超二代微光像增强器多碱光电阴极膜厚测量研究

介绍了多碱光电阴极的光学性能和光谱反射率特性,测量了多碱阴极的光谱反射率曲线.该曲线与普通光学膜层光谱反射率曲线相比,形状较不规则,原因是多碱阴极膜层存在光吸收.光谱反射率曲线上的干涉峰是入射光在玻璃与阴极膜层界面反射和在阴极膜层与真空的界面反射的两束光发生干涉的结果.根据干涉的原理,如果阴极膜层所反射的两束光的光程差为二分之一波长的偶倍数时,光谱反射将出现干涉加强峰;如果阴极膜层所反射的两束光的光程差为二分之一波长的奇倍数时,光谱反射将出现干涉减弱峰.根据超二代像增强器光谱反射干涉峰对应的波长,可以计算出其阴极膜层的厚度约为191 nm,比二代像增强器阴极膜层的厚度增加了38％.多碱阴极膜层厚度是影响多碱阴极灵敏度的一个关键参量,仅仅靠人眼观察阴极膜层颜色的方法不准确.实践证明,利用光谱反射的方法来计算阴极膜层厚度的方法简单有效.如果在多碱阴极的制作过程中进行光谱反射率的监控,那么将可以精确控制阴极膜层的厚度,对多碱阴极的研究将会更加深入,多碱阴极的灵敏度也将会得到进一步的提升.     

干涉型光电阴极的分析

<正> 一、引言量子产额的参数是通过测量常规的光电阴极的效率。例如S-1光阴极,波长大于1μm时量子产额小于0.1%,通过光检测过程的分析可能是光电子在吸收层产生的能力达到最佳。如果用成象特性和高量子产额来表征光探测器的性能,那么可以应用干涉型的光电阴极。本文分析了反射-半透明光电阴极的几何的和光学的结构,以及固态参数对窄带光检测的影响。通过实验证明,光学干涉对光阴极层的吸收和灵敏度是有关的。本文假设电介质的光电发射体在弱的入射光下具有一个高的电阻率,上面这种情况适合于重掺氧S-1光阴极和     

超二代微光像增强器Na2KSb(Cs)多碱光电阴极荧光谱研究

利用785 nm波长激光作为激发源,测量了超二代微光像增强器Na2KSb(Cs)多碱光电阴极的荧光谱.试验中发现该荧光谱不是一条光滑的高斯型曲线,而是一条在高斯型荧光谱上叠加了一定频率间隔小锯齿峰的曲线.经实验验证和理论分析证明该荧光谱上的小锯齿峰是一种干涉条纹,与超二代微光像增强器的结构有关.干涉条纹之间的间距与相邻两干涉峰波长的乘积成正比,与超二代微光像增强器的近贴聚焦距离成反比.干涉条纹调制度大小与Na2KSb(Cs)多碱光电阴极的厚度成反比.通过测量超二代微光像增强器Na2KSb(Cs)多碱光电阴极荧光谱上两相邻干涉条纹的间距和调制度,就可以测量或比较出不同超二代微光像增强器Na2KSb(Cs)多碱光电阴极的膜厚、近贴聚焦距离.研究结果对提高超二代微光像增强器阴极灵敏度和分辨力提供了一个有效的分析手段.     

激光辐照ZnSe／MgF2滤光片的热效应研究

介绍了光热光检测方法的基本原理。采用从波长上把泵浦光和检测光分开的方法，利用光热光平行检测技术测量了检测激光通过ZnSe/MgF2滤光片后信号的变化，并用红外热像仪测量了泵浦激光辐照干涉滤光片产生温升随时间的变化。根据干涉滤光片的膜层结构，分析了热效应对干涉滤光片薄膜折射率、膜层光学厚度和透过率的影响。研究结果表明：连续激光辐照ZnSe/MgF2滤光片产生的温升，可使滤光片透射光谱曲线偏高中心滤长，导致其透过率的热致非线性变化。     

微光物镜设计中最佳波段及滤光片的选择

为了提高微光夜视仪器的鉴别能力,本文探讨了微光物镜设计中合理选择最佳工作波段及截止型滤光片的一种图解分析法,并叙述了微光物镜的工作概况,景物的辐射特性和阴极面的相对灵敏度,还提供了几种典型光电阴极对景物的光电流密度响应差分布曲线。以S_(25)光电阴极在月光下观察景物(树叶、暗绿漆)的光电流密度响应差分布曲线为例,运用积分概念并根据曲线直观地分析了加入截止型滤光片对提高光电阴极初始对比度的效果,提出一种提高夜视仪器对景物的鉴别能力的途径,并利用光电阴极对景物的光电流密度差分布曲线,综合分析微光物镜设计中选择的最佳波段及与滤光片的匹配关系。     

时空混合调制型偏振干涉成像光谱仪干涉图获取模式研究

基于自行研制的时空混合调制型偏振干涉成像光谱仪（TSMPIIS）,提出了一种新的干涉图和光谱的获取模式,分析了干涉数据的排列方式,详细阐述了不同时刻获得的一系列干涉图组合的方法,并由TSMPIIS获得了单色光和复色光的干涉图.理想的干涉图和复原光谱充分显示了这种探测模式的优越性,如宽场、高探测灵敏度和高通量等. 关键词： 时空混合调制 偏振干涉成像光谱仪 获取模式     

空间外差光谱仪滤光片光场非均匀性研究

空间外差光谱仪采用窄带滤光片限制仪器光谱范围,避免光谱混叠。滤光片透过率曲线随入射光角度的变化导致准直系统出射光场呈现随波长变化的非均匀现象。对光场非均匀性机理进行理论推导,证实滤光片调制作用造成复原光谱中卷积了与波长相关的调制函数,导致单色光光谱半峰全宽随波长变化。根据理论公式并结合实验室空间外差光谱仪参数进行了仿真分析,表明光场存在短波下凹和长波上凸的滤光片调制效应。开展了实验室单色光扫描实验,实验测量结果与理论分析和仿真结果一致。提出了一种包络线拟合校正方法,仪器线型函数半峰全宽变化量由校正前的16.7%下降为0.2%,有效去除了滤光片调制函数对仪器线型函数的影响。     

双缝干涉实验光源的改进

用J2515型双缝干涉实验仪做双缝干涉实验，其目的有两个：一是观察自光的干涉条纹；二是观察和测量单色光的波长．实验仪器提供了红色和绿色滤光片，即测量红光及绿光的波长．通过本实验要达成的教育目标是使学生更清楚地认识到：在狭缝间的距离和狭缝与屏间的距离不变的条件下，单色光的波长越长产生的干涉条纹间距越大，从而理解为什么自光产生的干涉条纹是彩色的．同时也知道不同色光具有不同的频率和波长．     

基于滤光片提取光谱的流动注射-溶液阴极辉光放电检测研究

溶液阴极辉光放电-原子发射光谱法是近年来兴起的一种新型水体金属离子检测技术,它具有快速,在线和低成本检测的显著特点。以工业注射泵实现溶液阴极辉光放电激发源的流动注射进样,再以窄带滤光片分别提取Na,K,Ca,Li,Sr和Cs金属元素发射光谱信号,最后由光电倍增管和皮安表接收光谱信息光谱信号,实现了水质金属元素的检测。实验分析了注射容量分别为100和166 μL对1 mg·L-1的Na元素产生的信号强度的影响,研究发现其信号强度的相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为4.64%和1.95%,说明两种注射量稳定性都较好。为了获得更好的分析性能,实验分析了直流放电电压,狭缝的宽度以及光电倍增管供压等参数对信号强度的影响。实验结果表明,在直流放电电压为1 000 V,狭缝宽度为70 μm和光电倍增管供压为-800 V时获得了较高的信背比。采用此装置在流动注射模式下,测得了Na,K,Ca,Li,Sr和Cs六种金属元素检出限,分别为2.78,4.23,589,9.45,981和83.6 μg·L-1。实验最后对混合溶液标定物质中的Na和K元素进行了定量分析测量,测量的误差分别为7.5%和6.67%,精密度分别为1.24%和0.89%,研究结果表明基于滤光片提取光谱的流动注射分析-溶液阴极辉光放电-原子发射光谱方法具有较高的检测准确度。     

激活台内透射式GaAs光电阴极的光谱响应特性研究

利用在线光谱响应技术,对透射式GaAs光电阴极在高温激活和低温激活后的光谱响应特性进行了测试,计算并比较了高温激活和低温激活后阴极的积分灵敏度和光谱响应特性参数.结果发现,与高温激活相比,低温激活后GaAs光电阴极的积分灵敏度提高了13％,低温激活后阴极的截止波长和峰值波长均向长波有微小偏移.将已获得的测试曲线与铟封后的三代像增强器的光谱响应曲线进行了比较,结果发现铟封前后的光谱响应曲线存在明显差异.     

Macroparticle filtering of high-current vacuum arc plasmas

The transport of vacuum arc plasmas through a 90° curved magnetic macroparticle filter was investigated using a high-current pulsed arc source with a carbon cathode. The peak arc current was in the kiloampere range, exceeding considerably the level of what has been reported in the literature. The main question investigated was whether magnetic macroparticle filters could be scaled up while maintaining the transport efficiency of small filters. In front of the cathode, we found that arc current dependent total ion saturation currents were in the range from 10% to 23% of the arc current. The best relative transmission was 25% (time integrated output/time integrated input) at a duct wall bias of 12.5 V and at an axial magnetic field of about 100 mT. The measured relative transmission of the used high-current arrangement is comparable to what has been observed with other low-current filters. The absolute measurable ion saturation currents at the filter exit reached 70 A at an arc current of about 1000 A     

Photo field-emission spectroscopy of optical transitions in the band structure of tungsten

Photo field-emission currents of clean and barium-covered tungsten tips in a sligthly modified FEM-configuration have been measured under UHV-conditions by modulating monochromatic mercury arc radiation and phase-sensitive detection. From Fowler-Nordheim plots of the field-emission currents field strength and work function were determined as usual. The photo field-emission current—voltage characteristics show various slopes and shoulders which are dependent on excitation energy, work function, and applied field. The shoulders are interpreted to indicate optical transitions, whose final and initial energies are evaluated from the excitation energy and the Schottky lowering of the barrier maximum. A comparison with the band structure of tungsten as calculated by Mattheiss or Christensen and Feuerbacher demonstrates that apart from single nondirect transitions from or to band extrema direct (k-conserving) transitions are prevailing. Some properties of this new method for the investigation of band structure details are given.     

一种利用傅立叶频谱测量透镜焦距的新方法

本文介绍了一种利用傅立叶频谱测量球面透镜、柱面透镜及环曲面透镜单色光焦距的新方法,这种新方法不需要高精度的平行光管,用激光器作为光源,仪器调式简单,测量结果可靠,测量精度可达0.3%。如果采用光电扫描及微机处理,这种方法还可以实现自动化测量,而且可以测量不可见光工作情况下的透镜焦距。     

单路脉冲功率真空装置的三维数值模拟研究

研究了单路脉冲功率真空装置中脉冲功率的馈入、汇聚及传输, 在CHIPIC平台上, 采用多台计算机进行分进程并行计算的方法, 突破了单台计算机的内存及运行速度限制, 对单路脉冲功率的馈入、汇聚及传输装置进行建模, 并设置相应的参数, 从而对该大尺度装置进行了整体模拟. 模拟得到的该器件各个部分的阴阳极间电压、阴阳极电流等一些重要的物理参数. 模拟结果表明: 该单路真空脉冲功率器件整体都可以保持磁绝缘状态, 并达到了很好的功率汇聚的作用. 该工作验证了真空状态下脉冲功率产生及传输器件的可行性, 为进一步的实验研究提供了有力保证. 关键词： 单路脉冲功率真空装置 并行计算 数值模拟 磁绝缘     

Simulations of plasma formation in the cathode sheath of an efficient excimer lamp

Based on the available experimental data and computer simulations, analytical approximations of the quantities characterizing electron multiplication in the cathode sheath are proposed. The critical electric field is found above which runaway electrons are observed. Using the approximations proposed, the dependences of the plasma parameters (the electron and ion densities and currents and the electric field strength) on the distance from the cathode are analyzed. Simple formulas for the total current, the cathode sheath thickness, and the cathode potential drop as functions of the electric field on the cathode surface are derived.     

基于有效集算法的大功率单色LED太阳光谱模拟仿真

利用单色LED实现对AM1.5标准太阳光谱可见光（380~780 nm）波段和标准光源CIE-D65的匹配,提出了通过有效集算法作为目标光谱的匹配算法,将Epitex公司的大功率单色LED的峰值波长和半高全宽数据作为有效集,并建立了一个数据库。将相关指数R²最大作为优化目标,通过MATLAB编程求解超定方程组的最小二乘解求出拟合所需要的单色LED的种类和数量。拟合AM1.5可见光的最佳组合中使用24种单色LED,相关指数R²高达0.850 2,拟合标准光源CIE-D65的最佳组合中使用25种单色LED,相关指数R²高达0.940 5。进行了增加LED和减少LED的优化实验。得出的结果对工程实践中单色LED拟合太阳光谱的研究提供了理论基础。     

碳纳米管阴极强流脉冲发射特性实验

 在2 MeV直线感应加速器注入器平台上研究了采用浸渍涂覆方法制备的大面积碳纳米管阴极发射体的强流发射特性。研究结果表明：在脉冲高压电场下,碳纳米管阴极具有强流电子束发射能力,发射电流密度较大;碳纳米管阴极发射电子过程为场致等离子体发射。实验过程中,阴极端取样电阻环收集到的最大发射电流达350 A,阳极端法拉第筒收集的发射电流为167 A,最大阴极发射电流密度为19.4 A/cm²。     

Experimental investigations of the currents collected by metalshields in high-current vacuum arcs

This paper presents experimental results of currents collected on the three-element condensation shield connected to the cathode potential in high-current vacuum arcs. The arc current had 900 Hz, 150 Hz, or 50 Hz half-cycle sinusoidal shapes and was conducted between the CuCr40 contacts with a diameter of 50 mm (cathode) and 30 mm (anode) spaced 10 mm apart. Most of the measurements were made for the current of 900 Hz with peak values up to 9 kA. Arc voltage, floating shield potential, and distribution of shield currents were measured. It was found that the current collected by the shield and also the arc voltage and floating shield potential are greater for higher frequency currents, and that they are affected by the arc mode. Considerable shield current is observed during a high-amplitude (HA) oscillation sequence of arc voltage while its mean value is increased. For 900-Hz arcs at the 9-kA peak value (I_am), the ratio of shield current (i_s) to an instantaneous value of arc current (i_a) reaches even 40% near I_am value. In the initial half-cycle period (before the initiation of high-voltage oscillation), the ratio of i_s/i_a increases with i_a and current frequency. A close relationship was found between arc voltage and current distribution on a three-element shield     

Study of Intense Electron Beams Produced by High-Voltage Pulsed Glow Discharges

We report the generation of high-current-density (20 A/cm2) pulsed electron beams from high-voltage (48-100 kV) glow discharges using cathodes 7.5 cm in diameter. The pulse duration was determined by the energy of the pulse generator and varied between 0.2 ?s and several microseconds, depending on the discharge current. The largest electron beam current (900 A) was obtained with an oxidized aluminum cathode in a helium-oxygen atmosphere. An oxidized magnesium cathode produced similar results, and a molybdenum cathode operated at considerably lower currents. A small-diameter (<1 mm) well-collimated beam of energetic electrons of very high current density (>1 kA/cm2) was also observed to develop in the center of the discharge. Electrostatic probe measurements show that the negative glow plasma density and the electron beam current have a similar spatial distribution. Electron temperatures of 1-1.5 eV were measured at 7 cm from the cathode. The plasma density (8.5 · 1011 cm-3 at 450 A) was found to depend linearly on the discharge current. In discharges at high currents a denser and higher temperature plasma region was observed to develop at approximately 20 cm from the cathode. We have modeled the process of electron beam generation and predicted the energy distribution of the electron beam. More than 95 percent of the electron beam energy is calculated to be within 10 percent of that corresponding to the discharge voltage.     

Absorptionsspektroskopie angeregter Cäsiumatome

Cesium atoms, enclosed in a glass vessel, are excited by a weak electrical discharge and irradiated by monochromatic light with wavelengths corresponding to the sharp, diffuse, and fundamental series. By light absorption, highly excited atoms are produced, which are ionized by electron collisions. These ions diffuse into the space charge region of a diode path, compensate partially the space charge, and increase the thermionic diode current. By this method, ionic currents of about 10 ions per sec can be detected. If the wavelength of the incident light is varied continuously, the complete absorption spectrum of excited cesium atoms can be found in the recorded diode current.