Microablation with ultrashort laser pulses

This paper reports the micromachining results of different materials (Al, Si, InP and fused silica) using a Ti : sapphire laser at the wavelength of 800 and 267 nm with variable pulse lengths in the range from 100 fs to 10 ps. The hole arrays with a diameter up to a few μm through microdrilling are presented. We discussed how an effective suppression of the thermal diffusion inside the ablated materials and an effective microablation could be realized. If the laser fluence is taken only slightly above the threshold, a hole array can be drilled with diameters even smaller than the wavelength of the laser. Some examples are presented in the paper.     

Plasma-mediated ablation of biofilm contamination

Ultra-short pulsed laser removal of thin biofilm contamination on different substrates has been conducted via the use of plasma-mediated ablation. The biofilms were formed using sheep whole blood. The ablation was generated using a 1.2 ps ultra-short pulsed laser with wavelength centered at 1552 nm. The blood contamination was transformed into plasma and collected with a vacuum system. The single line ablation features have been measured. The ablation thresholds of blood contamination and bare substrates were determined. It is found that the ablation threshold of the blood contamination is lower than those of the beneath substrates including the glass slide, PDMS, and human dermal tissues. The ablation effects of different laser parameters (pulse overlap rate and pulse energy) were studied and ablation efficiency was measured. Proper ablation parameters were found to efficiently remove contamination with maximum efficiency and without damage to the substrate surface for the current laser system. Complete removal of blood contaminant from the glass substrate surface and freeze-dried dermis tissue surface was demonstrated by the USP laser ablation with repeated area scanning. No obvious thermal damage was found in the decontaminated glass and tissue samples.     

Simulation of material removal efficiency with ultrashort laser pulses

Understanding physical processes accompanying ablation is necessary for the optimal use of ultrashort laser pulse (USLP) material processing. We describe the implementation of self-consistent electromagnetic propagation-energy absorption in our numerical models. We evaluate absorption as a function of the pulse duration, energy, angle of incidence and polarization. We formulate a measure of material removal and use it to estimate the effect of energy, pulselength and prepulses on material removal.     

超短脉冲激光与钾原子的相互作用

采有耦合和非耦合表象,描述了超短脉冲激光与钾原子的相互作用。分析了进一步 激发光电离的过程,导出了跃迁终态随激光偏振组合的密切关键。     

Feasibility of a laboratory X-ray laser pumped by ultrashort UV laser pulses

In order to allow widespread application of soft X-ray lasers there is a strong effort worldwide to use as small as possible pump lasers for plasma production. Short pulse lasers ( 1 ps), particularly in the UV, have attracted much interest, since extremely high intensities (up to 10¹⁸ W/cm²) can be achieved with a relatively high repetition rate. In this article we discuss their merit for soft X-ray laser pumping and possible solutions to the specific problems, for instance pulse front distortion, nonlinear absorption in window materials, plasma formation by short laser pulses and the relatively low total pump energy.     

电子在超短激光脉冲修正场中的动力学特性研究

给出了一种精确描述超短、紧聚焦激光脉冲的新方法，其思路是根据两个无量纲小量ε=1/(ω0t0)和s=1/(k0w0)（其中ω0=ck0为中心振荡频率，t0为脉冲延迟时间，w0为激光束腰半径）进行展开来计算脉冲的高阶修正场.在激光束近轴近似表达式的基础上，给出了高斯脉冲一阶修正场的解析表达式，并研究发现其振幅和相位相对于零阶修正场（即长脉冲近似）的修正量都在ε的量级甚至更小.另外对电子在超短高斯脉冲一阶修正场中的动力学特性研究发现：对于ω0t0>20的情况，零阶修正场可以正确地描述电子被光场加速的特性；当ω0t0<20时，则需要采用高阶修正场. 关键词： 超短激光脉冲 激光加速     

Chirping and spreading of ultrashort laser pulses in underdense plasmas

A linear theory on the propagation of ultrashort pulses including only a few cycles in underdense plasmas is presented. It is shown that the dispersion in plasmas causes severe distortions in the pulse shape, including pulse chirping and spreading. The analytical calculations coincide very well with those obtained by particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. The upper limit of the peak amplitude of the pulses, above which the linear theory breaks down due to the setting in of nonlinear effects of both the relativistic electron-mass increase and ponderomotive force, is also examined by PIC simulations. At certain high amplitudes, it is found that the ultrashort laser pulses can propagate like solitons.     

超短超强激光与液体的相互作用研究

超短超强激光与液体靶相互作用时表现出许多有趣的特点，这明显区别于激光脉冲与固体或气体靶的相互作用情况．文章分别介绍了激光诱发等离子体所产生的高压冲击波、激光空泡、X射线、高能超热电子以及白光，对它们的产生机制及其各自的显著特征进行了综合描述．文章最后对超短超强激光脉冲与各种不同形态的液体靶相互作用的应用前景作了简单介绍。     

Distortion of ultrashort laser pulses in a spatial filter

By means of Collins diffraction integral, the propagation expression of an ultrashort laser pulse passing through a spatial filter is derived. The effects of the magnification of spatial filter on pulse broadening and distortion of pulse-front for the ultrashort optical pulse are analytically deduced and numerically simulated. It is found that pulse broadening and propagation time difference of a laser pulse getting through spatial filter is proportional to the magnification. As a conclusion, in an ultrashort pulse laser system with a large aperture, the effect of pulse broadening and distortion of pulse-front should be considered.     

Waveguides in lithium niobate fabricated by focused ultrashort laser pulses

We report on investigations of the bulk microstructuring of lithium niobate crystals with intense femtosecond laser pulses. In different crystal cuts, optical waveguides were produced whose properties depend strongly on the processing parameters. To explore the origin of the refractive index changes, we subjected the crystals to different conditions (like temperature, illumination, etc.) while monitoring the waveguide output. This way several mechanisms for the change in refractive index could be singled out. These include the photorefractive effect, inhomogeneous ion concentrations and stress in the crystalline lattice. As an application, we demonstrate frequency doubling of 1064 nm laser radiation in a microstructured phase-matched waveguide.     

Calculus removal on a root cement surface by ultrashort laser pulses

Ultrashort-pulse-laser ablation of dental calculus (tartar) and cement is performed on root surfaces. The investigation shows that the threshold fluence for ablation of calculus is a factor of two to three times smaller than that of a healthy root cement surface. This indicates that ultrashort laser pulses may provide an appropriate tool for selective removal of calculus with minimal damage to the underlying root cement. Future application of an in situ profiling technique allows convenient on-line monitoring of the ablation process.     

周期量级超短激光脉冲在近临界密度等离子体中形成的光孤子

利用一维粒子模拟程序，观测到周期量级的超短激光脉冲在等离子体中可以以孤子形式传播.它在一定密度等离子体中以较高的群速度向前传播，并在到达等离子体与真空界面时发生反射和透射.当入射激光脉冲强度增大时，非线性调制效应使它产生较大的频率下移，致使光孤子传播速度变小.另外，对于同样光强下的几十个周期以上的光脉冲，它在等离子体中传播时形成的则是一连串低频的被捕获在等离子体中的光孤子. 关键词： 光孤子 超短激光脉冲 等离子体 粒子模拟     

Micromachining soda-lime glass by femtosecond laser pulses

The physical process of forming a modified region in soda-lime glass was investigated using 1 kHz intense femtosecond laser pulses from a Ti: sapphire laser at 775 nm. Through the modifications induced by the femtosecond laser radiation using selective chemical etching techniques, we fabricated reproducible and defined microstructures and further studied their morphologies and etching properties. Moreover, a possible physical mechanism for the femtosecond laser modification in soda-lime glass was proposed.     

五阶非线性对啁啾超短脉冲间相互作用的影响

基于包含五次复系数的高阶Ginzburg Landau方程为模型,采用分步傅里叶方法数值研究了啁啾类超短脉冲间的相互作用。结果表明:相邻孤子之间的相互作用对五阶非线性效应非常敏感,即使参数改变很小的值,也会改变其传输特性。适当地选择五阶非线性参数值,能够很好地抑制孤子间的相互作用,提高光纤传输的比特率。当相邻孤子的初始间距为6.8,五阶非线性参数值取-0.001时,可以实现2个孤子长距离的保型传输。最后讨论了五阶非线性作用下多孤子之间的相互作用及抑制。     

Analysis of electromagnetic pulses generated from ultrashort laser irradiation of solid targets at CLAPA

Electromagnetic pulses(EMPs)produced by the interaction of a TW femtosecond laser with solid targets at the Compact Laser Plasma Accelerator(CLAPA)are measured and interpreted.The statistical results confirm that the intensities of the EMPs are closely related to both target material and thickness.The signal of the titanium target is more abundant than that of the copper target with the same thickness,and the intensity of EMP is positively correlated with the target thickness for aluminium foil.With the boosted EMP radiations,the energy of accelerated protons is also simultaneously enhanced.In addition,EMPs emitted from the front of the target exceed those from the rear,which are also pertinent to the specific target position.The resonant waveforms in the target chamber are analyzed using the fast Fourier transform,and the local resonance and the attenuation lead to changes of the frequency spectra of EMPs with variation of detecting positions,which is well supported by the modeling results.The findings are beneficial to gaining insight into the mechanism of EMP propagation in a typical target chamber and providing more information for EMP shielding design.     

THz-wave generation by optical rectification of ultrashort laser pulses with tilted amplitude front

The optical rectification of ultrashort laser pulses with a titled amplitude front in LiNbO₃ crystal is studied theoretically. It is shown that the results of calculation are in reasonable agreement with experimental data.     

超短脉冲激光对岩石的烧蚀作用研究

对干燥状态和浸水后的红砂岩、花岗岩、大理岩在不同超短脉冲激光入射频率和烧蚀发次等条件下的烧蚀情况进行了研究.结果发现,浸水后的岩石烧蚀质量损失明显大于干燥状态下的质量损失.同时质量损失与激光入射频率和烧蚀发次有着密切的关系.     

Simulation of ultrashort double-pulse laser ablation

In this paper, we study the mechanisms of femtosecond double-pulse laser ablation of metals. It was previously shown experimentally that the crater depth monotonically drops when the delay between two successive pulses increases. For delays longer than the time of electron-ion relaxation the crater depth can be even smaller than that produced by a single pulse. The results of the performed hydrodynamic simulation show that the ablation can be suppressed due to the formation of the second shock wave. The modeling results of the double-pulse ablation obtained for different delays correlate with the experimental findings.     

微结构光纤中超短激光脉冲传输的数值模拟

在传统求解广义非线性薛定谔方程(GNSE)分步傅里叶方法的基础上，提出了利用自适应分步 傅里叶方法(ASSFM)求解GNSE.数值模拟发现：在发生显著孤子峰值频移且微结构光纤的色散 和非线性参数随频率显著变化的情况下，采用ASSFM对超短脉冲在光纤中传输进行模拟是很 必要的，微结构光纤色散特性对超短脉冲在微结构光纤中的演化以及超连续光谱展宽有很大 影响.ASSFM可以合理地考虑到微结构光纤特性参数随脉冲演化过程中峰值功率所对应波长（ 或频率）的变化，从而更精确地模拟超短脉冲在微结构光纤中的传输. 关键词： 微结构光纤 超短脉冲 色散 自适应分步傅里叶方法     

超短激光蚀除金属机制的分子动力学研究

 采用耦合电子热传导方程的分子动力学方法,研究了飞秒激光辐照下金属Ni的熔化及蚀除动力学。分析了靶材内部温度分布特征及蚀除产物的构成,主要包含单个原子及大团簇。确定了断裂位置和蚀除开始的标志,即该处温度分布出现小的峰值,且粒子数密度急剧下降。模拟结果表明：强烈的蒸发及靶材内部所产生的拉应力分别是单个原子及大团簇喷射的机制。同时,深入探讨了激光诱导压力波的传播规律,预测了压力波的波速,约为4.97 km/s。将不同脉冲能量密度下的蚀除速率同实验数据加以对比,结果相差16%~20%。预测了熔深随时间的变化规律,基本随时间的延续而呈上升的趋势。发现过热现象的存在。