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1.
鉴于复杂大气条件下的红外系统作用距离难以精确、实时地计算,提出一种建立红外系统作用距离实时计算系统的方法。通过将MODTRAN软件与基于光谱等分法建立的红外系统作用距离模型有机地结合起来,实现对于MODTRAN软件自动写入配置及调用计算,简化了大气模型的配置方法,并能够自动读取MODTRAN生成的结果输出文件。对某探测目标在不同海拔高度(1 km~6 km)及不同降雨强度(0 mm/h~4 mm/h)下红外系统作用距离进行计算,结果表明:探测高度的变化对于红外系统作用距离有比较明显的影响,其中在1 km~3 km探测高度范围内,探测距离变化尤为明显。降雨对于红外系统作用距离影响巨大。降雨强度为1 mm/h时,红外系统作用距离衰减为无降雨时的50%。当降雨强度大于3 mm/h时,作用距离趋于稳定。 相似文献
2.
During the transmission of infrared radiation, the atmospheric transmittance could be a complex parameter due to the absorbing and scattering of atmosphere, as well as the influences from the environment and transmission distance. With the help of a spectral bisection method, a new assessing formula and solution is raised by calculating the operating distance of infrared system. In the small segments, MODTRAN can be used to figure out the percentage of penetration, which is called by advanced program, so as to get the infrared radiation in those segments. The calculated data of the segments were summed up and used to calculate the operating distance of the infrared system. Compared with the conventional calculation methods that the transmittance was used as a constant or a average, The calculation precise of the operating distance is highly increased by this method the results of all small segments by comparing with the traditional methods. The whole computing process becomes more clear and effective by taking the influences from visibility of atmosphere, altitude, targets zenith angle and spatial frequency into consideration, and by building an instant monitoring system of the operating distance. The final computing result and real effecting distance are based on the general simulation for penetration rate and the tendency of operating distance in all conditions. 相似文献
3.
Solar absorption spectra were recorded for the first time in 5 years with the McMath Fourier transform spectrometer at the US National Solar Observatory on Kitt Peak in southern Arizona, USA (31.91°N latitude, 111.61°W longitude, 2.09 km altitude). The solar absorption spectra cover 750-1300 and 1850-5000 cm −1 and were recorded on 20 days during March-June 2009. The measurements mark the continuation of a long-term record of atmospheric chemical composition measurements that have been used to quantify seasonal cycles and long-term trends of both tropospheric and stratospheric species from observations that began in 1977. Fits to the measured spectra have been performed, and they indicate the spectra obtained since return to operational status are nearly free of channeling and the instrument line shape function is well reproduced taking into account the measurement parameters. We report updated time series measurements of total columns for six atmospheric species and their analysis for seasonal cycles and long-term trends. As an example, the time series fit shows a decrease in the annual increase rate in Montreal-Protocol-regulated chlorofluorocarbon CCl 2F 2 from 1.51±0.38% yr −1 at the beginning of the time span to −1.54±1.28% yr −1 at the end of the time span, 1 sigma, and hence provides evidence for the impact of those regulations on the trend. 相似文献
4.
Measurements of the transmittances as a function of pressure in the ‘troughs’ between self-broadened vibration-rotation lines in the 5·3 μ fundamental band of NO indicate more absorption than expected for Lorentzian-shaped lines. At a displacement greater than 1 cm -1 from the line center, ν 0, a better representation is provided by an absorption coefficient proportional to |ν?ν 0| -1.6. 相似文献
5.
采用氟化氢泛频化学激光器作光源,在室外实际大气中测量了氟化氢泛频激光20P4、20P5谱线的大气透过率,分析计算了其大气消光系数和大气吸收系数。实验表明氟化氢泛频激光处于大气传输窗口边缘,其谱线的大气传输性能差异很大,证实了20P4是氟化氢泛频选频的首选谱线。 相似文献
6.
采用氟化氢泛频化学激光器作光源 ,在室外实际大气中测量了氟化氢泛频激光 2 0P4、2 0P5谱线的大气透过率 ,分析计算了其大气消光系数和大气吸收系数。实验表明氟化氢泛频激光处于大气传输窗口边缘 ,其谱线的大气传输性能差异很大 ,证实了 2 0P4是氟化氢泛频选频的首选谱线 相似文献
8.
An algorithm for calculations of the longwave radiation in cloudy and aerosol slab atmospheres is described. It is based on the line-by-line and Monte-Carlo methods and is suitable for accurate treatment of both the gaseous absorption and the particulate multiple scattering in any spectral regions; other published algorithms as accurate as this can only make calculations in narrow spectral regions. It is recommended that this algorithm is well suited for radiation code validations as well as for theoretical investigations of radiative transfer in clouds and aerosols and satellite signal simulations. 相似文献
9.
The vertical spacing of a discretization used to model transmission in the mid-infrared spectral range was investigated. The forward model employed in this study is a part of an algorithm used to retrieve trace gas profiles from high-resolution ground-based solar absorption Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, however, the results have general applicability. A finely spaced retrieval grid was constructed and made progressively more sparse in the troposphere and in the stratosphere. The effect was quantified in terms of transmission differences with respect to the most fine discretization for a suite of molecules (H 2O, O 3, CO, CO2, CH4, N 2O, NO, NO2, HCl, HF, HNO3, ClONO2, and N 2) in microwindows commonly used in FTIR spectroscopy. Systematic differences in modeled transmissions are apparent when coarser grid schemes are used for all species and microwindows, though some are below random noise levels typical of spectra recorded at Toronto. The most significant are H 2O and O 3 at 0.30-0.73% and 0.10-0.34%, respectively. CO (0.13%), ClONO2 (0.84%), and HF (1.03%) are also influenced by the interference of H 2O, which is sensitive to temperature interpolation errors via the lower state energy of the particular H 2O transition. O 3 is a significant interference in CO (0.42%) and ClONO2 (0.31%) microwindows, but its influence is felt primarily via interpolation errors in the O 3 number concentration profile introduced by the coarser grids. HCl and HF themselves show the next most significant response in transmission to coarser stratospheric grids (∼0.18%). Finally, considering transmission differences >0.1% as significant in typical measurements, we identify maximum tropospheric and stratospheric layer widths that still lead to negligible transmission errors as, respectively, 0.6 and 2.0 km. These numbers can vary depending on the band or transition of interest, the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement and the use of significantly different a priori volume mixing ratio profiles. 相似文献
10.
Multi-decade atmospheric OCS (carbonyl sulfide) infrared measurements have been analyzed with the goal of quantifying long-term changes and evaluating the consistency of the infrared atmospheric OCS remote-sensing measurement record. Solar-viewing grating spectrometer measurements recorded in April 1951 at the Jungfraujoch station (46.5°N latitude, 8.0°E longitude, 3.58 km altitude) show evidence for absorption by lines of the strong ν3 band of OCS at 2062 cm −1. The observation predates the earliest previously reported OCS atmosphere remote-sensing measurement by two decades. More recent infrared ground-based measurements of OCS have been obtained primarily with high-resolution solar-viewing Fourier transform spectrometers (FTSs). Long-term trends derived from this record span more than two decades and show OCS columns that have remained constant or have decreased slightly with time since the Mt. Pinatubo eruption, though retrievals assuming different versions of public spectroscopic databases have been impacted by OCS ν3 band line intensity differences of ∼10%. The lower stratospheric OCS trend has been inferred assuming spectroscopic parameters from the high-resolution transmission (HITRAN) 2004 database. Volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles measured near 30°N latitude with high-resolution solar-viewing FTSs operating in the solar occultation mode over a 22 years time span were combined. Atmospheric Trace MOlecucle Spectroscopy (ATMOS) version 3 FTS measurements in 1985 and 1994 were used with Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) measurements during 2004-2007. Trends were calculated by referencing the measured OCS VMRs to those of the long-lived constituent N 2O to account for variations in the dynamic history of the sampled airmasses. Means and 1-sigma standard deviations of VMRs (in ppbv, or 10 −9 per unit air volume) averaged over 30-100 hPa from measurements at 25-35°N latitude are 0.334±0.089 ppbv from 1985 (ATMOS Spacelab 3 measurements), 0.297±0.094 ppbv from 1994 ATLAS 3 measurements, 0.326±0.074 ppbv from ACE 2004 measurements, 0.305±0.096 ppbv from ACE 2005 measurements, 0.328±0.074 from ACE 2006 measurements, and 0.305±0.090 ppbv from ACE measurements through August 2007. Assuming these parameters, we conclude that there has been no statistically significant trend in lower stratospheric OCS over the measurement time span. We discuss past measurement sets, quantify the impact of changes in infrared spectroscopic parameters on atmospheric retrievals and trend measurements, and discuss OCS spectroscopic uncertainties of the current ν3 band parameters in public atmospheric databases. 相似文献
11.
The exceedingly fragile nature of thermally grown Au-black coating makes handling and patterning a critical issue. Infrared absorption characteristics of near atmospheric, N 2 ambient DC sputtered Au thin films are studied for this purpose. The thin Au films are sputtered at different chamber pressures in Ar and N 2/Ar gas ambient from 4.5 to 8.0 mbar and optimized for enhanced infrared absorption. The absorber film sputtered in N 2/Ar ambient at 8.0 mbar chamber pressure offers significant absorption of medium to long wave infrared radiations. The micro-patterning of sputtered Au thin film is carried out by using conventional photolithography and metal lift off methods on a prefabricated µ-infrared detector array on Si (1 0 0) substrate. The steady state temperature response of sputtered film has been examined using nondestructive thermal imaging method under external heating of the detector array. 相似文献
12.
The detection of a buried surrogate land mine is investigated by use of a pulsed thermographic method driven by a high powered infrared heater. In this experimental and analytical investigation, the surface of the sand is initially heated by infrared lamps and is then cooled by natural convection, and during this second phase a dry layer of sand develops on the surface. The temperature distribution of the dry sand surface is influenced by the presence of the buried mine. The experimental investigation was performed in a laboratory where a surrogate mine was buried at depths between 1 cm and 4 cm in dry sand, and sand which had initial water contents of 2.5%, 5% and 10%. The results show that an observable ‘hot spot’ develops on the sand surface above the mine, during the cooling phase of most tests. The water content of the sand was found to have a strong influence on the development of the hot spot. The surface temperature variation for dry sand tends to be less than that found for sands that contain water and the only test where the hot spot was not detected was in dry sand where the mine was buried at 4 cm. A one-dimensional finite difference model was used to describe the heat and mass transfer mechanisms and interpret the experimental results. 相似文献
14.
The average tropospheric volume mixing ratio of CHF 2Cl (HCFC-22) has been retrieved from a time series of high spectral resolution ground-based infrared solar absorption spectra recorded with the McMath Fourier transform spectrometer located at the U.S. National Solar Observatory facility on Kitt Peak in southern Arizona (31.9°N, 111.6°W, 2.09 km altitude) for the time period October 1987–November 2002. The retrievals are based on fits to the well-isolated, unresolved 2ν 6 Q branch at 829.05 cm −1 and the SFIT2 retrieval algorithm. The measured daily averages show a near linear rise per year in the mean tropospheric volume mixing ratio as a function of time with a best fit yielding an average increase rate of (5.66±0.15) parts per trillion (10 −12) by volume per year, corresponding to (6.47±0.17)%yr −1, 1 sigma, at the beginning of the time series. The tropospheric mixing ratios retrieved from the solar spectra have been compared with monthly average surface flask sampling measurements from the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostic Laboratory (CMDL) station at Niwot Ridge, Colorado (40.0°N, 105.5°W, 3013 m altitude), archived measurement from the same location, and early CMDL northern hemisphere Pacific cruise measurements. The average ratio of the retrieved tropospheric mixing ratio relative to the CMDL surface mixing ratio is 1.053 for the overlapping 1987 to 2002 time period. The retrieved mean tropospheric mixing ratio is consistent with the surface measurements within the errors estimated for the remote sensing observations. 相似文献
15.
Pressure-broadening and -shifting coefficients of pure HI at room temperature have been determined from fits of high-resolution Fourier transform spectra in the fundamental and first overtone infrared bands. The results indicate that the measured widths are almost identical in both bands and decrease significantly with the rotational quantum number. On the contrary, the pressure-induced shifts show a strong dependence on both the rotational and vibrational states. These results are compared with predictions of a semi-classical model. The latter leads to calculated values in good agreement with measurements and shows that the broadening is dominated by electrostatic interactions due to the (permanent) electric dipole and quadrupole moments. On the contrary, the observed shifts cannot be explained without the introduction of a significant vibrationally dependent isotropic potential. The effects of line coupling between hyperfine components are also discussed although they are expected to be small and cannot be observed from the measured spectra. Finally, some tabulated values of calculated widths and shifts vs. quantum numbers and temperature are proposed. They should be useful for infrared sounding of HI amounts, particularly in the monitoring of the hydrogen production through the sulfur-iodine thermochemical cycle. 相似文献
16.
The well-known equations for the optical functions of reflectance, transmittance and phase changes on reflection and transmission for a solid material have been rearranged into the form of simple geometric figures in the u, v ( n, k) plane. The curves for Fp show a singularity on the n-axis. 相似文献
17.
Five HITRAN's editions (since 1992) and three radically new H 2O spectral databases have been tested for their usefulness in line-by-line benchmark calculations for radiation code validations. The longwave calculations for the mid-latitude summer (MLS) atmosphere with the different HITRAN's editions revealed a good convergence (maximal discrepancies since decreased to in our flux calculations with 1992-2002 and 1996-2002 HITRAN's editions, respectively). The shortwave calculations with different HITRAN's editions revealed a good agreement: discrepancies in downward fluxes absorbed by the MLS atmosphere are less than , i.e. 0.5% for the all HITRAN's editions since 1992. It has been determined that it is unreasonable to replace HITRAN by any new H 2O spectral database in benchmark calculations, although they contain essentially more spectral lines than HITRAN (up to ∼10 times). Moreover, it has been found that no new database could be useful for explaining the “anomalous absorption” problem. Two latest water vapor continuum models have been tested as well. It has been found out that these models are the main source of uncertainties in the present and previous calculations: discrepancies for the MLS atmosphere reached ∼3 and in the longwave and shortwave flux calculations, respectively. 相似文献
18.
目的:为了解决光照变化对疲劳检测系统造成的准确性不高的问题,提出了一种近红外环境下判断人眼状态的方法,即针对红外光补图像的人眼状态判断。方法:首先,利用Adaboost算法对人眼区域进行定位,在网格法标记人眼瞳孔部分的基础上,进行Retinex红外图像增强。接着,对二值化与边缘检测后的红外图像分别进行网格法闭合度计算,得到人眼闭合度。最后,根据闭合度计算结果设定双阈值并结合PERCLOS来判断眼睛状态。结果:在DM642硬件平台上进行疲劳检测试验,实验结果表明,人眼状态识别率达到了90%以上,且平均每秒能处理21帧图片。结论:证明了该方法不仅能有效解决光照变化带来的问题,而且满足疲劳状态检测系统的快速性、可靠性和有效性等要求。 相似文献
19.
Atmospheric radiation in the infrared (IR) 8–13 μm spectral region contains a wealth of information that is very useful for the retrieval of ice cloud properties from aircraft or space-borne measurements. To provide the scattering and absorption properties of nonspherical ice crystals that are fundamental to the IR retrieval implementation, we use the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to solve for the extinction efficiency, single-scattering albedo, and the asymmetry parameter of the phase function for ice crystals smaller than 40 μm. For particles larger than this size, the improved geometric optics method (IGOM) can be employed to calculate the asymmetry parameter with an acceptable accuracy, provided that we properly account for the inhomogeneity of the refracted wave due to strong absorption inside the ice particle. A combination of the results computed from the two methods provides the asymmetry parameter for the entire practical range of particle sizes between 1 and 10,000 μm over the wavelengths ranging from 8 to 13 μm. For the extinction and absorption efficiency calculations, several methods including the IGOM, Mie solution for equivalent spheres (MSFES), and the anomalous diffraction theory (ADT) can lead to a substantial discontinuity in comparison with the FDTD solutions for particle sizes on the order of 40 μm. To overcome this difficulty, we have developed a novel approach called the stretched scattering potential method (SSPM). For the IR 8–13 μm spectral region, we show that SSPM is a more accurate approximation than ADT, MSFES, and IGOM. The SSPM solution can be further refined numerically. Through a combination of the FDTD and SSPM, the extinction and absorption efficiencies are computed for hexagonal ice crystals with sizes ranging from 1 to 10,000 μm at 12 wavelengths between 8 and 13 μm. Calculations of the cirrus bulk scattering and absorption properties are performed for 30 size distributions obtained from various field campaigns for midlatitude and tropical cirrus cloud systems. Ice crystals are assumed to be hexagonal columns randomly oriented in space. The bulk scattering properties are parameterized through the use of second-order polynomial functions for the extinction efficiency and the single-scattering albedo and a power-law expression for the asymmetry parameter. We note that the volume-normalized extinction coefficient can be separated into two parts: one is inversely proportional to effective size and is independent of wavelength, and the other is the wavelength-dependent effective extinction efficiency. Unlike conventional parameterization efforts, the present parameterization scheme is more accurate because only the latter part of the volume-normalized extinction coefficient is approximated in terms of an analytical expression. After averaging over size distribution, the single-scattering albedo is shown to decrease with an increase in effective size for wavelengths shorter than 10.0 μm whereas the opposite behavior is observed for longer wavelengths. The variation of the asymmetry parameter as a function of effective size is substantial when the effective size is smaller than 50 μm. For effective sizes larger than 100 μm, the asymmetry parameter approaches its asymptotic value. The results derived in this study can be useful to remote sensing studies of ice clouds involving IR window bands. 相似文献
20.
利用MATLAB提供的多项式拟合函数,对不同气象条件下我国地区8~12μm波段的LOWTRAN大气透过率数据进行拟合,给出了相应的多项式拟合系数。计算表明当多项式阶次取6时,拟合曲线与原始数据几乎完全重合,两者之间的误差绝对值绝大多数都在10^-4数量级,甚至更小。拟合函数构造简单,使用方便,容易与各种软件平台集成。 相似文献
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