Mercurous nitrate as a reductimetric reagent : The determination of mercurous mercury

Mercurous mercury can be determined indirectly by allowing the test solution to react with an excess of standard ferric alum and back-titrating the unconsumed ferric iron with standard mercurous nitrate. The titration can be carried out in the presence of appreciable quantities of mercuric mercury.     

Potassium meta-periodate as volumetric reagent : Iodine bromide method

Potassium meta-periodate has been used as an oxidising agent in acid medium for the volumetric estimationss of potassium iodide, arsenious oxide, antimonous oxide, stannous chloride, mercurous chloride, sodium sulphite, sodium thiosulphate, sodium tetrathionate, ferrous sulphate, potassium thiocyanate, hydrazine sulphate, phenylhydrazine hydrochloride and hydroquinone by the iodine bromide method. Carbon tetrachloride is used as an indicator. It is coloured pink during the titration. and becomes colourless at the end-point due to the formation of stable iodine bromide complex IBr2-, which does not dissociate, in the presence of a large excess of bromide ion.     

Mercurous salts as new reductimetric reagents for titrations in alkaline medium : Titration of chromium salts,arsenites, hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine

In this second note we have studied the titration of chromium salts, arsenites, hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine. These substances can be oxidized quantitatively in alkaline medium by a moderate excess of ferricyanide ion. This excess is afterwards determined by a standard solution of mercurous salt according to the method suggested in the first part of the paper ¹.In each case the most suitable conditions of alkalinity and temperature were established for carrying out the determination.     

Mercurous nitrate as a reductimetric reagent : The titration of various oxidising agents

It has been found that when excess of a solution containing ferrous ions is added to certain oxidising agents, the equivalent amount of ferric iron produced can be titrated accurately with mercurous nitrate, enabling the original oxidant to be assessed. Oxidising agents which have been determined in this way are potassium permanganate, potassium persulphate, ceric sulphate, sodium vanadate, potassium chlorate, hydrogen peroxide and potassium dichromate. The last substance provides a convenient primary standard for the standardisation of mercurous nitrate solutions.     

Studies in oxidation-reduction reactions: Oxidation with chloramine-b,iodine monochloride method

Chloramine-B has been used as an oxidizing agent in hydrochloric acid medium for the volumetric estimations of potassium iodide, arsenious oxide, tartar-emetic, mercurous chloride, stannous chloride, potassium thiocyanate, ferrous ammonium sulphate, hydrazine sulphate and hydroquinone, using iodine monochloride as a catalyst and pre-oxidizer. Chloroform is used as an indicator. It is coloured pink owing to the liberation of iodine during the titration and becomes light pale yellow at the end-point because of the formation of iodine monochloride.     

Potentiometrische Bestimmung von einwertigem Quecksilber mit Jod(I)-chlorid

Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren zur potentiometrischen Titration von Quecksilber(I) nitrat bzw. Quecksilber(I)-perchlorat mit 0,1 n Jodmonochloridlösung wurde ausgearbeitet. Zur Indikation diente eine blanke Platinelektrode, als Bezugselektrode eine gesÄtt. Kalomelelektrode. Der mittlere Fehler der Bestimmung betrug 0,7%, wenn 170 mg Quecksilber vorgelegt waren.Ferner wurde ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Quecksilber(I)-chlorid entwickelt. Hierfür wird 0,1 n Jodmonochloridlösung im überschu\ zugegeben und nach einer Schütteldauer von 30 min das unverbrauchte Jodmonochlorid mit 0,1 n Hydrazinsulfatlösung zurücktitriert. Die Bestimmungsfehler sind dabei in der Regel nicht grö\er als 0,6%.

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Summary A method has been developed for the potentiometric titration of mercurous nitrate or mercurous perohlorate with 0.1 N iodine monochloride solution. A platinum electrode is employed for indication, a saturated calomel electrode for reference. With 170mg of mercury the average error is 0.7%. Furthermore, a procedure has been worked out for the determination of mercurous chloride, comprising addition of 0.1 N iodine monochloride solution in excess, shaking for 30min, and back-titration of unreacted iodine monochloride with 0.1 N hydrazine sulphate solution. Errors usually do not exceed 0.6%.

     

Mercurous nitrate as a reductimetric reagent : The determination of copper

It has been found that in the presence of excess thiocyanate ions, cupric copper will oxidise ferrous ions. Use has been made of this reaction to determine copper by titration of the ferric iron produced, with mercurous nitrate. Although this reaction is the reverse of that usually observed, where the cuprous ion reduces the ferric iron, it has been found that the large excess of thiocyanate is responsible for this effect.     

Modifications of spectrophotometric methods for total phosphorus determination in meat samples

Spectrophotometric determination of total phosphorus in meat samples was modified using the molybdenum blue reaction with the following reducing agents: ascorbic acid (AA), hydrazine sulphate (HS), and mixture of hydroquinone and hydrazine sulphate (HHS). Proposed methods were validated by evaluation of statistical parameters such as: linearity, sensitivity, limits of detection (DL) and quantification (QL), precision, and accuracy, against the standard and malachite green (MG) modified procedures and by applying food certified materials. The values of within-day and between-days precision in meat samples for all tested reducing agents were better than 3.4 % and 4.2 %, respectively. The recoveries for CRMs analyses were between 92 % and 102.3 %. Obtained results suggest usefulness of the hydroquinone and hydrazine sulphate mixture in the determination of phosphorus ions.     

Bestimmung anorganischer Verunreinigungen in Natriumsulfonaten

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung von Sulfat und Chlorid in Sulfonaten beschrieben: Sulfat wird mit Bleinitrat gefällt und überschüssiges Blei mit Hexacyanoferrat(II)-lösung zurücktitriert, Chlorid wird direkt mit Quecksilber(I)-nitratlösung titriert.

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Summary A method is described for the determination of sulphate and chloride in sulphonates: sulphate is precipitated by lead nitrate and excess of lead is back titrated by ferrocyanide solution, chloride is titrated directly by mercurous nitrate solution.

     

硝酸肼的量热研究

用精密自动绝热量热计测定了在220 K—370 K温度范围内硝酸肼的热容、熔化热、熔化温度和熔化熵。所得热容数据的精密度以百分偏差的均方根值表示为±0.2％。三次熔化热测定的相对偏差为±0.1％。为验证结果的可靠性, 用该装置测定了冰的熔化热和熔化温度, 其结果与文献值一致; 又用法国SETARAM公司的高温量热计测定了硝酸肼的熔化热和熔化温度, 其结果与我们用量热法测定的结果一致; 从量热结果计算出了该试样的纯度, 该结果亦与化学分析的结果一致。这些均可说明我们所测得的数据是可靠的。     

Indirect spectrophotometric determination of some reducing agents,using phenolphthalin as reagent

Summary An indirect method for the spectrophotometric determination of microgram amounts of hydroquinone, hydroxylamine and hydrazine is outlined. A known excess of potassium ferricyanide solution is added to the sample solution to oxidise the compound to be determined; the excess of ferricyanide is then determined spectrophotometrically with phenolphthalin. The method is simple, reproducible and accurate to ±2%.

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Zusammenfassung Ein indirekles Verfahren für die spektrophotometrische Bestimmung von Mikromengen Hydrochinon, Hydroxylamin und Hydrazin wurde beschrieben. Eine gemessene überschüssige Menge Kaliumcyanoferrat(III) wird der Probenlösung zugesetzt, um die Verbindung zu oxydieren. Der Überschuß wird dann spektrophotometrisch mit Phenolphthalin gemessen. Das Verfahren ist einfach und auf ±2% genau.

     

Mercurous nitrate as a reductimetric reagent: The potentiometric titration of ferric iron in the presence of ions forming highly coloured thiocyanates

The reduction of ferric iron by means of mercurous salts in the presence of an excebs of ammonium, thiocyanate can be predicted on theoretical grounds. By consideration of the oxidation potentials involved it has been shown by calculation that quantitative reduction of the ferric iron is to be expected.—The titration may be effected potentiometrically using a bright platinum indicator electrode in conjunction with a silver/silver chloride electrode or a saturated calomel reference electrode. Ferric iron can be titrated in the presence of ions such as cobalt which form intensely coloured thiocyanate complexes.A possible method for the titration of molybdate by means of mercurous nitrate has been examined. The sensitivity of the method suffers from the instability of potential of the system under titration, but particularly since tungstate does not interfere, the method is worthy of further study.     

CATALYTIC WET PEROXIDE OXIDATION OF HYDROQUINONE WITH Co（II）/ACTIVE CARBON CATALYST LOADED IN STATIC BED

Catalysts based on Co（II） supported on active carbon were prepared and loaded in static bed. The hydroquinone would be degraded completely after treated by Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation method with Co（II）/active carbon catalyst. After activate treatment, the active carbon was immerged in cobaltous nitrate solution, then put into a drying oven, Co（II） could be loaded on the micro-surface of carbon. Taking the static bed as the equipment, the absorption of active carbon and catalysis of Co（II） was used to reduce activation energy of hydroquinone. Thus hydroquinone could be drastically degraded and the effluent can be drained under the standard. Referring to Fenton reaction mechanism, experiment had been done to study the heterogeneous catalyzed oxidation mechanism of Co（II）. The degradation rate of hydroquinone effluent could be achieved to 92% when treated in four columns at H2O2 concentration 10%, reaction temperature 40 ℃, pH 5 and reaction time 2.5h.     

Oxidations with potassium permanganate in the presence of fluoride

Summary The titration of ferrous iron in presence of fluoride ions in acid medium gives fleeting end points and erroneous results. A method is deviced to overcome this difficulty by oxidising the ferrous with an excess of KMnO₄ in alkaline medium. After mixing the reactants the excess of KMnO₄ is reduced by an excess of Hg₂ ²⁺ ions in presence of H₂SO₄ and fluoride. The remaining mercurous is then titrated with standard KMnO₄ solution.Part III: Issa, I. M., and M. Hamdy: Z. analyt. Chem. 174, 418 (1960).     

Selective Determination of Catechol in the Presence of Hydroquinone at Bare Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes via Peak‐Potential Separation and Redox Cycling by Hydrazine

The electrochemical, selective determination of catechol (CT) in the presence of hydroquinone (HQ) is not readily achieved, because the formal potentials of two phenolic compounds are very close. Here, we have developed a simple electrochemical method for the selective determination of CT by using bare indium tin oxide electrodes and employing CT redox cycling by hydrazine. The cyclic voltammetry of CT and HQ was investigated in Tris buffer (pH 9.0), phosphate buffered saline buffer (pH 7.4), and acetate buffer (pH 4.5). Especially in Tris buffer, the anodic peak potential of CT is much lower than that of HQ, resulting in a large difference between two peak potentials (ca. 0.4 V). The difference allows the selective determination of CT in the presence of excess HQ. The anodic current of CT is amplified using CT redox cycling by hydrazine, which also helps to stabilize CT and HQ in Tris buffer for several hours. The detection limits of CT in Tris buffer containing 0.1 mM HQ are 1 μM and 10 μM in the presence and absence of hydrazine, respectively.     

Bromometric determination of vanadium (V) by hydrazine

A method for the quantitative determination of vanadium(V), based on the reduction of vanadium(V) by hydrazine, has been described. The reduction is carried out in high concentration of hydrochloric acid and the excess hydrazine back-titrated against standard potassium bromate, using the dead-stop end-point procedure. Hydrazine is preferentially oxidized by bromate in presence of vanadium(IV). Accurate results have been obtained over a wide range of vanadium(V) concentration.     

Microdetermination of nitrates and nitramines-II Gasometric methods based on reduction with mercury, iron(II), titanium(III) and hydroquinone

Four gasometric micro-methods based on the reduction of nitrates or nitramines to nitric oxide with mercury, iron(II), titanium-(III) and hydroquinone in acid media are described. The mercury method is recommended for nitrate esters and secondary nitramines in the absence of aromatic compounds. The iron(II) method is advocated for primary nitramines and nitrate salts in the presence of aromatic compounds. Reductions with titanium(III) and hydroquinone are also successful with the nitrate salts in the presence of an aromatic moiety but the former gives less accurate results. The reduction conditions, mechanism, applications and limitations are described.     

An automatic absorptiometric method for the determination of nitrate

A method has been developed for the determination of nitrate with the Technicon Autoanalyser in the range 2–10 p.p.m. The method depends on the reduction of nitrate to nitrite by hydrazine in alkaline solution, with copper as a catalyst. The nitrite produced diazotises sulphanilamide and the product is coupled with N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine, to give a red dye, the absorbance of which is measured at 550 mμ. A relative standard deviation of 3–4% is obtained.     

Sodium meta-vanadate as volumetric reagent : Iodine monochloride method

Sodium meta-vanadate has been used as an oxidising agent in hydrochloric acid medium for the volumetric estimations of potassium iodide, sodium arsenite, mercurous chloride, potassium thiocyanate, sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite, sodium thiosulphate, ferrous sulphate and hydrazine sulphate, using iodine monochloride as a catalyst and preoxidiser. Chloroform is used as an indicator. It is coloured pink due to the liberation, of iodine during the titration and becomes light pale yellow at the end-point due to the formation of iodine monochloride.     

Volumetric studies in oxidation-reduction reactions: Oxidation with chloramine-t. iodine monochloride method

Chloramine-T has been used as an oxidizing agent in hydrochloric acid medium' for the volumetric estimations of potassium iodide, hydrazine sulphate, arscnious oxide, stannous chloride, mercurous chloride, tartar-emetic, potassium thiocyanate and ferrous ammonium sulphate, using iodine monochloride as a catalyst and pre-oxidizer. Chloroform is used as an indicator. It is coloured pink owing to the liberation of iodine during the titration and becomes very pale yellow at the end-point because of the formation of iodine monochloride.