On the possibility of using short chain length mono-carboxylic acids for stabilization of magnetic fluids

Short chain length mono-carboxylic acids (lauric and myristic acids) are used to coat magnetite nanoparticles in non-polar organic liquids, which results in highly stable magnetic fluids. The new fluids are compared with classical organic fluids stabilized by oleic acid (OA). Magnetic granulometry and small-angle neutron scattering (polarized mode) reveal a great difference in the particle size distribution function for the studied magnetic fluids, particularly a decrease in the characteristic particle radius of magnetite when lauric and myristic acids are used instead of OA.     

猫爪草中的脂肪酸及有机酸的GC-MS分析

研究了用GC-MS法测定猫爪草中脂肪酸及有机酸的方法.河南产猫爪草块根粉碎后过20目筛,分别用石油醚(60～90℃)和乙醚回流提取6 h,提取液经浓缩后进行甲酯化,并由GC-MS法对其脂肪酸及有机酸的成分进行分析和鉴定.分析结果表明:两种提取剂的提取结果基本一致,猫爪草乙醚提取物中检测出含有23种物质,鉴定出其中的15种脂肪酸和有机酸,包括十四烷酸、十六烷酸、十八烷酸、二十烷酸、二十二烷酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸等,其中不饱和脂肪酸占58.19%,亚油酸占35.68%.     

二维红外光谱法对肉豆蔻酸相变过程的研究

脂肪酸由于成本低、相变潜热大、热稳定性好的特点,在有机固-液相变材料中应用较多。对脂肪酸进行热分析一般采用热重法（TG）或差示扫描量热法（DSC）得到材料宏观上的热力学性质,但难以对其微观结构变化进行深入探讨。二维红外光谱（2D-IR）在温度扰动的作用下,样品的光谱信号将随之发生动态变化。通过数学处理能够发现样品在相变过程中微观结构的变化。以肉豆蔻酸为例,采用傅里叶红外光谱仪,在4 000～400 cm-1和30～100 ℃温度范围内对肉豆蔻酸进行一系列红外光谱实验。采用二维移动窗口（MW2D）红外光谱技术,对肉豆蔻酸中的CO和O—H键进行分析,发现MW2D测出的肉豆蔻酸熔点与传统的DSC测出的基本一致,且两种化学键显示的热数据具有良好的一致性和稳定性。对光谱数据进行2D-IR分析,结果表明,由于分辨率的提高,一维光谱中单一的重叠吸收峰对应着二维光谱中的多个吸收峰,根据2D-IR的理论知识,推测可能存在二聚体肉豆蔻酸构型向单聚体肉豆蔻酸构型转变的情况。从峰强度和温度的变化关系中发现,升温时CO键和O—H键存在三个变化过程,达到相变温度之前,CO吸收峰强度基本不变,O—H吸收峰强度逐渐下降,说明O—H键偶极矩的变化比CO键更易受温度影响;相变过程中,两者吸收峰强度都显著减弱且O—H吸收峰强度下降幅度更大;达到相变温度之后,可能因O—H形成的分子间氢键,受热导致由强变弱,O—H上的电子云移向CO,导致CO吸收峰强度增大、O—H吸收峰强度减小。同时,结合密度泛函理论,对二维红外光谱的推论进行理论验证,可知存在二聚体肉豆蔻酸向单聚体肉豆蔻酸的转化过程。     

Sterically stabilized water based magnetic fluids: Synthesis,structure and properties

Magnetic fluids (MFs), prepared by chemical co-precipitation followed by double layer steric and electrostatic (combined) stabilization of magnetite nanoparticles dispersed in water, are presented. Several combinations of surfactants with different chain lengths (lauric acid (LA), myristic acid (MA), oleic acid (OA) and dodecyl-benzene-sulphonic acid (DBS)) were used, such as LA+LA, MA+MA, LA+DBS, MA+DBS, OA+DBS, OA+OA and DBS+DBS. Static light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, small angle neutron scattering, magnetic and magneto-rheological measurements revealed that MFs with MA+MA or LA+LA biocompatible double layer covered magnetite nanoparticles are the most stable colloidal systems among the investigated samples, and thus suitable for biomedical applications.     

A study on preparation and properties of carbon materials/myristic acid composite phase change thermal energy storage materials

Microscale graphite (Gr) and nanoscale multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were chosen to modify the organic phase change material (PCM) of myristic acid (MA). The Gr/MA and MWCNTs/MA composite PCMs were prepared by adding the carbon materials at different mass fractions into MA. The experimental results indicated that both Gr and MWCNTs could enhance the thermal conductivity of MA. For the 3?wt% loading, the solid thermal conductivity of MA increased by 37.42% with Gr and 62.26% with MWCNTs. The FT-IR spectra showed that the reactions between carbon materials and MA were physical. The DSC results illustrated that the phase change latent heats of the composite PCMs decreased gradually with the additives increasing. Gr and MWCNTs strengthened the thermal stability of MA. The heat release rates of the composite PCMs accelerated. Three hundred thermal cycles of the chosen composite PCMs revealed that the prepared composite PCMs presented good thermal cycling stability.     

Microscopic measurement of the linear compressibilities of two-dimensional fatty acid mesophases

The linear compressibility of two-dimensional fatty acid mesophases has been determined by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. The unit cell parameters of the , , , S and phases of behenic acid and of the phase of myristic acid were determined as a function of surface pressure and temperature. Surface pressure versus molecular area isotherms were reconstructed from these measurements, and the linear compressibility (relative distortion along a given direction for a two-dimensional isotropic applied stress) was determined both in the sample plane and in a plane normal to the aliphatic chain director (transverse plane). The linear compressibilities range over two orders of magnitude from 0.1 to 10 m/N and are distributed depending on their magnitude in 4 different sets which we are able to associate with different molecular mechanisms. The largest compressibilities (10 m/N) are observed in the tilted phases. They are apparently independent on the chain length and could be related to the reorganization of the headgroup hydrogen-bounded network, whose role should be revalued. Intermediate compressibilities are observed in phases with quasi long-range order (directions normal to the molecular tilt in the or phases, S phase, and could be related to the ordering of these phases. The lowest compressibilities are observed in the solid untilted phase and for one direction of the S and phases. They are similar to the compressibility of crystalline polymers and correspond to the interactions between methyl groups in the crystal. Finally, negative compressibilities are observed in the transverse plane for the and phases and can be traced to subtle reorganizations upon untilting. Received: 29 July 1997 / Revised: 14 October 1997 / Accepted: 23 October 1997     

原子吸收法测定饮料中总酸度

本文研究了用原子吸收法间接测定饮料中总酸度的方法。用ＭｇｎＨ４ＰＯ４悬浮液同有机酸作用，离心沉降未反应的试剂，用ＡＡＳ测定上清液中的Ｍｇ，可间接测定有机酸的总量，用本法测定了饮料样品中的总酸度。测定结果相对偏差小于５．３％，加经在９１－１０４％之间。本法测定结果与酸碱滴定法的结合符合。     

Reference database of Raman spectra of biological molecules

Raman spectra of biological materials are very complex, because they consist of signals from all molecules present in cells. In order to obtain chemical information from these spectra, it is necessary to know the Raman patterns of the possible components of a cell. In this paper, we present a collection of Raman spectra of biomolecules that can serve as references for the interpretation of Raman spectra of biological materials. We included the most important components present in a cell: (1) DNA and RNA bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil), (2) amino acids (glycine, L ‐alanine, L ‐valine, L ‐serine, L ‐glutamic acid, L ‐arginine, L ‐phenylalanine, L ‐tyrosine, L ‐tryptophan, L ‐histidine, L ‐proline), (3) fatty acids and fats (lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, 12‐methyltetradecanoic acid, 13‐methylmyristic acid, 14‐methylpentadecanoic acid, 14‐methylhexadecanoic acid, 15‐methylpalmitic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, glycerol, triolein, trilinolein, trilinolenin), (4) saccharides (β‐D ‐glucose, lactose, cellulose, D ‐(+)‐dextrose, D ‐(+)‐trehalose, amylose, amylopectine, D ‐(+)‐mannose, D ‐(+)‐fucose, D ‐(−)‐arabinose, D ‐(+)‐xylose, D ‐(−)‐fructose, D ‐(+)‐galactosamine, N‐acetyl‐D ‐glucosamine, chitin), (5) primary metabolites (citric acid, succinic acid, fumarate, malic acid, pyruvate, phosphoenolpyruvate, coenzyme A, acetyl coenzyme A, acetoacetate, D ‐fructose‐6‐phosphate) and (6) others (β‐carotene, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, glutathione). Examples of Raman spectra of bacteria and fungal spores are shown, together with band assignments to the reference products. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

One-step electrodeposition process to fabricate cathodic superhydrophobic surface

In this work, a rapid one-step process is developed to fabricate superhydrophobic cathodic surface by electrodepositing copper plate in an electrolyte solution containing manganese chloride (MnCl₂·4H₂O), myristic acid (CH₃(CH₂)₁₂COOH) and ethanol. The superhydrophobic surfaces were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The shortest electrolysis time for fabricating a superhydrophobic surface is about 1 min, the measured maximum contact angle is 163° and rolling angle is less than 3°. Furthermore, this method can be easily extended to other conductive materials. The approach is time-saving and cheap, and it is supposed to have a promising future in industrial fields.     

Measurement of attenuation cross-sections of some fatty acids in the energy range 122–1330 keV

The mass attenuation coefficients (μ_m) have been measured for undecylic acid (C₁₁H₂₂O₂), lauric acid (C₁₂H₂₄O₂), tridecylic acid (C₁₃H₂₆O₂), myristic acid (C₁₄H₂₈O₂), pentadecylic acid (C₁₅H₃₀O₂) and palmitic acid (C₁₆H₃₂O₂) using ⁵⁷Co, ¹³³Ba, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁶⁰Co and ²²Na emitted γ radiation with energies 122, 356, 511, 662, 1170, 1275 and 1330 keV, respectively. The accurate values of the effective atomic number (Z_eff), atomic cross-section (σ_t,), electronic cross-section (σ_e) and the effective electron density (N_eff) have great significance in radiation protection and dosimetry. These quantities were obtained by utilizing experimentally measured values of mass attenuation coefficients (μ_m). A NaI(Tl) scintillation detector with 8.2% (at 662 keV) resolution was used for detecting of attenuated γ-photons. The variation in Z_eff and N_eff of fatty acids with energy is discussed. The experimental and theoretical results are in good agreement within 2% deviation.     

单（6—S—丹磺酰基）—β—环糊精的合成及其分子识别功能初探

合成鉴定具有发光基团的环糊精衍生物，研究了该产物水溶液的荧光特性和它对客体环己醇，环己烯，溴化环己烷，以及苯甲酸系列的包结与识别作用，用修正的Ｈｉｌｄｅｂｒａｎｄ－Ｂｅｎｅｓｉ方程计算得主客化合物的包结常数和识别因子，不仅证明主客体间形成１：１包结物，且其包结常数和识别因子与客体的分子结构及疏水性等直接有关。     

Analysis of structure and properties of active carbons and their copolymeric precursors

The relations between chemical structures of BM-DVB copolymers obtained with various monomer molar ratios and their carbonization products were studied. Three porous copolymers 1:4, 1:1, and 4:1 of BM to DVB were the starting materials for preparation of active carbons. Two activation agents were employed: air and phosphoric acid. The carbonization process was performed in the same way in these two cases. To characterize the obtained materials FTIR spectroscopy, thermal and elemental analyses were applied. Porous structure parameters were obtained by means of nitrogen sorption. The results proved that differences in the molar ratio of monomers used in the syntheses of polymeric precursor play a key role for structure and properties of copolymers but have rather small influence on properties of the obtained carbons. Preliminary treatment is more effective during the activation process. The carbons obtained by activation with phosphoric acid are microporous and have well developed porous structures. The air activated carbons are mesoporous with specific surface areas similar to those of polymeric precursors.     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯的拉曼光谱特性

为了研究聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)分子拉曼振动模式的特性,采用拉曼光谱法对PET纤维的拉曼光谱特性进行研究,并对PET纤维分别进行酸、碱、盐处理,获得酸、碱、盐处理前后纤维的拉曼光谱,分析与比较了处理前后拉曼光谱的特性;同时,采用原子力显微镜对其形貌结构进行观察。结果表明,在200～1 750 cm-1范围,NaOH处理的PET纤维的拉曼光谱强度高于未经处理的PET纤维,当拉曼频移大于1 750 cm-1时,经碱处理的PET拉曼峰强度低于未经处理的PET拉曼峰强度,且荧光背景减弱,H₂SO₄处理的PET纤维强度显著低于未经处理的PET纤维,CuSO₄处理的PET纤维强度较未经处理的PET纤维的强度明显增高。原子力显微镜测结果表明,碱和PET纤维分子的相互作用使化学键断裂,分子结构发生改变,经NaOH处理后的PET纤维表面较未经处理的PET纤维表面更为粗糙,H₂SO₄处理的PET表面相对未经处理的PET纤维表面粗糙度降低,经CuSO₄处理的PET纤维表面比未经处理的PET纤维粗糙度增加。PET纤维的拉曼光谱与原子力显微镜结果相一致,表明拉曼光谱与原子力显微镜的结合有望成为高聚物物性的表征技术。     

卡尔曼滤波紫外光度法同时测定酱油、食醋中的山梨酸和苯甲酸

在酸性条件下，采用乙酸乙酯萃取、Na2HPO4溶液反萃取分离酱汪、食醋中的山梨酸、苯甲酸，卡尔曼滤波法计算结果，并与比值导数波谱法进行比较。结果表明，卡尔曼滤波法较地数波谱法有较高准确度和精密度，并能监测干扰物质存在与否。用于实际样品分析有更高的可靠性。     

P.M.R. relaxation time studies in some binary liquid systems

Proton magnetic resonance relaxation time measurements have been carried out in mixtures of water with formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyric acid. On account of molecular association, the results reveal strong deviation of these mixtures from the ideal behaviour. The molecular association effect is discussed in some detail. The molecular association ratios determined from the present studies are in excellent agreement with those obtained by the ultrasonic absorption technique. It is further shown that N.M.R. relaxation time studies reveal more information about molecular interactions in liquids than the ultrasonic absorption studies.     

Nanocrystalline hard chromium electrodeposition from trivalent chromium bath containing carbamide and formic acid: Structure, composition, electrochemical corrosion behavior, hardness and wear characteristics of deposits

The paper is devoted to the structure, composition and properties investigations of coatings obtained from a sulfate trivalent chromium bath containing formic acid and carbamide as the complexing agents. The results indicate that the deposits have a nanocrystalline type of structure—there are regions with atomic ordered arrangement in bulk material with the average size of 3-5 nm. Carbon is present as chromium carbide within the coating and it is distributed uniformly inside of the deposit. The deposits under study exhibit particular electrochemical behavior (absence of the active dissolution range in acid solution). The hardness of these coatings does not differ noticeably from that typical of coatings obtained in Cr(VI)-based baths. The wear characteristics of the deposits from the proposed bath are somewhat better than in the case of a common hexavalent chromium bath.     

烟酸和烟酰胺及烟碱的太赫兹光谱研究

研究了室温条件下结构相似的烟酸和烟酰胺以及烟碱的太赫兹光谱。测量了它们的时间分辨光谱,通过傅里叶变换获得了它们的频谱,从而得到了频谱响应和折射率色散关系。实验结果表明, 烟碱在太赫兹波段无明显的特征频谱响应,而烟酸和烟酰胺在太赫兹波段存在明显的特征频谱响应。用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算了烟酸和烟酰胺的太赫兹频谱,对它们的吸收峰产生的原因做了初步分析,认为烟酸吸收峰的产生是由于分子内部的扭转和摇摆所造成的,而烟酰胺的吸收峰(除1.93 THz以外)是由于分子间的相互作用和光声子模式而造成的。结果表明,数值模拟和实验结果相结合,可以用来分析烟酸和烟酰胺的分子结构和分子振动模式。     

Study on fluorescence spectra of molecular association of acetic acid-water

Fluorescence spectra of acetic acid-water solution excited by ultraviolet （UV） light are studied, and the relationship between fluorescence spectra and molecular association of acetic acid is discussed. The results indicate that when the exciting light wavelength is longer than 246 nm, there are two fluorescence peaks located at 305 and 334 nm, respectively. By measuring the excitation spectra, the optimal wavelengths of the two fluorescence peaks are obtained, which are 258 and 284 nm, respectively. Fluorescence spectra of acetic acid-water solution change with concentrations, which is primarily attributed to changes of molecular association of acetic acid in aqueous solution. Through theoretical analysis, three variations of molecular association have been obtained in acetic acid-water solution, which are the hydrated monomers, the linear dimers, and the water separated dimers. This research can provide references to studies of molecular association of acetic acid-water, especiMly studies of hydrogen bonds.     

Temperature dependence of chlorine NQR in 2-chloro 5-nitrobenzoic acid and 4-chloro 3-nitrobenzoic acid

Temperature dependence of chlorine nuclear quadrupole resonance in 2-chloro 5-nitrobenzoic acid and 4-chloro 3-nitrobenzoic acid has been investigated in the region 77° K to room temperature. No phase transition has been observed. The results are analysed to obtain the torsional frequencies and their temperature dependence. A nonlinear temperature dependence is obtained for the torsional frequencies.     

Electrochemical adsorption properties and inhibition of copper corrosion in chloride solutions by ascorbic acid: experimental and theoretical investigation

In this study, the effect of ascorbic acid in the electrochemical behavior of copper has been investigated in 3.5 % NaCl solution using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Current-potential curve and Nyquist diagrams were obtained in different concentrations of ascorbic acid. The surface morphology of copper after its exposure to 3.5 % NaCl solution with and without of ascorbic acid was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The obtained results show that ascorbic acid inhibits corrosion of copper in 3.5 % NaCl solution. The inhibition activity of ascorbic acid increases with a decrease in the concentration of ascorbic acid.