致密、尺寸大和红外透过率高,可用于制备红外非线性光学器件.     

钨酸铅闪烁晶体垂直梯度凝固法生长及光学性能研究

本文报道了垂直梯度凝固法(VGF)生长PWO晶体的研究结果.通过优化工艺参数,成功获得直径25mm、长度140mm的PWO晶体.通过测试PWO晶体的XRD、透过光谱、荧光光谱等,研究了所得晶体的光学性能.结果表明:VGF法生长PWO晶体在350～420 nm处的光学透过率明显提高,荧光发光主峰位于435 nm,是快发光峰,但慢发光比例有所增加.     

钼酸镉单晶的坩埚下降法生长及其退火效应

以CdO和MoO3粉料为初始试剂,通过高温固相烧结合成CdMoO4多晶料,采用坩埚下降法生长出尺寸达φ25 mm×130mm的透明完整CdMoO4单晶;应用DSC、XRD对所获单晶进行了结晶相和热性能表征,测试了单晶的紫外可见透射光谱、紫外光激发发射光谱及其发光衰减时间.结果表明,CdMoO4单晶具有良好的一致熔融析晶特性,采用坩埚下降法较易于生长出大尺寸单晶;该单晶在吸收截止边375 nm以上波长具有良好光学透过性,在300 nm紫外光激发作用下,测得该单晶具有525 nm左右峰值波长的荧光发射,其发光衰减时间为804 ～ 1054 ns.该单晶经氧气氛高温处理呈现出明显的退火消色效应,即经1000℃以上温度的氧气氛退火处理,可使晶体的光学透过性得以明显改善,其荧光发射强度显著增强.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.