聚合物共混物脆韧转变性能研究：Ⅳ.橡胶粒子的分布对PVC／NBR共混物…

根据作者已建立的准网络形态模型和推导出的基体层厚度公式，从实验上研究了橡胶粒子的分布对聚氯乙烯／丁氰橡胶共混物脆韧转变的影响。结果表明，不仅无规形态ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物存在脆韧转变主曲线，而且准网络形态ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物也存在脆韧转变主曲线，但是条主曲线明显不重合，表明橡胶粒子分布对ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物脆韧转变有显著影响，而且准网络形态ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物的临界基体层厚度比无规形态ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ     

聚合物共混物脆韧转变性能研究 Ⅳ橡胶粒子的分布对PVC/NBR共混物脆韧转变的影响

根据作者已建立的准网络形态模型和推导出的基体层厚度计算公式，从实验上研究了橡胶粒子的分布对聚氯乙烯（ＰＶＣ）／丁氰橡胶（ＮＢＲ）共混物脆韧转变的影响．结果表明，不仅无规形态ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物存在脆韧转变主曲线，而且准网络形态ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物也存在脆韧转变主曲线．但是两条主曲线明显不重合，表明橡胶粒子的分布对ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物脆韧转变有显著影响．而且准网络形态ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物的临界基体层厚度比无规形态ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物的临界基体层厚度大得多，表明准网络形态比无规形态明显有利于增韧．因此临界基体层厚度不仅是基体的特征参数，还是界面粘结和橡胶粒子分布的函数．     

聚合物共混物脆韧转变性能研究─—形态参数对聚氯乙烯／丁腈橡胶共混物脆韧转变性能的影响

研究了非晶的聚氯乙烯（ＰＶＣ）／丁腈橡胶（ＮＢＲ）共混物脆韧转变特性，主要包括形态参数─—分散相粒径（ｄ）、体积分数（）、特别是分散相粒径分布（б）对其脆动转变性能的影响．结果表明，当ｄ＜临界值（ｄ）或＞临界值（）时，ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ产生脆韧转变．而且ｄＣ随。的增大而减小；随б的增大而增大。增大不利于增韧和脆韧转变的发生。也是影响聚合物共混物脆韧转变的重要形态参数，理论预示与实验结果很好相符．结果并给出ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物的冲击韧性也是分散相粒间基体层厚度（Ｔ）的单参数函数．当Ｔ＞Ｔ时，共混物为脆性；当Ｔ≤Ｔ时，共混物韧性剧增成为超韧合金．虽然，以分子链结构参数分类，ＰＶＣ介于准韧性和脆性聚合物之间．结果证实，准韧性聚合物共混物脆韧转变的Ｔｃ判据仍然适用于ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物．     

聚合物共混物脆韧转变性能研究 V.橡胶粒子的分布对聚氯乙烯/丁腈橡胶共混物韧性刚性关系的影响

聚合物共混物脆韧转变性能研究Ｖ．橡胶粒子的分布对聚氯乙烯／丁腈橡胶共混物韧性刚性关系的影响刘浙辉朱晓光张学东漆宗能（中国科学院化学研究所工程塑料国家重点实验室北京１０００８０）蔡忠龙（香港理工大学应用物理系香港九龙）王佛松（中国科学院北京...     

聚合物共混体脆韧转变的损伤竞争理论——Ⅰ.损伤竞争准数与脆韧转变判据

提出了一个无因次损伤竞争准数D_a(=σ_b~2/σ_y~2),将决定聚合物共混体脆韧转变的两种互相竞争的机制,即脆性断裂(断裂应力σ_b)和剪切屈服(屈服应力σ_y)统一起来。利用共混体分散相粒子分布的无穷多共线裂纹近似,推导出D_a=(L_(ym)/L_D)·F_g,其中L_(ym)是基体本征脆韧转变尺寸,F_g是与试样几何构型,裂纹预置及实验方法等有关的因子,L_D是分散相等效缺陷尺寸。脆韧转变的临界条件为D_(ac)=1,D_a<1为脆性破坏,D_a>1为韧性破坏。实验数据证实了本文提出的D_a判据的合理性。     

聚合物共混体脆韧转变的判据

本文从应力分析的角度出发,提出了一个新的判据来表征共混体的脆韧转变,即A判据,A=V_(fc)~2/d_c=常数,V_(fc),d_c分别为共混体中分散相粒子的临界体积分数及临界粒径。对于给定的基体,A与分散相的形态无关,仅是基体的特征参数。以A判据来处理不同共混体的脆韧转变,包括极性的N 6/EPDM共混体系、非极性的PP/EPDM共混体系及填充的PE/CaCO_3共混体系等均取得了满意的结果。此外,本文还首次得到了共混体的冲击韧性(G)与V_f~2/d关系的主曲线。研究表明:在处理共混体的脆韧转变时,A判据较T_c判据具有更好的适用性。     

环氧化三元乙丙橡胶增韧聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯的脆韧转变

环氧化的三元乙丙橡胶(eEPDM)与聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)共混可以使PBT共混体的缺口冲击强度获得很大的提高.当eEPDM橡胶浓度为24wt%时,PBTeEPDM共混体的缺口冲击强度是纯PBT的12倍.随着eEPDM含量的增加,在室温下PBTeEPDM共混体出现了明显的脆韧转变,其脆韧转变的临界粒子间距为0.49μm.橡胶的加入及含量的增加使PBT体系的脆韧转变温度(TBD)向低温移动,且PBTuEPDM与PBTeEPDM共混体脆韧转变温度的差随橡胶含量的增加而逐渐增大.扫描电镜照片表明,在橡胶组成相同的情况下,PBT基体中分散的eEPDM粒子明显小于未环氧化的EPDM粒子.且eEPDM橡胶的粒子间距(ID)也明显地低于uEPDM橡胶粒子的ID,这导致PBTeEPDM共混体系在室温下出现脆韧转变.     

聚合物共混体系脆韧转变的逾渗阈值及其与分散度的关系

本文研究了聚合物共混体系脆韧转变的逾渗阈值及其影响因素。首次计算出共混体系的逾渗阈值φ_(sc)(等价于脆韧转变逾渗阈值)及临界基体层厚度Tc,并给出了φsc与分散相粒子分散度σg的关系式。此外,还首次得到了共混体系的冲击韧性(S_1)与应力体积分数(φs)的主曲线,并讨论了一个新的参数φso(上限应力体积分数)。研究结果表明:φsc不仅与粒径的分散度有关,而且还与基体、分散相间的界面粘接密切相关。     

界面粘结对聚氯乙烯/丁腈橡胶共混物脆韧转变的影响

应用丙烯腈（ＡＮ）含量不同的丁腈橡胶（ＮＢＲ）与聚氯乙烯（ＰＶＣ）共混，研究了界面粘结对ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物脆韧转变的影响．结果表明：当基体层度Ｔ相等时，过强的界面粘结，使ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物的冲击强度降低，并且其产生脆韧转变的临界基体层厚度Ｔｃ减小．界面粘结对于聚合物共混物的增韧行为具有直接的影响．损伤区分析给出：随着界面粘结强度增大，空洞化过程受阻，减弱能量的耗散，并且不利于诱导剪切屈服损伤的产生，因而不利于增韧；但是界面粘强度过小，意味着共混物的相容性太差，致使分散相粒径过大，也不利于增韧．所以对增韧来讲，共混物的界面粘结强度存在一个最佳范围．     

PTFE/纳米SiO2复合材料的制备及其力学性能

聚合物／纳米级无机粒子复合材料是纳米材料中的一种具有重要价值的新型材料,可广泛应用于橡胶、塑料、纤维三大合成材料之中。采用纳米级无机粒子填充聚合物基复合材料,可以在材料的补强、增韧等改性中获得良好的效果。本文以纳米SiO2为填料,将其经过有机处理后,制备了FIFE／纳米SiO2复合材料,并研究了纳米SiO2的含量对PTFE复合材料性能的影响。     

Study of Cryostructuring of Polymer Systems: 22. Composite Poly(vinyl alcohol) Cryogels Filled with Dispersed Particles of Various Degrees of Hydrophilicity/Hydrophobicity

Composite poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels formed by the freezing–thawing of aqueous concentrated polymer solutions containing suspended filler were prepared and studied. The particles of unmodified silica gels were used as solid hydrophilic fillers and silica gels with grafted C2, C8, and C18 alkyl groups, as hydrophobic fillers. The granules of cross-linked dextran gel (Sephadex) swollen in water were used as soft hydrophilic fillers and lipophilic Sephadexes modified with propylene oxide groups, as soft hydrophobic fillers. It was shown that the microstructure and mechanical properties of such composites are affected by the presence of hydrophobic dispersed phase, namely, as the hydrophobicity of dispersed particles rises, the rigidity of composites increases with filler concentration at progressively lesser extent.     

Triterpene Glycosides of Tragacantha Stipulosa and Their Genins. Structures of Askendosides G and D and Cycloglobiceposide B from One- and Two-Dimensional 1H and 13C NMR Spectroscopy

Roots of Tragacantha stipulosa Boriss yielded three triterpene glycosides of the cycloartane series: askendoside G (1), askendoside D (2), and cycloglobiceposide B (3). Glycoside 1 is 3-O--L-arabinopyranosyl-(12)--D-xylopyranoside; 16-O--D-glucopyranoside-24R-cycloartan-3,6,16,24,25-pentaol; 2 - 3-O--L-arabinopyranosyl-(12)--D-xylopyranoside; 6-O--D-xylopyranoside-20R,24S-epoxycycloartan-3,6,16,25-tetraol; 3 - 3-O--D-xylopyranoside; 16-O--D-glucopyranoside; 25-O--D-glucopyranoside-24R-cycloartan-3,6,16,24,25-pentaol.     

Si-O bonded interactions in silicate crystals and molecules: a comparison

Bond critical point, local kinetic energy density, G(rc), and local potential energy density, V(rc), properties of the electron density distributions, rho(r), calculated for silicates such as quartz and gas-phase molecules such as disiloxane are similar, indicating that the forces that govern the Si-O bonded interactions in silica are short-ranged and molecular-like. Using the G(rc)/rho(rc) ratio as a measure of bond character, the ratio increases as the Si-O bond length, the local electronic energy density, H(rc)= G(rc) + V(rc), and the coordination number of the Si atom decrease and as the accumulation of the electron density at the bond critical point, rho(rc), and the Laplacian, inverted Delta2 rho(rc), increase. The G(rc)/rho(rc) and H(rc)/rho(rc) ratios categorize the bonded interaction as observed for other second row atom M-O bonds into discrete categories with the covalent character of each of the M-O bonds increasing with the H(rc)/rho(rc) ratio. The character of the bond is examined in terms of the large net atomic charges conferred on the Si atoms comprising disiloxane, stishovite, quartz, and forsterite and the domains of localized electron density along the Si-O bond vectors and on the reflex side of the Si-O-Si angle together with the close similarity of the Si-O bonded interactions observed for a variety of hydroxyacid silicate molecules and a large number of silicate crystals. The bond critical point and local energy density properties of the electron density distribution indicate that the bond is an intermediate interaction between Al-O and P-O bonded interactions rather than being a closed-shell or a shared interaction.     

Preparation and pore-size control of hydrophilic monodispersed polymer microspheres for size-exclusive separation of biomolecules by the SPG membrane emulsification technique

This paper describes an experiment directed toward the preparation of monodispersed porous polymer microspheres with a diameter of ca. 50 m, which is applicable to the chromatographic separation of biomolecules such as proteins and peptides by size exclusion. Fairly monodispersed polymer microspheres were successfully prepared by suspension copolymerization of polyethylene glycol monomethacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as monomer and cross-linker, respectively. Monodispersed O/W emulsion was prepared by the SPG membrane emulsification technique, and was used in the subsequent droplet-swelling process in which monodispersed seed droplets were swollen by adsorbing the secondary emulsion droplets. The effects of the organic diluent in suspension polymerization and comonomer on the porous structure of the polymer microspheres were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and mercury-intrusion porosimetry, and the separation performances of polystyrene, polyethylene glycol, and various biomolecules by size-exclusion chromatography. As a result, it was evident that benzene, 1-butanol, and butyl acetate worked as nonsolvents for the polymer prepared in this study, and that polymer microspheres prepared with these solvents had larger pores. Size-exclusion chromatography revealed that the exclusive limiting molecular weight was 1.9×10⁵ when polystyrene was used as a standard polymer, and 3.5×10⁴ when polyethylene glycol was used as a standard polymer. Furthermore, we confirmed that the monodispersed polymer microspheres with defined pores clearly separated the six representative kinds of biomolecules with molecular weights ranging from 75 to 6.4×10⁵.     

Intramolecular Interactions in Anisole,Thioanisole, and Selenoanisole. Application of Natural Bond Orbitals Method

Calculations of molecules PhXMe (X = O, S, Se) in MP2(f)/6-31G(d) approximation were performed. The stationary points on the potential energy surface were determined and identified. The anisole molecule is planar with a barrier to rotation H 7.78 kJ mol^-1. In thioanisole and selenoanisole (H 3.08 and 10.25 kJ mol^-1 respectively) the energy minimum corresponds to an orthogonal form. Analysis of relation between intramolecular interactions and conformational structure of the molecules in question was performed by the method of natural bond orbitals. In X atoms one lone electron pair is a hybrid orbital with the following fraction of s-component: 38-45% (O), 66-68% (S), and 73-74% (Se). The second lone electron pair is virtually pure pz-AO.     

Shared and closed-shell O-O interactions in silicates

Bond paths of maximum electron density spanning O-O edges shared between equivalent or quasiequivalent MOn (n > 4) coordination polyhedra are not uncommon electron density features displayed by silicates. On the basis of the positive values for the local electronic energy density, H(rc), at the bond critical points, rc, they qualify as weak "closed-shell" interactions. As observed for M-O bonded interactions (M = first and second row metal atoms), the electron density, rho(rc), and the Laplacian of the electron density increase in a regular way as the separation between the O atoms, R(O-O), decreases. A simple model, based on R(O-O) and the distances of the Si atoms from the midpoint between adjacent pairs of O atoms, partitions the O-O bond paths in the high-pressure silica polymorph coesite into two largely disjoint domains, one with and one without bond paths. The occurrence of O-O bond paths shared in common between equivalent coordination polyhedra suggests that they may be grounded in some cases on factors other than bonded interactions, particularly since they are often displayed by inert procrystal representations of the electron density. In these cases, it can be argued that the accumulation of the electron density along the paths has its origin, at least in part, in the superposition of the peripheral electron density distributions of the metal M atoms occupying the edge-sharing polyhedra. On the other hand, the accumulation of electron density along the paths may stabilize a structure by shielding the adjacent M atoms in the edge-sharing polyhedra. For closed-shell Li-O, Na-O, and Mg-O interactions, H(rc) is positive and increases as the value of rho(rc) increases, unlike the "shared" Be-O, B-O, C-O, Al-O, Si-O, P-O, and S-O interactions, where H(rc) is negative and decreases as rho(rc) increases. The H(rc) values for the weak closed-shell O-O interactions also increase as rho(rc) increases, as observed for the closed-shell M-O interactions. On the basis of the bond critical point properties and the negative H(rc) value, the O-O interaction comprising the O2 molecule in silica III qualifies as a shared interaction.     

Diastereoselectivity of the formation of planar chiral ruthenocenol in reactions of chiral tertiary phosphines with the (η4-cyclopentadienone)(η5-cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium cation

The reactions of chiral benzyl- and ethyl(phenyl)ferrocenylphosphines with (acetonitrile)(⁴-cyclopentadienone)(⁵-cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium trifluoromethylsulfonate proceed diastereoselectively through the attack on the cyclopentadienone ring to form planar chiral 2-phosphonioruthenocenols as mixtures of two diastereomers in ratios of 1.7 : 1 and 2 : 1, respectively.     

Syntheses of New Carbonyl Derivatives from α-Halohetaryl Ketones

The Kröhnke reaction of 2-bromoacetylphenoxathiin and 2--bromophenoxathiin 10,10-dioxide, through N-ylide and S-ylide intermediates, leading to the corresponding glyoxals, was described. The condensation reaction of 2--bromoacetylphenoxathiin with aromatic o-hydroxy aldehydes and further cyclization to new furan derivatives was also performed. The new compounds were characterized through elemental analysis and spectral data (IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR).     

梳状高分子固体电解质的离子导电性研究

深入研究了交替马来酸酐共聚物多缩乙二醇酯（ＣＰ３５０）两种锂盐络合物ＣＰ３５０／ＬｉＡｓＦ＿６和ＣＰ３５０／ＬｉＰＦ＿６的离子传导性能,给出了与复阻抗谱相对应的等效电路．离子电导率随［Ｌｉ］／［ＥＯ］的变化而出现一极大值,室温下,两体系电导率极大值分别为１．３８×１０（－４）,８．３２×１０（－５）Ｓ／ｃｍ．电导率随温度升高而增加．导电行为呈非－Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ特征．阴阳离子半径之和（ｒ＿ｃ＋ｒ＿ａ）愈大,离子电导率愈高．     

Experimental electron density analysis of Mn2(CO)10: metal-metal and metal-ligand bond characterization

The experimental electron density rho(r) of Mn2(CO)10 was determined by a multipole analysis of accurate X-ray diffraction data at 120 K. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAM) was applied to rho(r) and its Laplacian [symbol: see text] 2 rho(r). The QTAM analysis of rho(r) showed the presence of a bond critical point (rc); its associated bond path connects the two Mn atoms, but no cross interaction line was found between one manganese and the equatorial carbonyls of the other. The distribution of [symbol: see text] 2 rho(r) indicated "closed-shell" interactions for the metallic Mn-Mn bond and the dative Mn-CO bonds. The values of the topological parameters of the density at rc, rho(rc), [symbol: see text] 2 rho(rc), G(rc) (kinetic energy density), and V(rc) (potential energy density), characterize the bonds and are intermediate to those corresponding to typical ionic and covalent bonds.