Numerical and experimental studies of mixed-host organic light emitting diodes

Electrical characteristic and luminance of three mixed-host organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs): namely the uniformly mixed, step-wise graded and mixed, and continuously graded and mixed, were compared with the conventional hetero-junction OLED in both numerical and experimental studies. These mixed-host OLEDs were fabricated by a mixed-source thermal evaporation process, and half-cell devices were also fabricated to provide some input parameters for OLED simulations. The current efficiencies were largely influenced by their device structures and strongly agreed with the computed current balance factors. The improved mixed-host OLED performances can be discussed with aid from simulations, which include spatial distributions of electron and hole, carrier mobility, electric field profiles, the total recombination rates in the light emitting layer.     

Effect of host and interlayer structures on device performances of hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes

The effect of host and interlayer structures on device performances of hybrid white organic light emitting diodes was studied by changing the energy level of host and interlayer materials. A mixed layer of hole transport type and electron transport type materials was used as a host and an interlayer. In the red:green/interlayer/blue stacked structure, a red shift of emission color was observed by increasing the highest occupied molecular orbital of the electron transport type material in the mixed layer. An optimization of the device structure gave a high current efficiency of 32.4 cd/A with a color coordinate of (0.44, 0.45).     

High-efficiency red phosphorescent electroluminescence devices based on mixed p/n host matrices

In this Letter, we demonstrate a way to control the charge carrier transport mechanisms in phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices based on the mixing of two p and n host materials in the emissive layer (EML). The matrices have been selected in order to fulfill the requirements of the energy level mismatch with the transporting and emitting materials. By using the mixed-host approach in combination with a phosphorescent red emitter, namely (1-phenylisoquinoline) iridium (III) [Ir(piq)(3)], maximum external and power efficiencies of 14.3% and 10 lm/W, respectively, have been achieved, with an average external efficiency value of 12% in the luminance range 100-10,000 cd/m(2).     

Efficiency improvement of red organic light-emitting diodes using a blue phosphorescent exciton blocking layer

Quantum efficiency of red organic light-emitting diodes was improved using a blue phosphorescent emitting layer as an exciton blocking layer. Compared with 8.1% quantum efficiency of standard devices without an exciton blocking layer, high quantum efficiency of 14.1% was obtained using a blue phosphorescent emitting layer between the hole transport layer and the red emitting layer.     

Red top-emitting organic light-emitting device using 6, 13-di-(3, 5-diphenyl)phenylpentacene doped emitting system

Fluorescent red organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) with narrow emission and negligible current-induced quenching by using a pentacene derivative of 6,13-di-(3,5-diphenyl)phenylpentacene (PDT) doped emitting system were demonstrated. With the incorporation of C₆₀ outcoupling layer, the PDT-based top-emitting OLED showed superior electroluminescence performances with Commission Internationale d’Eclairage color coordinates of (0.64, 0.36) and luminous efficiency of ～3 cd/A. To clarify the actual energy transfer process in PDT-doped emitting system, the Förster’s radius was calculated. The results indicated that the energy transfer process is predominantly from the host of tris(8-hydroquinoline) aluminum to guest of PDT via the assistant dopant of 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene.     

Low driving voltage in white organic light-emitting diodes using an interfacial energy barrier free multilayer emitting structure

The driving voltage of white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with blue fluorescent and red phosphorescent emitting materials was lowered by using a device architecture with little energy barrier between emitting layers. A mixed layer of hole and electron transport materials was used as a host material and an interlayer, reducing the driving voltage of WOLEDs. The driving voltage of WOLEDs was reduced by more than 4 V and power efficiency of WOLEDs was improved by more than 40% due to little energy barrier for holes and electrons injection in light-emitting layer. In addition, there was little change of electroluminescence spectra from 100 to 10,000 cd/m².     

掺杂型红色有机电致发光显示器件

全色显示是有机电致发光显示(OLED)器件发展的目标,而高性能红色发光器件一直是制约全彩色OLED器件实用化的瓶颈,也是目前有机电致发光显示研究的热点。制作了掺杂DCJTB和不同浓度的rubrene两种荧光染料的红色有机电致发光显示器件,以NPB和Alq₃分别作为空穴传输层和电子传输层,发现器件性能与只掺杂DCJTB的器件相比有明显提高,发光效率提高到2～3倍。通过Frster理论和能带理论分析了器件的能量转移机理,研究发现Frster能量转移不是掺杂器件能量转移的主要形式,载流子俘获机制才是器件效率提高的主要原因;rubrene的引入使得能量能够更有效地从Alq₃转移到DCJTB,从而显著地提高了器件的发光效率和性能。     

Solution-processed white organic light-emitting diodes with mixed-host structures

Efficient white light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) were fabricated with a solution-processed single emission layer composed of a molecular and polymeric material mixed-host (MH). The main host used was a blue-emitting molecular material of 4,4′-bis(2,2′-diphenylvinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (DPVBi) and the assisting host used was a hole-transport-type polymer of poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK). By co-doping 4,4′-bis[2-(4-(N,N-diphenylamino)phenyl)vinyl]biphenyl and 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphacene into the MH, the performances of the fabricated devices made with different mixing ratio of host materials were investigated, and were to depend on the mixing ratios. Under the optimal PVK:DPVBi ratio (3:7), we achieved a maximum luminance of 14 110 cd/m² and a maximum current efficiency of 9.5 cd/A. These improvements were attributed to the MH structure, which effectively improved the thermal stability of spin-coated film and enhanced the hole-injection/transporting properties of WOLEDs.     

新型有机电致磷光白光器件的研究

制备了结构为ITO/NPB/TCTA/FIrpic∶TCTA/Ir(MDQ)2(acac)∶TmPyPB/FIrpic∶TmPyPB/TmPyPB/LiF/Al的有机电致磷光发光器件。通过在双蓝光发光层之间插入较薄的红光层Ir(MDQ)2(acac)∶TmPyPB调节载流子、激子在各发光层中的分布,并结合TCTA和TmPyPB对发光层内载流子和激子的有效阻挡作用,混合实现白光发射。研究了红光层在不同厚度、不同掺杂浓度下对器件发光性能的影响。结果表明,红光发光层厚度为2nm、质量浓度为5%时,结合蓝光发光层和红光发光层,实现了色坐标为(0.333,0.333)、最大发光效率为11.50cd/A的白光发射。     

基于新型有机红色材料的薄膜电致发光

对一种名为N,N双[4[2(4二氰甲烯基6甲基)4H吡喃2基]乙烯基]苯基苯胺的新型有机红色材料(BDCM)进行了薄膜发光行为的研究.此材料的一个三苯胺(给电子基)和两个二氰甲烯吡喃(受电子基)所形成的较好空间位阻和强荧光发射能力,使得其固体薄膜具有很高的红色荧光量子产率.所构成的ITO/CuPc/DPPP/BDCM/Mg:Ag红色薄膜电致发光器件在外加电压为19V时亮度达到582cd/m².且此器件的发光颜色不随外加电流密度的改变而变化,表明此材料有很好的电子传输和红色发射性能     

发光区插入超薄LiF层对有机电致发光器件性能的影响

着重对比了在以DCM掺杂Alq₃为发光层的红光器件的发光区插入超薄LiF层后器件性能的改善。插入超薄LiF层后,器件的最大工作电流密度为487 mA/cm²,相应的最大电致发光亮度为76 740 cd/m²,最大外量子效率为5.9%。器件内量子效率为40%,超过了基于有机荧光小分子发光材料的有机电致发光器件的内量子效率的理论极限值25%。对器件内单线态及三线态激子的形成过程进行了分析,并推测:超薄LiF层的插入提高了器件内单线态电荷转移态/三线态电荷转移态的形成比例,进而提高了器件内单线态激子在激子总数中的比例,最终提高了器件的内量子效率。同时,超薄LiF层的插入改变了发光层内局域的内部电场,使器件的外量子效率不仅没有随电流密度的增加而降低,反而非线性增加。     

彩色有机薄膜电致发光及动态矩阵显示

研究了绿色、红色、蓝色和白色4种有机薄膜电致发光器件.通过掺杂得到了高稳定性的绿色及红色器件,绿色器件的半寿命达14000小时(初始亮度100cd/m²),红色器件的半寿命为7500小时(初始亮度50cd/m²).还研究了具有空穴锁定层及非锁定层的多种不同结构和材料的蓝色及白色器件.研究表明无论蓝色还是白色器件,具有空穴锁定层的器件稳定性较差,老化过程中界面势垒的变化很大.非锁定层的蓝色及白色器件中,新材料JBEM比DPVBi有更优越的性能.JBEM构成的蓝色器件的半亮度寿命为1035小时(初始亮度100cd/m²).由JBEM构成的白色器件中,由蓝色及红色掺杂在同一层的器件得到最好的稳定性,其半亮度寿命为2800小时(初始亮度100cd/m²),而且它具有发光颜色不随电流变化而变化的特点.在稳定性改善的基础上研制成功96×60线,分辨率为2线/mm的绿色及白色矩阵显示屏,还利用选择蒸发的方法制造了彩色矩阵屏,设计和研制了驱动及控制电路,实现了动态显示.     

High efficiency blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes without electron transport layer

High efficiency blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes were fabricated without an electron transport layer using a spirobifluorene based blue triplet host material. The simple blue PHOLEDs without the electron transport layer showed a high external quantum efficiency and current efficiency of 16.1% and 30.2 cd/A, respectively. The high device performances of the electron transport layer free blue PHOLEDs were comparable to those of blue PHOLEDs with the electron transport layer.     

Organic LED device based on PtOEP phosphor without doping in host material

Electroluminescence (EL) and photoluminescence (PL) have been studied on multi-layer organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices based on phosphorescent platinum octaethyl porphine (PtOEP) molecule. A multi-layer OLED (called Pt5) which has 100% PtOEP without doping in host as the emitting layer is investigated and compared its EL and PL characteristics with those of the other OLEDs (Pt2 and Pt3) with emitting layer of PtOEP doped in 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole-biphenyl (CBP) host material. It is observed that Pt5 shows a lower EL efficiency than Pt2 and Pt3. Three broad EL bands are observed at 500, 527 and 570 nm in the multi-layer device in addition to red sharp EL band due to PtOEP in Pt5, while only the red PtOEP EL is observed in Pt2 and Pt3. The 500, 527 and 570 nm EL peaks arise from absorption of the broad 525 nm Alq₃ emission band by PtOEP layer. The emission from the Alq₃ electron-transport layer is caused by the carrier leakage from the hole-blocking BAlq layer. The intensity of red EL due to PtOEP is much weaker in Pt5 than in Pt2. Taking into account the result of PL, it is suggested that highly efficient energy transfer from CBP host to PtOEP guest occurs in Pt2 and Pt3, giving rise to higher PtOEP luminance, while concentration quenching occurs in PtOEP layer in Pt5.     

可调色红光有机电致发光器件

介绍了具有可调节发光光谱的高效红光有机发光二极管(OLED)器件,利用具有高三重态能量的9.9-螺二芴二苯基氧化磷(SPPO1)作为发光层的主体材料及空穴阻挡层,二(1-苯基异喹啉)(乙酰丙酮)合铱(III) (Ir(piq)2(acac))作为客体发光材料,在发光层内SPPO1的能量分别由福斯特和迪克斯特传递到Ir(piq)2(acac)的单重态和三重态从而发出红色磷光,通过调节磷光客体材料的比例得到最优器件结构,从而得到具有较好发光效率和发光亮度并可调节色纯的有机发光二极管器件。     

一种新型平板彩色显示器件的制备和光谱分析

以MEH-PPV(聚[2-甲氧基-5-(2′-乙基己氧基-对苯乙烯)])和Alq₃作为发光层, 成功制备出ITO/SiO₂/MEH-PPV/SiO₂/Al结构和ITO/SiO₂/Alq₃ /SiO₂/Al结构的固态阴极射线器件。通过分析SSCL光谱,认为这些高速电子激发有机材料后形成Frenkel激子。当器件两个电极之间加的电压比较低时,有机薄膜层的场强也比较低,这些激子被解离的概率很小,从而产生的是激子发光的长波发射;当器件两个电极之间加的电压比较高时,有机薄膜层的场强很高, 在有机层形成的激子大部分被解离, 解离后的电子直接跃迁至LUMO(lowest unoccupancied molecular orbit),这些电子弛豫后从LUMO能级到HOMO(highest occupancied molecular orbit )能级直接辐射跃迁, 接着重新复合发光,从而产生短波发射。制作的固态阴极射线器件可以实现全色发光, 提高发光效率和加强蓝光发射。作者可以预期所研制出的这种SSCL器件必将引发平板显示领域一场新的革命性变革。     

电子传输层厚度及阻塞层对量子点发光二极管性能的影响

针对量子点发光二极管(QLED)中载流子注入不平衡的问题,对空穴和电子在量子点层的注入速率进行了研究。制备了不同电子传输层厚度、结构为ITO/PEDOT∶PSS/Poly-TPD/QDs/Alq3/Al的QLED样品。Alq_3厚度由25 nm逐步递增至45 nm时,器件的开启电压升高,器件均发出量子点的红光。当Alq_3厚度为30nm时,器件的电流效率最高。此时,空穴和电子在量子点层的注入速率达到相对平衡。为进一步研究器件的发光特性,在QDs和Alq_3接触界面嵌入电子阻塞层TPD。研究发现,当TPD的厚度为1 nm时,器件发出红光;当TPD厚度为3 nm和5 nm时,器件开始出现绿光。实验结果表明,在选取电子阻塞层时,应选择LUMO较低的材料且阻塞层的厚度必须很薄。     

DPVBi空穴阻挡层对OLED性能的优化

研究了宽带隙有机小分子材料DPVBi作为空穴阻挡层对OLED器件效率和亮度的优化作用.DPVBi的引入有效地改善了以PEDOT:PSS做空穴注入层的OLED器件的空穴过剩问题.实验结果表明:通过优化DPVBi的厚度,插入30 nm厚的DPVBi空穴阻拦层可以有效地平衡OLED器件的电子和空穴浓度,降低器件的工作电压,优...     

有机吡啶盐的电致发光

有机盐是一种离子化合物,其分子间依靠比范德瓦尔斯力大得多的离子键结合,这有利于器件稳定性的提高。主要研究一种以新型有机吡啶盐ASPT(trans-4-[P-(N-ethyl-N-(hydroxylethyl)-amino)styryl]-N-methylpyridinium tetraphenyl-borate)作发光层的有机电致发光特性。实验发现有机盐ASPT是一种性能较好的红光发射材料。利用ASPT作发光层的单层电致发光器件,可获得稳定的红色电致发光。通过对外场界面势垒影响分析,我们讨论了这种单层器件的发光机理。为了探索ASPT中载流子传输与复合过程,并提高器件性能,设计了ASPT/Alq₃双层和TPD/ASPT/Alq₃三层结构的器件,进一步研究了它们的光电特性。实验结果表明,利用双层器件可获得亮度较高的红色发光。而在三层器件中,由于不同功能层的载流子传输特性的差别,激发复合区域受到驱动电压的显著影响,因此电致发光光谱随电压的变化而变化。通过对光谱结构、能级位置的分析,讨论了相关的发光机理。     

间隔层对红绿磷光有机电致发光器件发光性能的影响

制备了结构为ITO/MoO₃(40 nm)/NPB(40 nm)/TCTA(10 nm)/CBP∶GIr1(14%)∶R-4B(2%)(20 nm) /间隔层(3 nm)/ CBP∶GIr1(14%)∶R-4B(2%)(10 nm)/BCP(10 nm)/Alq₃(40 nm)/LiF(1 nm)/Al(100 nm) 的有机电致发光器件,间隔层分别为CBP,TCTA,TPBI和BCP,GIr1和R-4B分别为绿红磷光材料。通过加入不同间隔层来调控载流子和激子在发光层内的分布并研究了其对器件发光性能的影响。研究表明TCTA,TPBI和BCP分别作为间隔层的器件较CBP为间隔层的参考器件,电压为6 V时,电流效率分别高出59%,79%和93%,以BCP为间隔层的器件效率最高达到22.58 cd·A-1;TPBI和BCP为间隔层相对于以TCTA为间隔层的器件,在较高的电流密度下,效率滚降更小。分析原因TCTA间隔层较高的LUMO能级和三线态能量将电子和激子限制在较窄的复合区域,提高了载流子相遇形成激子的概率,在较高电流密度下猝灭也更严重;TPBI和BCP由于具有较高的HOMO能级和电子传输能力,拓宽了激子的复合区域。间隔层引起电子或空穴的累积,形成较高的空间电场,有利于发光层相应载流子的注入与传输。由于发光层掺杂方式为红绿共掺,器件均获得了较好的色坐标稳定性。