混频＋m腔微波电子枪束流动力学特性

为了使自由电子激光器的电子束注入器具有小的能散，小的横向发射度、高的亮度，本文提出在　腔的微波电子枪中采用混频腔技术，并用解析方法研究了混频加速的　腔方案的动力学特性，所导出的表达式说明此方案能改善束流的纵向和横向粒子动力学性能；为了对比，还借助于ＰＡＲＭＥＬＡ程序对此方案进行了束流动力学模拟，结论与导出的解析表达式结果一致．     

High-power microwave generation using a ferroelectric cathodeelectron gun

A two-stage 500 kV 200-A ferroelectric electron gun has been designed, fabricated, tested, and used in a high power microwave amplifier experiment. We report on the operational characteristics of the gun including measurements of the beam dynamics. The optimum conditions for application of the trigger and its timing are also reported. Faraday cup measurement shows that the beam radius is 4.1 mm, in good agreement with simulation. The gun is designed for use in traveling-wave tube amplifiers, and testing of an X-band amplifier driven by the gun is reported. A peak output power of 5.9 MW has been observed from a single stage amplifier driven by a 100 A. 450 kV beam. This corresponds to energy converging efficiency of 13.1% and is the first observation of high power (~MW) microwave generation using the beam generated from a ferroelectric cathode,     

Computer Simulation of Axis-Encircling Beams Generated by an Electron Gun with a Permanent Magnet System

Results from computer aided design of a novel electron gun generating axis-encircling beams are presented and discussed. Numerical experiments were performed by the new version of the software package GUN-MIG named GUN-MIG/CUSP. It is based on a self-consistent relativistic model and is developed as a problem oriented tool for analysis of electron-optical systems with magnetron injection guns (MIG) and electron guns with field reversal (cusp guns), forming axis-encircling beams. As a result of the simulations an electron-optical design of a novel electron gun with permanent magnet system was accomplished. The gun is expected to form high quality beams with small velocity spread and beam ripple. Parameters of the generated beams are appropriate for a prospective weakly relativistic high harmonic large orbit gyrotron (LOG). The development of such device is in progress now at the Research Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region (FIR Center) at Fukui University.     

Electron Gun for Powerful Short Pulse Gyrotron with Operating Magnetic Field 8 T

High power short pulse gyrotron with operating frequency 395 GHz operating on the second cyclotron harmonic is now under developing at FIR FU. The gyrotron is planned to use in future experiments for plasma diagnostics. For this purpose the output power about 100 kW and pulse duration 100 ns at least are needed. Preliminary estimations of parameters of some versions of the electron guns with accelerating potential U₀= 70-100 kV were performed. Possibilities of non-adiabatic as well as adiabatic guns were considered. It was shown that non-adiabatic system is not reliable for such rather low value of U₀, the adiabatic magnetron injection gun (MIG) is more preferable for the gyrotron design. Analytical estimations of the suitable MIG dimensions and operating regime to form good quality electron beam were fulfilled. Numerical optimization of the gun shape and position was performed. It was shown that in spite of the extremely big ratio of the operating current (I₀= 18 A) to the Langmuir current of the gun, close to 0.4-0.5, the suggested MIG can form the helical electron beam (HEB) which is suitable for gyrotron operation properties.     

Quantum Russian roulette

We quantize the gamble known as Russian roulette and we study it in two versions for two- and three-persons when: (i) players use a fully loaded quantum gun; (ii) the quantum gun has only one quantum bullet.     

System for transporting an electron beam to the atmosphere for a gun with a plasma emitter

We report on the results of simulation of the gas flow in a gun with a plasma emitter and in the system for extracting the electron beam to the atmosphere, constructed on the basis of standard gasdynamic windows (GDWs). The design of the gun and GDWs is described. Calculations are performed for a pressure of about 10^–3 Torr in the electron beam generation range. It is shown that the pressure drop to the atmospheric pressure in the system of electron beam extraction to the atmosphere can be ensured by two GDW stages evacuated by pumps with optimal performance.     

冷热坩埚中电子枪加热金属熔池的数值分析

利用NavierStokes方程在一定的边界条件下求解了电子枪加热长槽形冷、热坩埚中的二维熔池流场,获得了熔池流场的速度和温度分布,并且详细地对比研究了冷、热坩埚中金属熔池的蒸发量与电子枪功率、束宽以及坩埚尺寸的关系.电子枪功率越高、束宽越小(除非小于05mm)、坩埚尺寸越大,则蒸发量越大,电子枪能量的有效利用率也越高.当电子枪束宽较大时,热坩埚的蒸发量较大,而当束宽较小时,冷坩埚的蒸发量较大.计算中对铁、铜、钆和铝等金属熔池进行了数值分析,获得了相似的结果. 关键词： NavierStokes方程 热毛细流 浮力流 金属熔池     

Theory of step-tunable gyrotrons operating at two cyclotronharmonics

The scaling of operating parameters and the tendencies in the efficiency of the step-tunable gyrotron operating in a set of modes in a cavity of a given length are considered. Results of calculations are reported for the design of a ~1-kW, step-tunable gyrotron oscillator operating from 150 to 600 GHz in steps of about 15 GHz. Detailed results are presented for the efficiency, power losses in the cavity, and the starting conditions. Designs of the electron gun electrodes and of an output mode transducer are also presented. Full modulation of the radiation via the modulating anode of a magnetron injection gun is considered. The gyrotron would be of use for plasma diagnostics and spectroscopy, including electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR)     

94 GHz单阳极磁控注入式电子枪初始参数设计

根据94 GHz回旋振荡管对电子束的需求,在理论分析电子枪工作原理的基础上通过大量编程对94 GHz单阳极磁控注入式电子枪的一系列参数进行了初始设计, 基于粒子模拟软件CHIPIC开发了专门针对磁控注入式电子枪的计算模块并对其进行了数值模拟。模拟结果显示:该枪的电子束横纵速度比为1.42、速度零散为4.6%,符合回旋振荡管对电子注的要求。     

94 GHz单阳极磁控注入式电子枪初始参数设计

根据94 GHz回旋振荡管对电子束的需求,在理论分析电子枪工作原理的基础上通过大量编程对94 GHz单阳极磁控注入式电子枪的一系列参数进行了初始设计, 基于粒子模拟软件CHIPIC开发了专门针对磁控注入式电子枪的计算模块并对其进行了数值模拟。模拟结果显示：该枪的电子束横纵速度比为1.42、速度零散为4.6%,符合回旋振荡管对电子注的要求。     

Electron Gun for Powerful Large Orbit Gyrotron

In the article, results of numerical simulation of the gun with the cusp of magnetic field are presented. Short pulse version of the gun with explosion emission is investigated. Some preliminary analytical estimation of the beam and gun parameters are performed. Then, numerical optimization of the electrodes shape as well as magnetic field distribution is carried out. For preliminary separation of electrons and formation of the rectilinear beam, anode diaphragm is installed. After then, additional selection of electrons for decreasing the ripple is performed. For this purpose, channel walls are used for interception of some part of the electron beam. Reverse of the magnetic field in the diode part of the gun is formed. So, the formation of the rectilinear beam is combined with the region, where electrons obtain initial gyration energy. To prevent the disperse action of the own beam space charge forces, the system with big gradient of magnetic field (about 0.5-1 kGs/mm) is needed. According to results of the simulation, helical electron beam can be performed even at total compression ratio about 1000 and current density more than 50 kA/cm². The designed electron gun provides acceptable performance for the large orbit gyrotron, such as operating current close to 300 A, the pitch-factor value about 1.5-1.7, deviation of the guiding centers from the axis (the ripple) /10 and /6 for operation on 3-rd and 5-th cyclotron harmonic correspondingly (wavelength =0.5 and 0.3 mm) and velocity spread within the range 10-15%.     

Unheated magnetron gun as an electron source for a resonant linear accelerator

Investigations of the operation of a cold-cathode magnetron gun as part of a traveling-wave linear accelerator are described. Two operating regimes of the gun are observed: with and without the microwave field of the prebuncher near the gun. In the regime with no microwave field, short (around 2 ns) pulses of accelerated electrons of up to 0.5A were obtained with a gun current up to 20 A. The presence of a microwave field near the gun makes it possible to obtain a beam of longer duration (up to 1.0 μs), but with a current of up to 20mA at the accelerator exit and 1A from the gun. The operating mechanism of the gun is attributed to a secondary-electron current rise and the establishment of self-sustained secondary emission. A comparison between the conditions of beam production from a thermionic gun and that studied for the same injection energies indicates that the characteristics of this gun are acceptable for injection into an accelerator. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 130–134 (July 1999)     

Biased referencing experiments for the XPS analysis of non-conducting materials

A method of “biased referencing”, involving the use of an electron flood gun and an internal reference such as a metal dot, is investigated for the XPS analysis of non-conducting materials. Methods of Cu, Au and Pt dot referencing are used for silica, copper and zeolite substrate materials, from which binding energy measurements accurate to ±0.1 eV can be obtained. Such binding energy values are not independent of the work function of the measured materials, such that vacuum level alignment rather than Fermi level alignment appears to be induced by the action of the electron flood gun.     

全三维110GHz和220GHz同轴腔双注回旋管数值模拟研究

为了打破传统单注回旋管只能产生较低功率的局限性, 本文基于自主研发的PIC粒子模拟软件CHIPIC 对110 GHz和220 GHz同轴腔双注回旋管进行全三维数值模拟研究. 在理论分析同轴双电子注电子枪设计模型和初始参数的基础上通过CHIPIC对其进行优化设计, 得到了具有横纵速度比为1.0, 最大速度零散约为5.4%的高性能电子束; 并将此优化后的双阳极双注电子枪取代传统回旋管数值模拟时采用的回旋 发射进行110 GHz和220 GHz双注回旋管整管的数值模拟, 并采用MPI四进程并行计算, 最终获得了具有双频分别为110 GHz和220 GHz、模式为TE₀₂模、平均输出功率约在70 kW、 效率达到8.75%的高性能双注回旋振荡管. 关键词： 同轴腔双注回旋管 同轴双电子注电子枪 横纵速度比 速度零散     

NEPCⅡ新电子枪热结构分析与测试

北京正负电子对撞机重大改造工程(BEPCⅡ)要求其直线注入器提供更高的能量和流强, 为此必须设计大电流和小发射度的新电子枪, 以提高正电子的产额. 利用ANSYS对BEPCⅡ新电子枪的温度场分布及结构的热变形进行了模拟分析. 对于电子枪复杂的内部结构形态以及能量转换方式, 分析了传导传热方式对温度场的影响. 在此基础上进行了温度场与结构变形的耦合分析, 利用EGUN对电子枪形变前后束流光学特性进行模拟分析, 并对模拟结果与试验 测试结果进行了分析比较.     

An Iron-Free Magnetron-Injection-Gun for a 28GHz, 200kW Gyroklystron Amplifier

A design study of a double-anode magnetron-injection-gun is performed to incorporate the electron gun into a high power 28GHz gyroklystron amplifier operating at 70kV and 8.2A. The electron gun is designed to be used in a tapered magnetic field in the cathode region produced from an iron-free superconducting magnet. An electron trajectory code predicts a beam axial velocity spread of 5.9% at = 1.5, 70kV, 8.2A and 10.4kG, which is a high quality electron beam suitable for the high gain, high efficiency, five-cavity gyroklystron amplifier. The successful design of the high quality electron gun is attributed to a longer gap between the modulating anode and the grounded anode compared with the case of the first 28GHz electron gun built with an iron enclosed electromagnet.     

行波管电子枪热分析与结构优化设计

利用ANSYS软件建立某Ka波段行波管2 mm阴极电子枪的有限元模型,并进行稳态及瞬态热分析,提取热流矢量图与温度分布图,得到阴极稳态时的温度分布及预热时间。对电子枪样品进行实验测试,得到的实测温度与模拟温度相差2%,因而在误差允许的范围内有限元方法是可行的。根据热流矢量图对热屏蔽筒进行结构优化,优化后,阴极温度比优化前提高了28 ℃,整枪最高温度提高了27 ℃,阴极预热时间缩短了40 s,缩短幅度达到33％。优化后的结构较大程度地提高了阴极的快启动性能,提升了行波管的快速反应能力。     

Multislit-Based Emittance Measurement of Electron Beam from a Photocathode Radio-Frequency Gun

Measurement of emittance for a space-charge dominated electron beam from a photocathode rf gun is performed by employing the multislit-based method at Accelerator Laboratory of Tsinghua University. We present the design considerations on the multislit system and the experimental results, with special attention to the study of space charge induced emittance growth. The experimental results are in reasonable agreement with the PARMELA simulations.     

ELV-8型加速管电子光学性能研究

ELV-8型加速器的加速管分为变梯度加速管段和等梯度加速管段两部分。阴极为六硼化镧平面阴极。电子束的聚焦采用变梯度场聚焦,使电子束成为层流束。电子枪的平面电极使得阴极发射面前的电场均匀,从而使得加速管的电子光学系统对初始条件不过于敏感,这便于电子枪的替换。     

集装箱检测系统用加速器电子枪的特性研究

研究了固定式海关集装箱检测系统用9MeV电子行波直线加速器电子枪的结构特点和束流特性。该电子枪采用钪酸盐阴极,在灯丝电流为2.4A,阳极引出电压为-40kV的工作条件下,由电子枪发射到加速器入口处的脉冲电流强度为300mA,在加速器出口处,束斑截面小于φ2mm;打靶后,产生的X射线剂量率大于30cGy/(min× m)。电子枪的良好特性及束流强度保证了集装箱检测图像所需的高分辨率的要求。为保证满足更换电子枪时的安装要求,利用EGUN程序模拟计算了电子枪的结构及束流特性,为实际装配和使用提供了参考尺寸和调试参数。