Anion-exchange separation and spectrophotometric determination of molybdenum and tungsten in silicate rocks

A combined ion-exchange spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of molybdenum and tungsten in silicate rocks. After the decomposition of samples with a mixture of sulphuric, nitric and hydrofluoric acids, traces of molybdenum and tungsten are separated from other elements by anion-exchange in acid sulphate media containing hydrogen peroxide. The adsorbed molybdenum and tungsten can easily be stripped from the column by elution with sodium hydroxide-sodium chloride solution. The adsorption and desorption steps provide selective concentration of molybdenum and tungsten, allowing the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of the two metals with dithiol. Results on the quantitative determination of molybdenum and tungsten in the U.S. Geological Survey standard samples are included.     

Separation of tungsten from molybdenum by liquid-liquid extraction and extraction chromatography using thiocyanate and a quaternary ammonium salt

Methods were developed for the separation of tungsten from molybdenum by liquid-liquid extraction and extraction chromatography using thiocyanate and a quaternary ammonium salt, Zephiramine. Tungsten was extracted into chloroform as an ion associate of tungsten(V)-thiocyanate complex and Zephiramine cation was retained on a column of Teflon powder coated with Zephiramine, but molybdenum(III) was neither extracted nor retained. The extraction chromatographic method was successfully applied to the determination of trace amounts of tungsten in molybdenum by neutron activation analysis.     

Application of modified counter-current technique to the determination of tungsten in molybdenum

More than trace amounts of molybdenum interfere in the determination of tungsten by the dithiol method. A simplified counter-current extraction method is described which allows the determination of 5 p.p.m. or more of tungsten in a molybdenum matrix. The optimum conditions for the separation were a 6 M HCL-2.4 M HF medium and methyl isobutyl ketone as extractant; the percentage extractions in a single pass were 85% and 15% for molybdenum and tungsten, respectively.     

Determination of molybdenum and tungsten at trace levels in rocks and minerals by solvent extraction and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Separation by solvent extraction followed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry has been used for determination of molybdenum and tungsten in rocks and minerals. Samples are decomposed either by heating with a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and perchloric acid or by fusion with potassium pyrosulphate, followed by extraction of molybdenum and tungsten with N-benzoylphenylhydroxylamine in toluene from 4-5M sulphuric acid medium. The extract is collected on a mass of cellulose powder, which is dried in vacuum, mixed thoroughly and pressed into a disc for XRF measurements. The method is free from all matrix effects and needs no mathematical corrections for interelement effects. The method is suitable for determination of molybdenum and tungsten in geological materials down to ppm levels, with reasonable precision and accuracy.     

Determination of small amounts of titanium in pure molybdenum,tungsten, vanadium and their oxides after separation on silica gel

A new method for the separation of titanium from molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium is described, based on sorption of the titanium complex with hydrogen peroxide on silica gel under dynamic conditions. The eluted titanium is determined spectrophotometrically with diantipyrylmethane. The method can be applied to the determination of small amounts of titanium in tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium metals and in their oxides.     

利用溶液状态的差别在大量钨存在下选择性测定微量钼

本文报道了在大量钨存在下选择性测定微量钼的方法。利用溶液状态的性质,研究加大钼、钨显色反应差别的条件,使钨失去了反应能力,而钼可选择性地显色。     

Contributions to the Chemistry of the Binary Compounds of the Transition Elements

Phase and structural relationships of the sulfur, selenium, and tellurium compounds of the 4d and 5d transition elements of groups IV to VII of the periodic system are discussed. Homologous elements behave very similarly with respect to the chalcogens, and this is particularly the case for niobium and tantalum, and for molybdenum and tungsten. However, zirconium, niobium, and molybdenum have a greater tendency towards formation of chalcogen-poor phases than their homologues hafnium, tantalum, and tungsten. Subchalcogenides are known only for zirconium and niobium. The number of phases and the tendency towards formation of solid solutions are considerably smaller among the tellurides than among the sulfides and selenides. The crystal structures of the telluride phases also differ from those of the sulfide and selenide phases of analogous composition. In addition, a review of the phase and structural relationships of the arsenic and antimony compounds of the 4d and 5d transition elements of groups V to VII is given.     

The determination of molybdenum and tungsten by high resolution spectrometry of alpha-induced prompt photon emission

A simple, rapid and non-destructive method is described for determining molybdenum and tungsten in steels over the concentration range 0.07 to about 20% by mass. The method uses high resolution spectrometry of the low energy gamma-rays induced by 5 MeV alpha-particle beams. The precision for molybdenum is 2.7% and for tungsten is 0.55% using respectively the 204 and 100.1 keV gamma-rays. Results obtained by Ge(Li) and intrinsic germanium detectors are compared. The extent of interference from other elements is discussed.     

Electrodeposition of tungsten and molybdenum metals and their carbides from low-temperature halide-oxide melts

The electrodeposition of tungsten and molybdenum metals and their carbides from the halide-oxide melts at a temperature of 550°C is studied using cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrolyses. The conditions of concurrent electroreduction of fluoroxide complexes of tungsten and molybdenum with carbon dioxide and also with nickel and cobalt ions in the halide-oxide melts at 550°C are found. The optimal conditions for the production of tungsten and molybdenum metals, tungsten (molybdenum) carbides, and binary carbides of tungsten with nickel (cobalt) from the oxide-halide melts are determined.     

Spectrophotometric determination of molybdenum and tungsten in niobium with dithiol

A new procedure for the determination of molybdenum and tungsten in niobium has been developed. The method involves the formation of the intensely colored complex of molybdenum with toluene-3,4-dithiol in an aqueous medium and its extraction into carbon tetrachloride followed by the reduction of tungsten and the formation and extraction of its complex. The recommended reagent is stable for at least 90 days. Both the molybdenum and the tungsten dithiol complexes are formed quantitatively within 5 min. Interlaboratory evaluation of the method reveals within-laboratory and between-laboratory relative standard deviations of about 1.5% and 2.9% respectively.     

Determination of molybdenum in ores, iron and steel by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry after separation by alpha-benzoinoxime extraction or further xanthate extraction

A simple and moderately rapid method for determining 0.001% or more of molybdenum in ores, iron and steel is described. After sample decomposition, molybdenum is separated from the matrix elements, except tungsten, by chloroform extraction of its alpha-benzoinoxime complex from a 1.75 M hydrochloric-0.13 M tartaric acid medium. Depending on the amount of tungsten present, molybdenum, if necessary, is back-extracted into concentrated ammonia solution and subsequently separated from coextracted tungsten by chloroform extraction of its xanthate complex from a 1.5M hydrochloric-0.13M tartaric acid medium. It is ultimately determined by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry, at 313.3 nm, in a 15% v/v hydrochloric acid medium containing 1,000 microg/ml of aluminium as the chloride, after evaporation of either extract to dryness with nitric, perchloric and sulphuric acids and dissolution of the salts in dilute ammonia solution.     

Determination of Molybdenum and Tungsten with Iodide Activity Electrode

Abstract

A new method for the determination of molybdenum and tungsten is described based on their catalysis of the hydrogen peroxide-iodide reaction as monitored with an iodide ion-selective electrode. This method yields better results than methods previously used. For example, Yatsimirskii and Afanaseva¹ and Erdey and Svehla² have found a lower limit of 0.02 and 0.1 μ.g/ml for molybdenum. In the present work as little as 0.004 μg/ml of molybdenum and tungsten is determinable.     

钼(Ⅵ)和钨(Ⅵ)的阴离子交换性能研究——草酸-盐酸体系

本文在草酸-盐酸体系中,研究钼、钨等元素在强碱性阴离子交换树脂ZerolitFF上的阴离子交换行为,并确定其分离的最佳条件。用高仅2厘米,直径0.9厘米的交换柱可分离大量钨等元素中的微量钼;其分离比率高达1×10⁴:1。应用于试剂级钨酸钠中钼的分离,结果满意。此外,还确定在该体系中,钼与树脂相进行交换的主要形式为MoO₂(C₂O₄)₂^2-。     

钼(Ⅵ)和钨(Ⅵ)的阴离子交换性能研究——含有机溶剂体系

本文在含有机溶剂的盐酸体系和络合剂-盐酸体系中,研究了铜和钨在强碱性阴离子交换树脂ZerolitEF上的阴离子交换行为.探讨了影响钼和钨在树脂相和溶液相间分配的主要因素及其机理,为大量钼中痕量钨的分离和浓集提供了依据.     

仲钨酸B的形成及其在钨钼分离中的应用

用SiO_2作催化剂可大大加快仲钨酸A转变成仲钨酸B,反应后溶液的pH值从6.7升至8.1,在此pH条件下,MoO_4~(2-)不聚合成Mo_7O_(24)~(6-),利用这一差异,在含有杂质钼的仲钨酸B溶液中,加入胍盐后,钨以仲钨酸B胍盐[CN_3H_6]_6W_7O_(24)·4H_2O形式沉淀,钼以MoO_4~(2-)留在溶液中,从而可分离钨和钼。     

Homoleptic coordination of arsenine C5H5As to molybdenum(0) and tungsten(0): further observations on the eta1,eta6-dilemma

By means of metal-atom ligand-vapor cocondensation (CC) hexa(eta1-arsenine)molybdenum (11) and hexa(eta1-arsenine)tungsten (12) have been prepared; in the molybdenum case, the sandwich complex bis(eta6-arsenine)molybdenum (10) has been isolated as the primary product. The structure of 12 follows from a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. Based on the results of CC synthesis, chromium binds to arsenine in the eta6-mode exclusively, molybdenum features both options eta1 and eta6, and for tungsten only eta1 coordination is observed.     

Spectrophotometric determination of molybdenum in the presence of tungsten using gallein and benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide

The chemical similarity between molybdenum and tungsten makes the direct spectrophotometric determination of these metals impossible. Usually the determination is preceded by a separation step. In order to find out a selective and quantitative isolation method, coprecipitation with thioacetamide and Cu(II) as a carrier; MnO₂; cupferron, tannin and crystal violet; quinolin-8-ol, tannin and thioacetamide, were examined. Molybdenum(VI) could be determined in the presence of 100-fold mass excess of tungsten after precipitation with thioacetamide and Cu(II). The remaining methods could only be applied if mass excess of W is equal to or lower with respect to Mo. For the resolution of this problem, the derivative spectrophotometry was used. The studies of different order spectra of gallein complexes of molybdenum, tungsten and their mixtures have shown that the fifth-derivative spectra allows one to eliminate the interfering effects of W on the determination of Mo. At 650 nm the spectral features of tungsten is zeroing while the value of the fifth-derivative spectrum of mixture of Mo and W corresponds only to the concentration of molybdenum in the examined solution. Beer’s law is obeyed in the range 0.32–0.80 μg/mL of Mo. The developed derivative spectrophotometric method and the most selective pre-separation method, based on the precipitation of molybdenum(VI) sulphide, were applied to the determination of Mo in Armco iron and steel. The accuracy of the elaborated methods was confirmed by comparison of the determined content of Mo with certified values as well as with the result obtained by the reference ICP-OES technique.     

A study of the tungsten-hydroquinone color: Spectrophotometric determination of tungsten in tungsten steels

The red color produced by tungsten and hydroquinone in a concentrated sulfuric acid medium was studied. Various factors affecting the color were examined including the effects of phosphoric acid, water, hydrochloric acid, tin(II) chloride, and wavelength of measurement. The interferences from iron, molybdenum, vanadium, and titanium were studied. A method is described for the determination of tungsten in tungsten steels that involves precipitation of the tungsten with cinchonine. ignition to tungstic oxide, dissolution of the tungstic oxide in sodium hydroxide, and development of the tungsten hydroquinone color on an aliquot of the solution.     

Tungsten and molybdenum co-precipitation by α-benzoinoxime for activation analysis of tungsten

The co-precipitation of tungsten and molybdenum by α-benzoinoxime has been studied. Comparison of relative yields for both elements is made. Results showed coincidence and let conclude that molybdenum can be used as tracer to calculate sample to standard relative yield for tungsten. Analyses of water samples for tungsten were made and results were also presented.     

Extraction of Molybdenum(VI) from Aqueous-Peroxide Solutions of Sodium Tungstate with Trialkylamine

The extraction of molybdenum(VI) from aqueous-peroxide solutions of sodium tungstate with a trialkylamine-isooctyl alcohol mixture in kerosene was studied in relation to the ratio of the organic and aqueous phases, hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen chloride consumption, and the ratio of molybdenum(VI) and tungsten (VI) in the aqueous phase. A method for additional purification of the raffinate to remove molybdenum was developed.