Flame retardancy and thermal degradation of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene with MP/TPMP

The performances of the novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) polypropylene (PP) composites containing melamine phosphate (MP) and tris(1‐oxo‐2,6,7‐trioxa‐1‐phosphabicyclo[2,2,2]methylene‐4)phosphate (TPMP) were investigated. The flame retardancy of IFR‐PP system was characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL 94 and cone calorimeter. The morphology of the char obtained after cone calorimeter testing was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal oxidative degradation (TOD) of the composites was investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and real‐time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (RT‐FTIR). Compared with the PP/ TPMP or PP/ MP binary composite, at the same addition level, the LOI values of the PP/MP/TPMP ternary composites increase and reach V‐0 at the suitable MP/TPMP ratio. The results of TGA and RT‐FTIR showed the existence of the interaction between IFR and PP. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Manufacturing,thermal stability,and flammability properties of polypropylene containing new single molecule intumescent flame retardant

Melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate kaolin (MPPK) was synthesized by the reaction of pentaerythritol phosphate with kaolin (K) and melamine. The structure of MPPK was confirmed by EDXS, ¹H NMR, FTIR, and XRD. MPPK was blended with polypropylene (PP) at different loading levels. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that MPPK improved the thermal stability of PP at high temperatures in all PP composites. Vertical burning rate test manifested that PP composites can achieve V0 at 20% and 25% MPPK loading levels. Cone calorimeter data exhibited that addition of 25% MPPK to PP reduced peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 86% and 76% and increased the char residue after test to 67%. The results of PP/25% MPPK composite were compared with the data obtained from PP containing 25% K and 25% of traditional intumescent flame retardant composed of melamine phosphate (MP), pentaerythritol (PE), and K. The outcomes indicated that MPPK was more efficient in flame retardancy than the other systems. The digital photographs and SEM images for char residue demonstrated that MPPK succeeded in forming cellular and coherent char layer on the PP surface. The main advantage of adding 25% MPPK to PP was its ability to preserve nearly the inner half of the sample without burning after cone calorimeter test.     

Effect of a novel charring-foaming agent on flame retardancy and thermal degradation of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene

A new triazine polymer was synthesized by using cyanuric chloride, ethanolamine and ethylenediamine as raw materials. It is used both as a charring agent and as a foaming agent in intumescent flame retardants, designated as charring-foaming agent (CFA). Effect of CFA on flame retardancy, thermal degradation and mechanical properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene (PP) system (IFR-PP system) has been investigated. The results demonstrated that the intumescent flame retardant (IFR) consisting of CFA, APP and Zeolite 4A is very effective in flame retardancy of PP. It was found that when the weight ratio of CFA to APP is 1:2, that is, the components of the IFR are 64 wt% APP, 32 wt% CFA and 4 wt% Zeolite 4A, the IFR presents the most effective flame retardancy in PP systems. LOI value of IFR-PP reaches 37.0, when the IFR loading is 25 wt% in PP. It was also found that when the IFR loading is only 18 wt% in PP, the flame retardancy of IFR-PP can still pass V-0 rating, and its LOI value reaches 30.2. TGA data obtained in pure nitrogen demonstrated that CFA has a good ability of char formation itself, and CFA shows a high initial temperature of the thermal degradation. The char residue of CFA can reach 35.7 wt% at 700 °C. APP could effectively promote the char formation of the APP-CFA system. The char residue reaches 39.7 wt% at 700 °C, while it is 19.5% based on calculation. The IFR can change the thermal degradation behaviour of PP, enhance T_max of the decomposition peak of PP, and promote PP to form char, based upon the results of the calculation and the experiment. This is attributed to the fact that endothermic reactions took place in IFR charring process and the char layer formed by IFR prevented heat from transferring into inside of IFR-PP system. TGA results further explained the effective flame retardancy of the IFR containing CFA.     

Thermal degradation and flame retardancy of epoxy resins containing intumescent flame retardant

Pentaerythritol diphosphonate melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin salt, a novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (IFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with IFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI). 25 mass% of IFR were doped into EP to get 27.2 of LOI and UL 94 V-0. The thermal properties of epoxy resins containing IFR were investigated with thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermogravimetry (DTG). Activation energy for the decomposition of samples was obtained using Kissinger equation. The resultant data show that for EP containing IFR, compared with EP, IFR decreased mass loss, thermal stability and R _max, increased the char yield. The activation energy for the decomposition of EP is 230.4 kJ mol⁻¹ while it becomes 193.8 kJ mol⁻¹ for EP containing IFR, decreased by 36.6 kJ mol⁻¹, which shows that IFR can catalyze decomposition and carbonization of EP.     

Effects of metal oxides on intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene

Variable amounts of transition metal oxides (MO), such as MnO₂, ZnO, Ni₂O₃, etc., were incorporated into blends of polypropylene (PP)/ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/dipentaerythritol (DPER) with the aim of studying and comparing their effects with main‐group MO on intumescent flame retardance (IFR). The PP/IFR/MO composites were prepared using a twin‐screw extruder, and the IFR behavior was evaluated through oxygen index and vertical burning tests. The progressive enhancement of flame retardancy has proved to be strongly associated with the interaction between APP and MO. With the aid of thermogravimetry (TG) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and scanning electron microscopy, Ni₂O₃ has been shown to be the most effective among the aforementioned three MO. The flame‐retardant mechanism of the IFR system is also discussed in terms of catalytic charring, which relates to complex formation through the d‐orbitals of the transition metal elements. It is considered that the melt viscosity of a PP/APP/DPER blend containing Ni₂O₃ corresponds well to the gas release with increasing temperature. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of anion of polyoxometalate based organic–inorganic hybrid material on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene

In this work, 12‐tungestocobaltic acid based organic–inorganic hybrid material, [Bmim]₆CoW₁₂O₄₀ (CoW) was synthesized and applied as a synergist in polypropylene (PP)/intumescent flame retardant (IFR) composites. The flame retardant properties were investigated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 vertical burning test, thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA), cone calorimeter and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) etc. The results showed that the PP composites with 16 wt% IFR and 1 wt% CoW achieves the UL‐94 V‐0 rating and gets a LOI value 28.0. However, only add no less than 25 wt% single IFR, can the PP composites obtain the UL‐94 V‐0 rating, which suggests that CoW has good synergistic effects on flame retardancy of PP/IFR composites. In addition, the SEM and cone calorimeter tests indicated the CoW improves the quality of char layer. The rate of char formation has been enhanced also because of the existence of CoW. It is the combination of a better char quality and a high rate of char formation promoted by CoW that results in the excellent flame retardancy of PP/IFR composites. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of polysiloxane and silane‐modified SiO2 on a novel intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system

The effects of polysiloxane and silane‐modified SiO₂ (M‐SiO₂) on properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene (IFR‐PP) have been studied. The results demonstrate that both polysiloxane and M‐SiO₂ could effectively enhance the flame retardancy of the IFR‐PP, despite only 20 wt% loading of IFRs. Remarkably, the polysiloxane can clearly improve the water resistance of IFR‐PP. It can obtain UL‐94 V‐0 rating, and its LOI remains over 34% after the water treatment. The surface tension data, XPS data, and SEM sufficiently prove that the some of polysiloxane transfers to the IFR‐PP surface during processing. The TGA data show that the polysiloxane more effectively enhances the thermal stability of the IFR‐PP at high temperature and increases the char residue. The CONE results reveal that the polysiloxane can clearly change the decomposition behavior of PP and markedly reduce flammability parameters. The homogenous and compact intumescent char layers further confirm that polysiloxane is a very effective silicon‐containing additive for the flame retardancy and water resistance of the IFR‐PP. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synergistic effect of boron containing substances on flame retardancy and thermal stability of clay containing intumescent polypropylene nanoclay composites

The functions of nanoclay and three different boron containing substances, zinc borate (ZnB), borophosphate (BPO₄), and boron silicon containing preceramic oligomer (BSi), were studied to improve the flame retardancy of polypropylene (PP)‐nanoclay‐intumescent system composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER). The flame retardancy of PP composites was investigated using limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 standard, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and cone calorimeter. According to the results obtained, the addition of 20 wt% intumescent flame retardant (IFR) improved the flame retardancy by increasing the char formation. Addition of clay slightly increases the LOI value and reduces the maximum heat release rate (HRR). Addition of clay also increases the barrier effect due to intumescent char, especially in thin samples. Boron compounds show their highest synergistic effect at about 3 wt% loading. According to UL‐94 test and LOI test, 3 wt% ZnB containing composite shows the highest rating (V0) and BPO₄ containing sample shows the highest LOI value (26.5). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis of a novel ionic liquid containing phosphorus and its application in intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system

A novel ionic liquid containing phosphorus ([PCMIM]Cl) was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and ³¹P NMR. Moreover, a new intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system, which was composed of [PCMIM]Cl and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), was used to impart flame retardancy and dripping resistance to polypropylene (PP). The flammability and thermal behaviors of intumescent flame‐retarded PP (PP/IFR) composites were evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and cone calorimeter test. It was found that there was an obvious synergistic effect between [PCMIM]Cl and APP. When the weight ratio of [PCMIM]Cl and APP was 1:5 and the total amount of IFR was kept at 30 wt%, LOI value of PP/IFR composite reached 31.8, and V‐0 rating was obtained. Moreover, both the peak heat release rate and the peak mass loss rate of PP/IFR composites decreased significantly relative to PP and PP/APP composite from cone calorimeter analysis. The TGA curves suggested that [PCMIM]Cl had good ability of char formation, and when combined with APP, it could greatly promote the char formation of PP/IFR composites, hence improved the flame retardancy. Additionally, the rheological behaviors and mechanical properties of PP/IFR composites were also investigated, and it was found that [PCMIM]Cl could also serve as an efficient lubricant and compatibilizer between APP and PP, endowing the materials with satisfying processability and mechanical properties. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Joint‐aggregation intumescent flame‐retardant effect of ammonium polyphosphate and charring agent in polypropylene

In order to explore the structure mode of intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) with higher efficiency, IFR particles with joint‐aggregation structure (@IFR) were obtained through the treatment of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and a charring agent (PT‐Cluster) in their aqueous solution. Then, the joint‐aggregation IFR effect was researched using its application in polypropylene. In case of 20 wt% IFR loading, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of @IFR/PP was 1.1% higher than that of 15APP/5PT‐Cluster/PP mixture, and a 1.6 mm‐thick @IFR/PP composite passed the UL 94 V‐2 rating test, while 15APP/5PT‐Cluster/PP demonstrated no flame‐retardant rating in UL 94 vertical burning tests. In a cone calorimeter test, @IFR also had a better inhibition effect on heat release. The average heat release rate (av‐HRR) value during 0 to 120 seconds of @IFR/PP was only 41 kW m^?2, which was 33.9% lower than that of the 15APP/5PT‐Cluster/PP. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate (pk‐HRR) of @IFR/PP was 20.5% lower than that of 15APP/5PT‐Cluster/PP, and the time to pk‐HRR of @IFR/PP was 710 seconds, while that of 15APP/5PT‐Cluster/PP was 580 seconds. The better inhibition effect on HRR and the delay of time to pk‐HRR were caused by the joint‐aggregated structure of @IFR, which can rapidly react to form stable and efficient char layers. This kind of join‐aggregation IFR effect has great significance in suppressing the spread of fire in reality. In addition, @IFR also increased the mechanical properties of PP composites slightly compared with the APP/PT‐Cluster mixture.     

Synergistic effect of cocondensed nanosilica in intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene

Amino‐functionalized nanosilica (SiO₂‐NH₂) was prepared through cocondensation method using aminopropyltriethoxysilane as comonomer to hydrolyze and cocondense with tetraethylorthosilicate. The synergistic effect of combination of ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol with SiO₂‐NH₂ on the thermal and flame‐retardant properties of intumescent flame‐retardant (IFR) polypropylene (PP) has been investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectra, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and UL 94 tests. When 1.0 wt.% SiO₂‐NH₂ was added, the LOI value of the PP/IFR composite with 25 wt.% of IFR increased from 26.6% to 31.7%, while the UL 94 rating raised from not classified to V‐0. The TGA data demonstrated that the SiO₂‐NH₂ nanoparticles increased the charred residue of the PP/IFR composites. The morphological structures and the orderliness of the charred residue proved that SiO₂‐NH₂ promoted the formation of compact intumescent charred layer, which effectively protected the underlying polymer from burning. The XRD patterns of the charred residue indicated that nanosilica reacted with APP to form SiP₂O₇ crystal structure during combustion, which was beneficial to the formation of compact charred layers. In comparison with the inorganic SiO₂‐cal nanoparticles, the amino‐functionalized nanosilica revealed much more efficient synergistic flame‐retardant effect due to the difference of surface properties.     

Fire hazard suppression of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene based on a novel Ni‐containing char‐forming agent

Reducing the fire hazard of polypropylene (PP) is an important research direction in the fields of fire safety materials. In this article, a novel Ni‐containing char‐forming agent (TTPN) was successfully synthesized, using tris(2‐hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC), terephthalic acid, and nickel dihydrogen phosphate. Then, TTPN was combined with the silica‐gel microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (OS‐MCAPP) to prepare intumescent flame retardant PP composites. From the results of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test and cone calorimeter, the composite containing 30% IFR (OS‐MCAPP: TTPN = 3:2) shows the highest LOI value of 33.5%, and its peak heat release rate is 275.5 kWm^?2, decreased by 79.0% and 37.4% than those of pure PP and the composite containing the char‐forming agent without Ni. Meanwhile, the composite containing TTPN present the best smoke and CO₂/CO suppression. The results indicate that TTPN has an excellent ability to dramatically reduce the fire hazard of PP.     

Effects of carbon nanotubes on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of intumescent flame-retarded polypropylene

Flame retardant mixtures of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and intumescent flame retardant (IFR) were embedded in polypropylene (PP) to investigate what will happen if the additives exhibit two different flame retardation mechanisms. TEM tests showed that CNTs dispersed homogenously in PP matrix without any visible agglomeration. The effects of CNTs on thermal stability and flammability of PP were investigated by thermogravimetry (TG) and cone calorimetry tests, respectively. Results indicated that the introduction of CNTs only enhanced thermal stability of materials in a certain temperature range, but caused a severe deterioration of flame retardancy due to the interaction of the network structure and the intumescent carbonaceous char. Furthermore, conditions for an intumescent flame retardation system to behave with high efficiency were also discussed by a secondary combustion test.     

Synergistic effect of nanoflaky manganese phosphate on thermal degradation and flame retardant properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system

Nanoflaky manganese phosphate (NMP) was synthesized from manganese nitrate and trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate, and used as a synergistic agent on the flame retardancy of polypropylene (PP)/intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), real time Fourier-transform infrared (RTFTIR) spectroscopy measurements, cone calorimeter (CONE) and microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) were used to evaluate the synergistic effects of NMP on PP/IFR system. When IFR + NMP was fixed at 20 wt% in flame retardant PP system, the TGA tests showed that NMP could enhance the thermal stability of PP/IFR system at initial temperature from about room temperature to 440 °C and effectively increase the char residue formation. The RTFTIR results revealed that NMP could clearly change the decomposition behavior of PP in PP/IFR system, which promotes decomposition at the initial temperature from about room temperature to 260 °C and forms more effective barrier layer to protect PP from decomposing at high temperature from about 260 °C to 500 °C. The CONE tests indicated that the addition of NMP in PP/IFR system not only reduced the peak heat release rate (HRR), but also prolonged the ignition time. The MCC results revealed that PP/IFR/NMP system generated less combustion heat over the course of heating than that of PP/IFR system. And scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to explore the char residues of the PP/IFR systems with and without NMP.     

Organically modified montmorillonite as a synergist for intumescent flame retardant against the flammable polypropylene

Low flame retardant efficiency is a key bottleneck for currently available retardants against the flammable polypropylene (PP). Herein, the organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) was utilized as a synergist for our previously reported intumescent flame retardant (IFR) that was constructed from ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and hyperbranched charring foaming agent (HCFA) to further enhance the retardant efficiency against PP. The resultant's combustion behavior was thoroughly investigated by cone calorimetry, limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that 20% addition of IFR with OMMT showed a positive effect and improved the flame retardancy of the PP systems. Especially, addition of 2 wt% OMMT obviously increased the LOI values of PP systems with 20% total loading flame retardants from 29% to 31.5% and the samples meet V‐0 rating as well as the reduction of the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), CO₂, and CO production occurred. On the other hand, the SEM images were also revealed that OMMT initiated a dense and strong char on the surface of the material, which resulted in efficient flame retardancy of PP matrix during combustion. In addition, thermal degradation behavior discussed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that OMMT could improve the thermal stability of PP systems under high temperature, and promoted char residues of PP/IFR systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation of piperazine cyanurate by hydrogen‐bonding self‐assembly reaction and its application in intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene composites

Piperazine cyanurate (PCA) is designed and synthesized via hydrogen‐bonding self‐assembly reactions between piperazine and cyanuric acid. Chemical structure and morphology of PCA are investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The prepared PCA is combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to prepare flame‐retardant polypropylene (PP) composites. Thermostability, flammability, and combustion characteristics of PP composites are analyzed. The maximum thermal decomposition rate of flame‐retarded PP composites has an apparent reduction compared with that of pure PP, and obvious char is left for this intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system of APP and PCA. A high limiting oxygen index value and UL‐94 V‐0 rating are achieved with addition of APP and PCA. In cone calorimetry test, heat and smoke releases of PP are significantly decreased by this IFR system. Gaseous decomposition products during the thermal decomposition of flame‐retardant composites are studied. Chemical structure and morphology of char residues are analyzed. The results illustrate that APP and PCA have a superb synergistic action in the aspect of improvement in fire safety of PP. A possible flame‐retardant mechanism is concluded to reveal the synergism between APP and PCA.     

Synergistic effects of ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) in intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene

Ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) was added to an ammonium polyphosphate (APP)—pentaerythritol (petol) intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system in polypropylene (PP) matrix, with subsequent investigation into the synergistic effect between FePP and the IFRs. Limited oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test and cone calorimeter test were employed to study the flame retardance of the synthesized flame retardant PP composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermogravimetric analysis‐infrared spectrometry (TG‐IR) were used to study their thermal degradation characteristics and gas products. TG‐IR results demonstrate that there is no Fe (CO)₅ produced from PP/IFR/FePP system, which implies that the flame retardant mechanism of PP/IFR/FePP system is in the condensed phase rather than in the gas phase. Real time FTIR and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to monitor the thermal oxidative stability and the high temperature performance of the flame retardant PP composites. The real time FTIR spectra show that all peaks around 2900 cm^?1 almost disappear at 380°C for the PP/IFR system, meaning that PP decomposes completely at this temperature. But after the addition of 2 wt%wt% FePP, the peaks still exist till 400°C. XPS shows that the aliphatic carbon atom content in PP/23 wt%wt% IFR/2 wt%wt% FePP (63.8%) is much higher than the one without FePP, and the total oxygen atom content in PP/23 wt%wt% IFR/2 wt%wt% FePP is just 19.1%, while the one in PP/25 wt% IFR is as high as 35.7%. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Combustion properties and thermal degradation behavior of polylactide with an effective intumescent flame retardant

An intumescent flame retardant spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate disphosphoryl melamine (SPDPM) has been synthesized and its structure was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry (FTIR), ¹H and ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonances (NMR). A series of polylactide (PLA)-based flame retardant composites containing SPDPM were prepared by melt blending method. The combustion properties of PLA/SPDPM composites were evaluated through UL-94, limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests and microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) experiments. It is found that SPDPM integrating acid, char and gas sources significantly improved the flame retardancy and anti-dripping performance of PLA. When 25 wt% flame retardant was added, the composites achieved UL-94 V0, and the LOI value was increased to 38. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the weight loss rate of PLA was decreased by introduction of SPDPM. In addition, the thermal degradation process and possible flame retardant mechanism of PLA composites with SPDPM were analyzed by in situ FTIR.     

新型单组份磷-氮膨胀型阻燃剂的热分解动力学

利用热重分析法研究了在不同升温速率下新型单组份磷-氮膨胀型阻燃剂六(4-(9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物)-羟甲基苯氧基)环三磷腈(DOPOMPC)在氮气气氛和空气气氛中的热分解动力学.采用Kissinger和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)法分别计算出DOPOMPC在相应气氛下的活化能和指前因子.     

Study on intumescent flame retarded polystyrene composites with improved flame retardancy

The flame retardancy and thermal stability of ammonium polyphosphate/tripentaerythritol (APP/TPE) intumescent flame retarded polystyrene composites (PS/IFR) combined with organically-modified layered inorganic materials (montmorillonite clay and zirconium phosphate), nanofiber (multiwall carbon nanotubs), nanoparticle (Fe₂O₃) and nickel catalyst were evaluated by cone calorimetry, microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Cone calorimetry revealed that a small substitution of IFR by most of these fillers (≤2%) imparted substantial improvement in flammability performance. The montmorillonite clay exhibited the highest efficiency in reducing the peak heat release rate of PS/IFR composite, while zirconium phosphate modified with C₂₁H₂₆NClO₃S exhibited a negative effect. The yield and thermal stability of the char obtained from TGA correlated well with the reduction in the peak heat release rate in the cone calorimeter. Since intumesence is a condensed-phase flame process, the MCC results showed features different from those obtained from the cone calorimeter.