Raman spectroscopy and CARS microscopy of stem cells and their derivatives

The characterisation of stem cells is of vital importance to regenerative medicine. Failure to separate out all stem cells from differentiated cells before therapies can result in teratomas—tumours of multiple cell types. Typically, characterisation is performed in a destructive manner with fluorescent assays. A truly non‐invasive method of characterisation would be a major breakthrough in stem cell‐based therapies. Raman spectroscopy has revealed that DNA and RNA levels drop when a stem cell differentiates into other cell types, which we link to a change in the relative sizes of the nucleus and cytoplasm. We also used Raman spectroscopy to investigate the biochemistry within an early embryo, or blastocyst, which differs greatly from colonies of embryonic stem cells. Certain cell types that differentiate from stem cells can be identified by directly imaging the biochemistry with CARS microscopy; examples presented are hydroxyapatite—a precursor to bone, and lipids in adipocytes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于光影图像获取光照信息的研究与实现

为了解决现有方法在获取光照是否为直射光且强度是否达到或超过一定值这两个光照信息时存在的问题,提出了一种基于计算机Matlab程序的图像处理,从光照形成的光影图像中自动获取上述光照信息的方法。分析了光影图像的特征与光照信息的关系,在实验室条件下拍摄了网格光影图像;用Matlab语言设计了处理程序并应用于获取该光影图像对应的光照信息。结果表明:该方法能较准确地自动获取光影图像的特征值及实际光照信息,且程序运行稳定,避免了现有方法的不足。     

Nonlinear optical microscopy for drug delivery monitoring and cancer tissue imaging

A multimodal nonlinear optical microscope that combines coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), two‐photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF), second‐harmonic generation (SHG) and sum‐frequency generation (SFG) was developed and applied to image breast cancer tissue and MCF‐7 cells as well as monitoring anticancer drug delivery in live cells. TPEF imaging showed that drugs are preferentially localized in the cytoplasm and the nuclear envelope in resistant cells. Moreover, the extracellular matrix was observed by TPEF signals arising from elastin's autofluorescence and SHG signals from collagen fibrils in breast tissue sections. Additionally, CARS signals arising from proteins and (PO₂)⁻ allowed identification of tumors. Label‐free imaging with chemical contrast of significant components of cancer cells and tissue suggests the potential of multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy for early detection and diagnosis of cancer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于GA和CARS的真空包装冷却羊肉细菌菌落总数高光谱检测

在光谱建模过程中,采用不同的变量筛选算法进行光谱特征波段的提取已成为提高模型效果的重要方法。以真空包装的冷却羊肉细菌菌落总数作为研究指标,比较了两种变量筛选算法对其高光谱偏最小二乘(partial least squares, PLS)模型效果的影响。研究提取了样品肌肉感兴趣区域(ROIs)的羊肉光谱并进行预处理,进而采用遗传算法(genetic algorithm, GA)和竞争性自适应重加权法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, CARS)分别对预处理后的473～1 000 nm范围光谱进行特征波段的提取,对比分析了不同波段下羊肉细菌菌落总数的GA-PLS, CARS-PLS和全波段PLS(W-PLS)模型效果。结果表明,GA-PLS和CARS-PLS的模型效果均优于W-PLS,且CARS-PLS模型效果最好,其校正集的决定系数(R2_c)和均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSEC)分别为0.96和0.29,交互验证的决定系数(R2_cv)和均方根误差(root mean square errorof cross validation, RMSECV)分别为0.92和0.46,预测集的决定系数(R2_p)和均方根误差(root mean square error of prediction, RMSEP)分别为0.92和0.47,预测相对分析误差(relative prediction deviation, RPD)为3.58。因此利用高光谱图像技术结合CARS-PLS可以实现羊肉细菌菌落总数快速无损准确检测。     

Maximal and total skew information of three-qubit system obtained using nonlinear interaction models

Both the maximal and the total skew information have been studied. For a three-qubit system implemented in three nonlinear interaction models, we give the exact state vector at any time t. Based on this, we give the maximal and the total skew information. It is found that they have the same form and their evolution periods are dependent on the energy difference between the ground state and the second excited state in these models. The maximal skew information is always in the (S_x,S_y) plane. We give the condition for the occurrence of |GHZ〉_Sy, in which they can reach the extreme values of 9/4 and 15/4, respectively. In three different decoherence channels, two kinds of information and the concurrence are calculated. We find that the phenomenon of the concurrence of sudden death occurs, but the above two kinds of information do not die suddenly. In the phase-damping channel, the two kinds of information will not be lost completely.     

月球表面遥感图像阴影消除及其信息恢复研究

由于月球表面的地形起伏引起月面遥感图像像素与太阳相对位置和几何取向不一致,导致月面遥感数字图像上阴影像素的产生。为了解决这一问题,利用与遥感图像匹配的DEM和光照方位参数进行遥感图像的阴影判断,基于DEM数据,利用邻坡反射辐射,进行自然地形条件下的月表遥感图像阴影像素的阴影消除,恢复成太阳光谱照度相等（入射角,反射角和距离相同）时的像素遥感值。仿真实验结果表明：该方法较好地消除了月表影像的阴影,充分恢复了月表影像的反射/光谱特征。     

Semi-automated Acanthamoeba polyphaga detection and computation of Salmonella typhimurium concentration in spatio-temporal images

Interaction between bacteria and protozoa is an increasing area of interest, however there are a few systems that allow extensive observation of the interactions. A semi-automated approach is proposed to analyse a large amount of experimental data and avoid a time demanding manual object classification. We examined a surface system consisting of non nutrient agar with a uniform bacterial lawn that extended over the agar surface, and a spatially localised central population of amoebae. Location and identification of protozoa and quantification of bacteria population are performed by the employment of image analysis techniques in a series of spatial images. The quantitative tools are based on intensity thresholding, or on probabilistic models. To accelerate organism identification, correct classification errors and attain quantitative details of all objects a custom written Graphical User Interfaces has also been developed.     

STM images from diamond surfaces: steps towards comparisons of experiment and theory

Stable clean and hydrogenated diamond (100) and (111) surface reconstructions found by density functional molecular dynamics (DFMD) are characterized in their surface electronic properties. For sufficiently large surface slab supercells we have calculated the spatially resolved charge densities of the highest occupied surface states at constant height, which are compared with recently obtained images from scanning tunneling microscopy. The calculated charge-density distributions represent signatures of the considered surfaces which might be used to understand and to classify as-grown diamond surfaces.     

Wavelet processing and digital interferometric contrast to improve reconstructions from X‐ray Gabor holograms

In this work, the application of an undecimated wavelet transformation together with digital interferometric contrast to improve the resulting reconstructions in a digital hard X‐ray Gabor holographic microscope is shown. Specifically, the starlet transform is used together with digital Zernike contrast. With this contrast, the results show that only a small set of scales from the hologram are, in effect, useful, and it is possible to enhance the details of the reconstruction.     

Three-dimensional holographic reconstruction of two-dimensional image information from serial sections and its applications in biomedicine

An experimental study to synthesize holographically two-dimensional projections of serial sections at various depths into three-dimensional images is described. The effects caused by the position, size and resolution of virtual images during reconstruction are analysed, and the advantages and limitations of this method are discussed. An application of this experimental method — the three-dimensional reconstruction of serial sections of a newt embryo — is presented.     

Discriminative analysis of multivariate features from structural MRI and diffusion tensor images

Imaging markers derived from magnetic resonance images, together with machine learning techniques allow for the recognition of unique anatomical patterns and further differentiating Alzheimer's disease (AD) from normal states. T1-based imaging markers, especially volumetric patterns have demonstrated their discriminative potential, however, rely on the tissue abnormalities of gray matter alone. White matter abnormalities and their contribution to AD discrimination have been studied by measuring voxel-based intensities in diffusion tensor images (DTI); however, no systematic study has been done on the discriminative power of either region-of-interest (ROI)-based features from DTI or the combined features extracted from both T1 images and DTI. ROI-based analysis could potentially reduce the feature dimensionality of DTI indices, usually from more than 10e + 5, to 10–150 which is almost equal to the order of magnitude with respect to volumetric features from T1. Therefore it allows for straight forward combination of intensity based landmarks of DTI indices and volumetric features of T1. In the present study, the feasibility of tract-based features related to Alzheimer's disease was first evaluated by measuring its discriminative capability using support vector machine on fractional anisotropy (FA) maps collected from 21 subjects with Alzheimer's disease and 15 normal controls. Then the performance of the tract-based FA + gray matter volumes-combined feature was evaluated by cross-validation. The combined feature yielded good classification result with 94.3% accuracy, 95.0% sensitivity, 93.3% specificity, and 0.96 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The tract-based FA and the tract-based FA + gray matter volumes-combined features are certified their feasibilities for the recognition of anatomical features and may serve to complement classification methods based on other imaging markers.     

单光路共轴数字全息去背景新方法及应用

针对数字全息图像背景去除的问题,提出两种全息图像重建去背景的方法:背景减弱法和自适应滤波法.搭建了共轴数字全息显微成像实验系统,利用该系统分别对洋葱表皮、植物根茎横切标本、叶片气孔标本和血细胞标本进行背景去除和图像重建.通过光强分布曲线、对比度计算等证明了自适应滤波方法在共轴数字全息结构中去除背景的有效性.实验结果表明,根据环境、样品等不同,全息图的背景也会发生变化.基于此结果,将全息数字显微图像分为三类,并针对不同的背景特点,得出了获取最佳重建图像应采用的有效去除背景方法.研究结果有助于共轴光路数字全息显微术中的重建成像.     

X射线对CCD噪声影响的分析及滤波方法研究

通过实验分析了X射线对CCD的影响以及射线噪声的特点 ,并针对这种噪声的性质提出了菱形均值滤波器。经过计算机仿真滤波实验和实际应用 ,与递归与非递归中值滤波器作了对比 ,表明该滤波器不但能有效滤除脉冲噪声 ,而且能够较好地保持图像边缘和细节。     

Region-based fusion of infrared and visible images using nonsubsampled contourlet transform

With the nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT), a novel region-segmentation-based fusion algorithm for infrared (IR) and visible images is presented.The IR image is segmented according to the physical features of the target.The source images are decomposed by the NSCT, and then, different fusion rules for the target regions and the background regions are employed to merge the NSCT coefficients respectively.Finally, the fused image is obtained by applying the inverse NSCT.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the pixel-based methods, including the traditional wavelet-based method and NSCT-based method.     

Automated segmentation of lateral ventricles from human and primate magnetic resonance images using cognition network technology

Automatic segmentation of different types of tissue from magnetic resonance images is of great importance for clinical and research applications, particularly large-scale and longitudinal studies of brain pathology. We developed a fully automated algorithm for the segmentation of lateral ventricles from cranial magnetic resonance images. This problem is of interest in the study of schizophrenia, dementia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Our algorithm achieves comparable results to expert human raters. The theoretical approach, which is based on an emerging object-oriented technology that has been adapted and evaluated to process 3D data for the first time, may, in the future, be transferred to other important problems of magnetic resonance image analysis like gray/white matter segmentation.     

Viewing effects of 3-D images synthesized from a series of 2-D tomograms by VAP and HAP approaches

We report, for the first time, the experimental result and its analysis of synthesizing a series of simulating 2-D tomograms into a 3-D monochromatic image. Our result shows clearly the advantage in monochromaticity of a vertical area-partition (VAP) approach over a horizontal area-partition (HAP) approach during the final white-light reconstruction. This monochromaticity will ensure a 3-D image synthesis without any distortion in gray level or positional recovery.     

Viewing effects of 3-D images synthesized from a series of 2-D tomograms by VAP and HAP approaches

We report, for the first time, the experimental result and its analysis of synthesizing a series of simulating 2-D tomograms into a 3-D monochromatic image. Our result shows clearly the advantage in monochromaticity of a vertical area-partition (VAP) approach over a horizontal area-partition (HAP) approach during the final white-light reconstruction. This monochromaticity will ensure a 3-D image synthesis without any distortion in gray level or positional recovery.     

在单细胞水平上基于拉曼光谱和原子力显微镜研究不同地区PM2.5的毒理效应

PM2.5作为一种重要的空气污染物,研究不同地区PM2.5对人体细胞的损伤异同具有重要意义。本实验以人肺癌细胞为研究对象,分别经过3个不同地区PM2.5日均量暴露2 h,采用拉曼光谱仪和原子力显微镜对活性单细胞的光谱、形貌和生物力学指标进行检测,通过酶联免疫反应检测细胞产生的发炎因子浓度。统计分析表明：PM2.5暴露后细胞拉曼峰1 002.97,1 127.29,1 172.83和1 338.1 cm-1强度变大;细胞伪足收缩或残缺,细胞核区变高;苏州地区PM2.5暴露后细胞黏滞功变小,弹性能变大;细胞产生发炎响应。发现经不同地区PM2.5暴露后,单细胞光学和力学信息发生了各异的改变,因此单细胞水平上研究不同地区PM2.5的毒理效应,为空气污染治理、肺部疾病防控提供数据支撑。     

Pump and probe nonlinear processes: new modified sum rules from a simple oscillator model

The nonlinear oscillator model is useful to basically understand the most important properties of nonlinear optical processes. It has been shown to give the correct asymptotic behaviour and to provide the general features of harmonic generation to all orders, in particular dispersion relations and sum rules. We investigate the properties of pump and probe processes using this model, and study those cases where general theorems based on the holomorphic character of the Kubo response functions cannot be applied. We show that it is possible to derive new sum rules and new Kramers-Kr?nig relations for the two lowest moments of the real and of the imaginary part of the third order susceptibility and that new specific contributions become relevant as the intensity of the probe increases. Since the analytic properties of the susceptibility functions depend only upon the time causality of the system we are confident that these results are not model dependent and therefore have a general validity, provided one substitutes for the equilibrium values of the potential derivatives the density matrix expectation values of the corresponding operators. Received 25 January 1999 and Received in final form 26 April 1999