水相胶束体系中底物微环境对辣根过氧化物酶催化反应的影响

利用荧光测活法比较了HRP在有机相与水相胶束体系中催化不同芳香胺类的动力学常数,发现在水相胶束体系中,HRP是在一个较严格的亲、疏水界面进行催化反应。同时对界面酶学性质进行了初步研究,讨论了在胶束中不同增溶位置对反应动力学常数的影响。     

反相胶束对辣根过氧化物酶催化反应的影响

胶束体系是酶学研究比较理想的体系,因为它所具有的诸如热力学稳定、光学透明及能增溶亲水分子、亲油分子或两性分子等性质,使许多酶在胶束体系中的反应速率远远高于在水相中,即人们发现的所谓“超活性”［‘j．辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）是一种比较稳定的酶,且价廉易得,具备一般过氧化物酶的典型反应．在研究中人们发现,HRP在反相胶束体系中同样具有“超活性”,由于HRP能够催化大量底物进行反应,因此“超活性”对HRP的催化反应具有重要意义．已有研究者［’、’j对CTAB反相胶束体系中HRP的性质进行了探讨,但反相胶束对HRP的…     

反相胶束膜模拟体系中氨基酸的光敏化氧化

研究了AOT/H_2O/甲苯反相胶束体系中,光敏剂H[TBC(O~iPr)_4P(OH)]的光化学性质及其对氨基酸的光敏化氧化.结果表明,反相胶束可促使光敏剂解聚,并提高其敏化产生和~1O_2~-的效率,溶于反相胶束水团中的色氨酸和酪氨酸可被H[TBC(O~iPr)_4P(OH)]光敏化氧化,反应以Ⅱ型机制(~1O_2)为主.氨基酸光氧化动力学研究表明,反相胶束所形成的微多相体系可改变光敏化反应的途径和动力学控制因素.     

AOT反相胶束介质中敏化稀土离子荧光: 嘌呤类化合物为能量给体

研究了反相胶束体系中敏化Tb^3^+的离子荧光。在AOT/C6H12H2O反相胶束溶液中[AOT: 琥珀酸二(2-乙基己基)酯磺酸钠]发生了非常有效的从茶碱的三重态到Tb^3^+的4f能层的能量转移, 并敏化稀土离子Tb^3^+产生离子荧光。而在阳离子表面活性剂CTAB形成的反相胶束体系中, 只能观察到较弱的Tb^3^+的离子荧光。表明在AOT反相胶束中Tb^3^+是键合在磺酸头基上, 有利于能量转移过程, 显著增强Tb^3^+的离子荧光。通过发光光谱和寿命测量, 详细讨论了AOT浓度和水泡大小(W值)等对敏化离子荧光的影响, 表明与Tb^3^+离子水合的水分子的高频OH振动猝灭Tb^3^+的离子发光, 该猝灭过程属静态猝灭。在较低的AOT浓度和较小的W值下, 可观察到较强的Tb^3^+离子荧光, 并建立了AOT反相胶束中五种嘌呤类化合物的分析方法, 检出限在8.0×10^-^9～8.0×10^-^7mol.dm^-^3之间。     

一种基于检测酶反应中间体而测定漆酶活性的动力学分析法

在反相胶束（AOT／n-octane）介质中，漆酶（laccase）－邻苯二胺（o-phenylenediamine,OPDA）本系的酶催化反应呈现“超级活性”，并且酶催化反应中间体与产物2，3－二氨基吩嗪（2，3－diaminophemazine,DAP）的吸收光谱能很好的剥离分开。通过理论，表明酶催化反应中间体生成的初始速率与漆酶活性存在定量关系，采用初始速率法测定中间体的浓度，建立了一种基于检测酶催化反应中间体而测定漆酶活性的动力学分析新方法。该方法由于在反相胶束介质中采用初始速率法进行测定，具有较高的灵敏度和选择性。测定漆酶活性的线性范围为0－2.5U；检出限为0.033U。     

反相微乳液中辣根过氧化物酶催化反应的研究

研究了辣根过氧化物酶（ＨｏｒｓｅｒａｄｉｓｈＰｅｒｏｘｉｄａｓｅ，ＨＲＰ）在ＡＯＴ／水／异辛烷微乳液中的多底物酶促反应行为．实验结果表明，反相胶束中动力学反应机制与纯水中不同，并且利用紫外可见光度法研究了中间化合物Ⅲ在２种不同介质中的稳定性．     

生物抗氧化剂的研究——维生素C还原氮氧自由基反应中的胶束效应

本文用停止-流动ESR技术研究了在正离子胶束CTAB、负离子胶束SDS及非离子胶束Triton X-100中,维生素C对三种不同亲脂性的哌啶氮氧自由基,即4-羟基TEMPO、4-甲氧基-TEMPO及4-已酰氧基-TEMPO的还原反应动力学,提出了在胶束中该反应的机理并求出了各基元反应的速率常数。发现有氮氧自由基参与的两步单电子转移反应的速率均与胶束的性质及氮氧自由基的亲脂性有关。在TritonX-100中反应速率没有改变,在CTAB中反应速率增大,在SDS中反应速率减小;氮氧自由基的亲脂性愈强,反应速率的改变愈显著,4-已酰氧基-TEMPO在CTAB和SDS中的反应速率之差高达3600倍。通过对氮氧自由基在胶束中的ESR参数及线型的分析,讨论了胶束效应产生的原因。     

阳离子表面活性剂溴代十六烷基吡胶束对2,4—二硝基氯苯…

阳离子表面活性剂溴代十六烷基吡啶（ＣＰＢ）胶束对不中ＯＨ和２，４－二硝基氯苯的反应有催化作用，随ＣＰＢ浓度的增大，反应速率常数开始时迅速增大，然后趋于常数，ＯＨ浓度的增大使胶束催化不解的二级速率常数减小，ＣＰＢ胶束对此反应的速率提高作用比十六烷基三甲基溴化铵胶束更有效，对这两种胶束催化作用差异进行了讨论。     

纤维素的高分子化学转化及其变性的研究——ⅩⅤ.纤维素在高铈盐溶液中的氧化动力学和氧化部位

从高铈盐水溶液分解动力学角度进一步确定了反应体系的光敏性质。 从水解纤维素、纤素二糖、二醛基纤维素、葡萄糖、葡萄糖甲甙等纤维素模型化合物在高铈盐溶液中的氧化动力学,确定了作为含有多种官能团的高聚物纤维素的氧化动力学方程式是: -(d[Ce~(4+)]/dt)=(k_Ⅰ[Ⅰ]_0+k_Ⅱ[Ⅱ]_0+k_Ⅲ[Ⅲ]_0+……)[Ce~(4+)]其中,[Ⅰ]_0、[Ⅱ]_0和[Ⅲ]_0分别为纤维素中第1、2和3官能团的初始浓度。k_Ⅰ、k_Ⅱ和k_Ⅲ分别为它们的反应速率常数。 不同模型化合物中相同官能团速率常数的对比,确定了速率常数的归属。k_Ⅰ、k_Ⅱ分别为巨分子端基环上的潜醛基和 5、6-乙二醇单元的反应速率常数。证明在纤维素巨分子中至少有三个氧化反应部位。 纤维素巨分子经高铈盐氧化时,每个潜醛基或5、6-乙二醇单元各消耗二个高铈离子,最后都转变为醛基。在消耗一个高铈离子时,可以生成中间络合物——巨分子自由基。自由基位于末端基环的第2位和第5位碳原子上。 第三反应部位位于中间基环上,其反应速率常数虽小,但由于含量很多,故其反应速率不容忽视。第三反应部位的精确位置现尚无法肯定。 用高铈引发所得共聚物主链没有明显的裂解,自由基的可能位置表明它可能是接枝-嵌段复合共聚物。     

释放显影抑制剂型成色剂在彩色影像形成过程中的动力学研究 Ⅰ.在明胶层中DIR和DIAR成色剂与QDI反应的动力学

采用实验与数学模拟相结合的方法,研究了明胶层中释放显影抑制剂型成色剂与彩色显影剂氧化产物(QDI)的反应动力学,由实验测量的反应动力学结果与模拟动力学结果基本吻合,证明了明胶层中释放显影抑制剂型成色剂与QDI的反应,主要是发生在油-水界面上,反应速率与油珠大小、比速率常数、成色剂在油相中的浓度以及QDI的扩散系数有关。通过数值分析得到明胶层中DIR(Ⅰ)和DIAR(Ⅱ)分别与QDI反应的表观速率常数和比速率常数。     

Intermicellar material exchange in reverse micelles formed by ionic AOT and nonionic Igepal surfactants studied by means of pulse radiolysis. Influence of the temperature

The recombination of thiocyanate anion radicals, (SCN) ₂ ⁻ , formed pulse radiolytically within the water pools of reverse micelles stabilized with anionic AOT and nonionic Igepal surfactants, was proved as an indicator reaction to study intermicellar exchange. It was found that the exchange process is slower inIgepal than in AOT reverse micelles with the same water to surfactant ratio. The apparent activation enthalpy and entropy of the exchange process were determined in different alkanes. For the AOT and Igepal reverse micelles the activation parameters increase with the droplet size, but for the AOT systems they do not significantly change with the increase of droplet concentration. For non-percolated systems the activation parameters for Igepal reverse micelles approach those for AOT reverse micelles. This result supports existing suggestions that the mechanism of intermicellar exchange does not differ in principle between reverse micelles stabilized with ionic and nonionic surfactants.     

Improvement in enzyme activity and stability by addition of low molecular weight polyethylene glycol to sodium bis(2-ethyl-L-hexyl)sulfosuccinate/isooctane reverse micellar system

The activity and stability of Chromobacterium viscosum lipase (glycerolester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3)-catalyzed olive oil hydrolysis in sodium bis (2-ethyl-1-hexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT)/isooctane reverse micelles is increased appreciably when low molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) is added to the reverse micelles. To understand the effect of PEG 400 on the phase behavior of the reverse micellar system, the phase diagram of AOT/PEG 400/water/isooctane system was studied. The influences of relevant parameters on the catalytic activity in AOT/PEG 400 reverse micelles were investigated and compared with the results in the simple AOT reverse micelles. In the presence of PEG 400, the linear decreasing trend of the lipase activity with AOT concentration, which is observed in the simple AOT reverse micelles, disappeared. Enzyme entrapped in AOT/PEG reverse micelles was very stable, retaining>75% of its initial activity after 60 d, whereas the half-life in simple AOT reverse micelles was 38 d. The kinetics parameter maximum velocity (V _max)exhibiting the temperature dependence and the activation energy obtained by Arrhenius plot was suppressed significantly by the addition of PEG 400.     

Formation mechanism of conducting polypyrrole nanotubes in reverse micelle systems

Polypyrrole (PPy) nanotubes were readily fabricated through chemical oxidation polymerization in sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse (water-in-oil) emulsions. The reverse cylindrical micelle phase was characterized, and the key factors affecting the formation of PPy nanotubes were systematically inspected. AOT reverse cylindrical micelles were prepared via a cooperative interaction between an aqueous FeCl3 solution and AOT in an apolar solvent. In the H2O/FeCl3/AOT/apolar solvent system, the aqueous FeCl3 solution played a role in increasing the ionic strength and decreasing the second critical micelle concentration of AOT. As a result, AOT reverse cylindrical micelles could be spontaneously formed in an apolar solvent. In addition, iron cations were adsorbed to the anionic AOT headgroups that were capable of extracting metal cations from the aqueous core. Under these conditions, the addition of pyrrole monomer resulted in the chemical oxidation polymerization of the corresponding monomer at the surface of AOT reverse cylindrical micelles, followed by the formation of tubular PPy nanostructures. In a typical composition (74.0 wt % hexane, 22.4 wt % AOT, and 3.6 wt % aqueous FeCl3 solution at 15 degrees C), the average diameter of PPy nanotubes was approximately 94 nm and their length was more than 2 mum. The PPy nanotube dimensions were affected by synthetic variables such as the weight ratio of aqueous FeCl3 solution/AOT, type of apolar solvent, and reaction temperature. Moreover, the relationship between the diameter and the conductivity of the nanotubes was investigated.     

高压CO~2对反胶束溶解蛋白质性质的影响

在308.15K下,研究了表面活性剂琥珀酸二(2-乙基己基)酯磺酸钠(Aerosol-Ot,简称AOT)的浓度和水的含量不同时,溶解的CO~2对反胶束溶解牛血清蛋白(BSA)的性质和异辛烷中AOT反胶束稳定性的影响。实验表明,在适当条件下,CO~2可以使反胶束溶液中的蛋白质全部析出。本研究对有关机理进行了初步分析。     

Oxidative refolding of reduced, denatured lysozyme in AOT reverse micelles

The refolding kinetics of the reduced, denatured hen egg white lysozyme in sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT)-isooctane-water reverse micelles at different water-to-surfactant molar ratios has been investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and UV spectroscopy. The oxidative refolding of the confined lysozyme is biphasic in AOT reverse micelles. When the water-to-surfactant molar ratio (omega 0) is 12.6, the relative activity of encapsulated lysozyme after refolding for 24 h in AOT reverse micelles increases 46% compared with that in bulk water. Furthermore, aggregation of lysozyme at a higher concentration (0.2 mM) in AOT reverse micelles at omega 0 of 6.3 or 12.6 is not observed; in contrast, the oxidative refolding of lysozyme in bulk water must be at a lower protein concentration (5 microM) in order to avoid a serious aggregation of the protein. For comparison, we have also investigated the effect of AOT on lysozyme activity and found that the residual activity of lysozyme decreases with increasing the concentration of AOT from 1 to 5 mM. When AOT concentration is larger than 2 mM, lysozyme is almost completely inactivated by AOT and most of lysozyme activity is lost. Together, our data demonstrate that AOT reverse micelles with suitable water-to-surfactant molar ratios are favorable to the oxidative refolding of reduced, denatured lysozyme at a higher concentration, compared with bulk water.     

Integral physicochemical properties of reverse micelles of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT)

The effect the degree of hydration has on optical and electrophysical properties of water/AOT/n-hexane system is studied. It is found that AOT reverse micelles form aggregates whose dimensions grow along with the degree of hydration and temperature. Aggregation enhances their electrical conductivity and shifts the UV spectrum of AOT reverse emulsions to the red region. Four states of water are found in the structure of AOT reverse micelles.     

Thermostability of Cromobacterium viscosum lipase in AOT/isooctane reverse micelle

The thermostability of Cromobacterium viscosum lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) entrapped in AOT (sodium bis-[2-ethylhexyl] sulfosuccinate) reverse micelles was increased by the addition of short-chain polyethylene glycol (PEG 400). Two different approaches were considered: (1) the determination of half-life time and (2) the mechanistic analysis of deactivation kinetics. The half-life of lipase entrapped in AOT/isooctane reverse micelles with PEG 400 at 60 degrees C was 28 h, ninefold higher than that in reverse micelles without PEG 400. The lipase entrapped in both reverse micellar systems followed a series-type deactivation mechanism involving two first-order steps. The deactivation constant for the first step at 60 degrees C in PEG containing reverse micelles was 0.055 h!1, 11-fold lower than that in reverse micelles without PEG, whereas it remained almost constant for the second step. The inactivation energy of the lipase entrapped in reverse micelles with and without PEG 400 was 88.12 and 21.97 kJ/mol, respectively.     

Dynamics of solvent and rotational relaxation of glycerol in the nanocavity of reverse micelles

The dynamics of solvent and rotational relaxation of Coumarin 480 and Coumarin 490 in glycerol containing bis-2-ethyl hexyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) reverse micelles have been investigated with steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. We observed slower solvent relaxation of glycerol confined in the nanocavity of AOT reverse micelles compared to that in pure glycerol. However, the slowing down in the solvation time on going from neat glycerol to glycerol confined reverse micelles is not comparable to that on going from pure water or acetonitrile to water or acetonitrile confined AOT reverse micellar aggregates. While solvent relaxation times were found to decrease with increasing glycerol content in the reverse micellar pool, rotational relaxation times were found to increase with increase in glycerol content.     

Tuning the cooperativity of the helix-coil transition by aqueous reverse micelles

We show in this letter that the thermodynamic properties of helical peptides can be tuned by varying the degrees of backbone hydration. The latter was achieved by solubilizing peptides in the water pool of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micelles with different water contents or w0 values. Far-UV circular dichroism measurements on a series of alanine-rich peptides indicate that the helicity of shorter peptides is significantly increased in AOT reverse micelles at low w0 values, as compared to the corresponding helical content in buffer. This result therefore corroborates the previous simulation studies suggesting that desolvation of backbone CO and NH groups increases the stability of monomeric helices. In addition, it was found that the thermal unfolding transition of these peptides can either be very noncooperative or very cooperative, depending on w0 and peptide chain length. A simple model, which considers the heterogeneous distribution of the water molecules inside the polar core of AOT reverse micelles as well as the geometric confinement effect exerted on the peptide by the reverse micelles, was used to interpret these results.