Research on speckle noise of laser Doppler velocimeter for the vehicle self-contained navigation

A novel multipoint layer-type laser Doppler velocimeter (MLLDV) is designed to measure the velocity of a vehicle for the self-contained navigation system. In order to investigate the speckle's influence on the Doppler spectrum, formulas of time-lagged covariance and speckle broadening were derived for our MLLDV. Simulations and experiments are made for detailed analysis. The results show that the time-lagged covariance of photocurrent is directly proportional to the incident angle, and is inversely proportional to the elevation fluctuation of the ground together with the velocity of the vehicle. Speckle broadening is a function of the vehicle's velocity, the 1/e² Gaussian spot radius and the phase correlation length of the ground. For our MLLDV, Doppler frequency and Doppler broadening are both directly proportional to the velocity of the vehicle. Besides, the ratio between Doppler broadening and the corresponding Doppler frequency is about 0.72% when the speed of the vehicle varies from 0 to 9.6 m/s.     

基于激光多普勒测速仪的车载组合导航

 针对车载纯捷联惯性导航系统(SINS)导航精度随时间增长而降低的不足,提出了基于激光多普勒测速仪（LDV）这一新型速度传感器的组合导航方案。通过建立SINS/LDV组合导航系统的状态方程和量测方程,设计了系统的卡尔曼滤波器,并对组合导航系统进行了仿真模拟。结果表明：SINS/LDV组合方案能够有效减小SINS导航参数随时间的累积误差,可以实现全自主、高精度导航;当LDV测速精度为0.1%时,组合导航系统的位置精度提高了2个数量级,速度精度提高了1个数量级。     

Research on heterodyne efficiency of laser Doppler velocimeter

Heterodyne efficiency is a very important factor in a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). Gaussian-Airy mode is put forward to analyze the heterodyne efficiency. And the calculate formulas and results of simulation of heterodyne efficiency are given. The results of numerical analysis show that heterodyne efficiency of LDV depends on the parameters—x₀, A, θ and x_a. Heterodyne efficiency can reach 81.45%, when x₀ = 3.59, A = 5.04 and θ = x_a = 0. At last, the antenna theorem of LDV is derived, and a defocused telescope system is used to adjust the waist's position and radius of the reference beam to match the signal beam.     

基于激光多普勒测速仪的车载组合导航

针对车载纯捷联惯性导航系统(SINS)导航精度随时间增长而降低的不足,提出了基于激光多普勒测速仪（LDV）这一新型速度传感器的组合导航方案。通过建立SINS/LDV组合导航系统的状态方程和量测方程,设计了系统的卡尔曼滤波器,并对组合导航系统进行了仿真模拟。结果表明：SINS/LDV组合方案能够有效减小SINS导航参数随时间的累积误差,可以实现全自主、高精度导航;当LDV测速精度为0.1%时,组合导航系统的位置精度提高了2个数量级,速度精度提高了1个数量级。     

Demonstration of two-point velocity measurement using diffraction grating elements for integrated multi-point differential laser Doppler velocimeter

We have proposed a configuration of an integrated multi-point differential laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) using arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) as grating elements. This paper demonstrates two-point velocity measurement using the proposed configuration with diffraction grating elements. An experiment was conducted using a free-space optical setup with bulk diffraction gratings instead of AWGs. The experimental results indicate that velocities at different positions can be measured using the proposed configuration. The measured separation of the two measurement positions was about 20.5 mm, about 11% of the working distance.     

Laser Doppler velocimeter for remote measurement of polluted water and aerosols discharges

A continuous wave Doppler velocimeter has been developed for remote estimation of the volume of polluted water and gaseous discharges using an actively stabilized ring dye laser. Doppler shifted backscattered signals induced by fluids in motion using heterodyne detection technique has been applied for measurement of Doppler shifts. Polluted water and gaseous discharge flow rates have been measured remotely for simulation purposes. The system is capable of measuring Doppler shifts as low as 0.25 MHz corresponding to 0.1 m/s velocities of the fluids.     

Directional discrimination for fiber-optic non-mechanical scanning laser Doppler velocimeter using single transmission path

We propose a fiber-optic non-mechanical scanning laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) with directional discrimination of the velocity component using a single transmission path. The LDV uses a polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) as the transmission path between the main body and probe. Two beams with different frequencies induced by acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) are transmitted to the probe as two orthogonal polarization modes of the PMF. The measurement position is axially scanned using gratings in the probe and the change in wavelength. The functions of the scan and directional discrimination are demonstrated experimentally.     

载体振动对差动激光多普勒测速仪的影响

 为了减小载体振动对传统差动激光多普勒测速仪(LDV)测速精度的影响,提出了Janus配置的差动LDV,并对其速度测量的相对误差进行了理论分析与数值仿真。结果表明：Janus配置技术可以近似反演出载体上下振动时的俯仰角,并对速度进行补偿;载体上下振动对传统差动LDV的测量精度有较大影响,而对Janus配置的差动LDV的影响较小;在Janus配置的差动LDV中,当存在俯仰角且大小一定时,随着载体上下起伏速度与运行速度比值增大,速度测量的相对误差增大;当载体上下起伏速度与运行速度的比值为0.01,俯仰角小于10°时,Janus配置的差动LDV的速度测量的相对误差小于0.2%。     

Signal processing of double-beam and double-scattering laser Doppler velocimeter

The common method of laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) signal processing is fast Fourier transform (FFT). Because of the restraint of spectral interference, fence effect and spectrum leakage, the precision of FFT is not high. In order to improve the accuracy of double-beam and double-scattering laser Doppler velocimeter signal processing, an algorithm based on spectral refinement and interpolation is put forward. First, high-pass filter is adopted to remove the baseplate of LDV signal. Second, FFT is adopted to get the estimate of Doppler frequency and then Zoom-FFT is used to refine the local range of Doppler frequency. Third, four-term fifth derivative Nuttall windowed interpolation is used to correct the refined spectrum. Then the accurate estimate of Doppler frequency can be obtained. Simulations and experiments based on the LDV system built in laboratory show that Zoom-FFT can improve the resolution of spectrum and four-term fifth derivative Nuttall windowed interpolation can further increase the precision of signal processing.     

A Bessel beam laser Doppler velocimeter

We present a laser Doppler velocimeter that is based on the use of two intersecting Bessel beams instead of the conventionally used Gaussian beams. Due to the quasi non-divergent nature of the Bessel beams, a short effective measurement volume of about 40 μm length could be realized with a low fringe spacing variation of 0.3%. Both of these advantageous values were experimentally verified in flow measurements.     

Laser Doppler velocimeter using a single longitudinal mode solid-state laser source

An experimental demonstration of using a single longitudinal mode solid-state laser source in laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) is presented. The technology of frequency spectrum correction is used in processing Doppler signal. The results of the experiments show that: the magnitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of Doppler signal are both enhanced by the solid-state laser; the measurement accuracy of LDV is improved by the technology of frequency spectrum correction, and the variance of the measured Doppler frequency is larger than the Cramer-Rao low bound (CRLB) of Doppler frequency about one order of magnitude.     

Two-dimensional laser Doppler velocimeter using polarized beams and 90° phase shift for discrimination of velocity direction

A laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) for two-dimensional velocity measurement using a simple optical configuration without any optical modulator is proposed. The structure using polarized beams and the 90° phase shift of the reference beam is used to discriminate the direction of velocity. The analytical relation among beat frequencies and velocity components is derived and the characteristics of the proposed LDV are simulated. The simulation results indicate that the direction of velocity can be discriminated by the proposed LDV as well as the magnitudes of the components of the velocity.     

Chirp heterodyne laser Doppler velocimeter using a powerful fibre-coupled green laser

The chirp heterodyne technique allows a directional discrimination of laser Doppler velocity measurements without the use of additional frequency shift elements. This paper presents, for the first time, the use of a chirp frequency-modulated solid-state laser, emitting in the green spectral range. Experimental results of a fluid flow measurement verify the function of the realised chirp heterodyne laser Doppler velocimeter.     

激光多普勒测速仪中散射光特性的研究

后向散射光特性与多普勒信号的质量密切相关。为了设计高性能的激光多普勒测速仪,运用散斑理论详细分析了激光多普勒信号的强度与散射光斑大小的关系,结合泛函理论给出了计算多普勒电流的散斑表达式,并通过实验的方法研究了回波信号的偏振特性及其强度分布。理论分析与实验结果表明,激光多普勒信号的强度与接收器件光敏面的直径成正比,与光斑的直径成反比;选用光斑较小的圆偏振激光束,并用光敏面尺寸较小的探测器在镜面反射方向上接收信号光,可以大大提高多普勒信号的信噪比,增强系统的探测能力,为提高系统的测量精度创造有利的条件。     

自适应滤波技术在激光多普勒测速仪中的应用

激光多普勒测速仪检测系统提取的光电信号中存在较大的噪声信号。为了消除这些噪声干扰, 提高激光多普勒测速仪的测量精度,提出一种新的信号处理方法,将最小均方差自适应滤波技术应用于激光多普勒测量中,利用多普勒信号和噪声信号的统计特性,以最小均方误差估计为准则,最大程度地滤除噪声信号。阐述了最小均方差自适应滤波算法的基本原理,在MATLAB平台上将其应用于理想正弦信号进行仿真,并将其应用于实测多普勒信号的处理中。仿真和实验均表明,该技术可以有效抑制激光多普勒测量中的多频率噪声的干扰,大大提高多普勒信号的信噪比和测量精度,为设计高精度的激光多普勒测速仪创造了条件。     

基于Labview的激光多普勒测速仪的频谱校正

在激光多普勒测速仪中,为了减小由信号处理算法带来的测量误差,提出运用频谱校正算法对多普勒信号的频谱进行校正,详细阐述了能量重心法、比值法和相位差法3种离散频谱校正算法的基本原理,运用这3种算法对理想正弦信号进行仿真,并运用比值法对信号施加不同频率和信噪比的噪音下的正弦信号和实测的多普勒信号进行仿真及实验研究。结果表明:3种算法都可以使信号的频率更接近于真实值,其中能量重心法校正精度相对较低,比值法和相位差法精度较高,尤其是比值校正算法处理速度更快,校正的精度基本不受信噪比的影响。将比值法运用于激光多普勒测速系统,与光接收计数法测量结果进行比较,结果显示:校正后比较正前激光多普勒测速仪测量相对精度提高了2～3倍。     

An international review of laser Doppler vibrometry: Making light work of vibration measurement

In 1964, just a few years after the invention of the laser, a fluid velocity measurement based on the frequency shift of scattered light was made and the laser Doppler technique was born. This comprehensive review paper charts advances in the development and applications of laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) since those first pioneering experiments. Consideration is first given to the challenges that continue to be posed by laser speckle. Scanning LDV is introduced and its significant influence in the field of experimental modal analysis described. Applications in structural health monitoring and MEMS serve to demonstrate LDV's applicability on structures of all sizes. Rotor vibrations and hearing are explored as examples of the classic applications. Applications in acoustics recognise the versatility of LDV as demonstrated by visualisation of sound fields. The paper concludes with thoughts on future developments, using examples of new multi-component and multi-channel instruments.     

频谱分析型激光多普勒测速仪信号处理技术

为了提高激光多普勒测速仪的测量精度,提出对激光多普勒信号先进行跟踪滤波,再进行频谱细化和频谱校正的信号处理方法,并利用信号处理系统对实测的多普勒信号进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:跟踪滤波器在滤除基底信号及系统的部分噪声的基础上,实时跟踪多普勒信号的频率,信噪比明显提高,所得结果与多普勒频率的真实值相一致;频谱细化技术大大提高了频谱分辨力,频谱校正技术使校正后的频率更接近真实值。     

激光多普勒测量自适应陷波器去噪研究

针对激光多普勒测量中声光调制、电光调制等引入的多频率噪音干扰,提出一种兼顾收敛性、鲁棒稳定性的自适应陷波器去噪方法.并在时域内研究自适应陷波器算法及其构造,最后给出了仿真实例.该算法不需具体的激光多普勒测试系统模型,方法简单,易于实现,试验结果表明了该方法的有效性.     

基于计数法测量激光多普勒测速仪的测速精度

为了测量所设计的激光多普勒测速仪(LDV)的测量精度,用均匀转动的斩波片代替高精度的转台作为标准的速度源,并基于单片机AT89S52,采用光计数的方法测量斩波片上某一固定位置的切向运动速度,LDV的测量结果与之相比较。实验结果表明,LDV测速的相对精度不超过8‰,稳定性较好。