Deformation Features on the Free Surface and Rigid Interface during Elastic Wave Reflection

Analytical expressions defining the reflection coefficients have been derived in the framework of the known problem of elastic wave reflection from the free surface and rigid interface. The found reflection coefficients are used to analyze the dependences of different strain and rotation components during elastic wave reflection from the free surface and rigid interface in the case of ideal contact and possible slip on the wave incidence angle and elastic parameters of the medium. Deformation features of elastic media at the studied interfaces are considered for incident longitudinal and transverse waves.     

Ultrasonic shear wave properties of soft tissues and tissuelike materials

Determinations of shear wave speeds of sound and attenuation coefficients are reported for soft tissues, a silicone rubber reference material, and a gel used in manufacturing ultrasonically tissue-mimicking materials. Fresh bovine tissues were investigated, including calfskin, liver, cardiac muscle, and striated muscle. Because of the very large shear wave attenuation coefficients, reasonably accurate determinations of shear wave properties are difficult to make. The quantity measured directly was the complex reflection coefficient for shear waves at a planar interface between the sample and fused silica. Measurements were made at frequencies spanning the range 2-14 MHz. The shear wave attenuation coefficients increase with frequency and are of the order of 10(4) times the longitudinal wave attenuation coefficients. The shear wave speeds of sound also increase with frequency but are only a few percent of the longitudinal wave speeds of sound. The results are accurate enough to allow frequency dependencies to be proposed.     

Depth profiling the thermal reflection coefficient of an opaque solid via an inverse thermal wave scattering theory based on the Method of Images

A new formulation of the inverse problem of depth profiling the thermal properties of an opaque solid based on one-dimensional photo-generated thermal waves is presented. The inverse problem as posed is linear in a set of lumped thermal reflection coefficients which account for the return of energy to the surface by all significant heat conduction channels. An analysis based on the Method of Images relates these coefficients to individual values of the interface thermal reflection coefficients in the material. No weak backscattering assumption is invoked to linearize the problem. The method yields a unique solution subject to a given condition of regularization. Solutions recovered by the method are stable at experimentally feasible error levels. Received: 27 September 1999 / Published online: 16 June 2000     

On the third- and fourth-order constants of incompressible isotropic elasticity

Consider the constitutive law for an isotropic elastic solid with the strain-energy function expanded up to the fourth order in the strain and the stress up to the third order in the strain. The stress-strain relation can then be inverted to give the strain in terms of the stress with a view to considering the incompressible limit. For this purpose, use of the logarithmic strain tensor is of particular value. It enables the limiting values of all nine fourth-order elastic constants in the incompressible limit to be evaluated precisely and rigorously. In particular, it is explained why the three constants of fourth-order incompressible elasticity μ, ā, and D are of the same order of magnitude. Several examples of application of the results follow, including determination of the acoustoelastic coefficients in incompressible solids and the limiting values of the coefficients of nonlinearity for elastic wave propagation.     

法拉第手征介质反射电磁波的极化特性研究

从麦克斯韦方程出发严格推导了均匀介质与法拉第手征介质交界面处电磁波反射公式.通过解析的方法讨论了不同极化状态下反射电磁波的极化特性与法拉第手征介质电磁参数之间的关系.针对部分具体实例进行了计算,计算结果与理论预测相符合. 关键词： 法拉第手征介质 反射电磁波 极化特性     

Scattering phenomenon of qP wave at the interface of FGPM and piezoelectric medium

The present paper aims to investigate the reflection and refraction of quasi-longitudinal (qP) waves at the welded interface between rotating piezoelectric and FGPM half-spaces. The equation of motion and constitutive relations for both the media have been used to derive the expressions for reflection and refraction coefficients for various reflected and transmitted waves. Also, the energy ratios (dependent on incident angle) are calculated. Moreover, the sum of all energy ratios is approximately unity at each value of incident angle which ensures that the law of energy conservation at the interface. Moreover, it is observed that the reflection and refraction coefficients of various reflected and transmitted waves depend not only on the incident angle but also on the material constants of the medium, parameters of the electric potential, initial stress as well as rotation parameters of the two media. A particular case has been deduced to validate the present study. This investigation may have possible applications in the areas of signal processing, transduction, frequency shifting (a change in the velocity of surface waves and controlling the selectivity of a filter compensation) of individual devices.     

Interaction of ultrasonic wave with void-containing layer in solid

Using a general mode for sound reflection from multilayered media,we present in this paper the expressions for sound reflection and transmissioncoefficients on void-containing interface layer in solid and derive the character-istic equation for symmetric and antisymmetric modes of the interface wavesalong the layer.The method for evaluating the effective elastic moduli ofvoid-containing solid is also introduced.The numerical calculation given in thispaper shows the influences of the void volume concentration and layer thick-ness on the sound reflection coefficients and interface wave velocity,providing atheoretical basis for inverse of the mechanical properties of void-containinglayer based on the ultrasonic measurement.     

超声与固体中含气泡层的相互作用

本文利用固体层状媒质声反射模型,给出了固体中含气泡层声反射和透射系数的表达式,并由此导出沿固体中含气泡薄层对称和反对称模式界面波的特征方程式。本文还介绍了含气泡固体有效弹性模量的估算方法,文中给出的数值计算具体说明了气泡体积浓度和气泡层厚度对声反射系数、声透射系数以及反对称模式界面波传播速度的影响,本文的研究为根据声反射系数和界面波的传播速度的测量反演固体间气泡层的力学性能提供了理论依据。 关键词：     

Non-destructive evaluation of composite materials with ultrasonic waves generated and detected by lasers

Measurement of the stiffness properties of composite materials with laser generated and detected ultrasound requires proper understanding of waves emanating from a line or point source in anisotropic and viscoelastic media. The paper briefly presents calculation results of waves radiated by such a source through or at the surface of a composite plate. Dispersion is represented as well as the multiple wave arrivals connected with the folded shape of the quasi-shear ray surface. Moreover, internal diffraction at the cusp edges is properly depicted. An identification method with specific signal processing have been used to measure the stiffness coefficients of composite materials. From group velocity data, the stiffness tensor of materials showing an orthorhombic symmetry can be identified. The stiffness tensor changes induced by elevated temperatures in a composite material were then measured. An alternative approach was developed which allows to measure the phase velocities of waves generated with laser line sources. The material characterisation reliability is then improved. Moreover, the method can be used in practical cases where the front side of the structure only is accessible with the experimental devices. Despite reflection at the rear interface of transient divergent waves which ray surfaces may contain caustics, this inverse problem can be solved in a simple and efficient manner.     

REFLECTION OF PLANE WAVES BY THE FREE BOUNDARY OF A POROUS ELASTIC HALF-SPACE

In the present paper, we study reflection of inclined incident plane waves from a free boundary of the half-space in which the material is described by constitutive equations valid for elastic solids with voids. Both the cases of the transverse and longitudinal incident waves are considered, and it is shown that only the transverse one can propagate in the solid without attenuation, after having been reflected from the free boundary surface. The reflection coefficient and the amplitude of the surface oscillations are expressed in explicit form. The general results are demonstrated for several hypothetical porous materials, and it is shown that the reflection coefficient and the vibration amplitude are typically less than in classical media without voids. However, for relatively large transverse wave speed and high porosity, free boundary oscillation can exceed the classical one.     

A method for analyzing the microwave absorption properties of magnetic materials

Based on transmission line theory, a complex thickness is introduced to analyze the electromagnetic wave absorption properties of materials with high magnetic loss and low dielectric loss. At each frequency the real part of the complex thickness denotes the thickness of the absorber to reach maximum absorption, while the absolute value of the imaginary part of the normalized complex thickness represents the degree of impedance mismatch between the material and free space. Using this method, the intensity of the reflection loss and the corresponding material thickness can be well predicted and understood. This method describes well the microwave absorption behaviors of PANI/α-Fe and PANI/CIP/Fe₃O₄ composites. It is found that the electromagnetic energy loss in the material, as well as the interference cancellation of the reflected waves at the air-material interface, contributes to the global minimum of reflection loss for the two composites.     

平面电磁波在任意方向运动的介质-介质界面上的反射和透射

研究平面电磁波从一种介质入射到另一种以任意方向运动的介质时,在介质界面上发生的反射和透射现象,从Maxwell方程组、运动界面的边值关系和运动介质的本构关系出发,得到了反射波和透射波电磁场矢量与入射波电磁场矢量的关系的表达式、反射和透射系数,讨论了反射波、透射波与入射波之间的能量关系,电磁波对运动介质作用力的性质,并得出一些新的结论． 关键词：     

Reflection and transmission of plane waves at the interface of pyroelectric bi-materials

A simple reflection and transmission theory of plane waves at the interface of pyroelectric media is studied in this paper. In an infinite homogeneous pyroelectric medium, there are four bulk wave modes: quasi-longitudinal (QL), two quasi-transversal (QT) and one temperature (T) waves, whose velocities depend on the frequency and incident angle. Simultaneously, a quasi-surface (QS) wave on each side of the interface of pyroelectric bi-materials will appear in the general reflection and transmission problem. The quasi-surface wave has the same wave vector component with the incident waves along the interface plane. So, the reflection and transmission problem is different with the propagation wave in the infinite homogeneous space, but it is still solvable. In the reflection and transmission problem, there are ten complex continuous conditions on the interface, which are satisfied by the bulk and quasi-surface waves together. Numerical calculations are performed for bi-material PZT-6B/BaTiO₃. Incidences of the quasi-longitudinal and quasi-transversal waves from the side of PZT-6B or BaTiO₃ medium are discussed. The reflection and transmission amplitude coefficients and energy flow ratios varying with the incident angle are examined.     

固-固界面退化特性的超声反射评价方法

提出了一种基于有限宽超声束反射的固-固界面退化特性评价方法,从理论和数值仿真角度进行了分析和计算。将两固体界面间的薄层简化为界面弹簧模型,以界面法向和切向劲度系数表征界面的退化程度。通过数值计算求得有限宽超声纵波束在不同入射角和界面不同退化程度下的反射横波、反射纵波的镜面反射系数。进一步地,通过建立二维有限元模型,仿真研究了有限宽超声纵波束在给定入射角及界面不同退化程度下镜面反射系数的变化规律。结果表明,反射纵波和反射横波的镜面反射系数随有限宽超声纵波束的入射角及界面劲度系数的改变而变化,且存在镜面反射系数随界面劲度系数单调且敏感变化的入射角,据此可准确评价界面的退化程度。     

Measurement of sound absorption by underwater acoustic material using pulse-separation method

An alternative pulse-separation method is presented for measuring the sound absorption at normal incidence of an underwater acoustic material in a water-filled impedance tube. A damped sine pulse was generated in the water-filled impedance tube with a regular waveform and a short duration time of approximately 1 ms. During the generation of the pulse, the inverse filter principle was used to compensate for the transducer response. In addition, the effects of the characteristics of the tube termination can be eliminated during the generation of the pulse to obtain a single plane pulse wave in the impedance tube, which is a necessary condition for this technique. Measurements of the sound absorption coefficient of the rubber material and the reflection coefficient from a water/air interface were used to verify the pulse-separation method.     

窄光束在掠反射条件下的特性

在掠入射条件下,由于部分平面波分量无法直接入射到反射面,从而不能按照常规方式被反射和透射. 而反射透射模式的逆过程被用来描述非直接入射的这部分平面波分量与反射区的相互作用. 基于这两个模式,采用平面波展开法导出了窄光束掠入射条件下出射光的场分布,理论计算结果与采用BPM方法的模拟值完全一致. 关键词： 掠反射 平面波展开法 导波模式 光波导开关     

Reflection and transmission of SH-waves at a corrugated interface between two semi-infinite anisotropic magnetoelastic half-spaces

An analysis has been carried out for reflection and transmission of a plane SH-wave incident at a corrugated interface between two anisotropic magnetoelastic half-spaces. Rayleigh’s method of approximation is applied to derive the reflection and transmission coefficients for first order approximation of corrugation. The expressions for reflection and transmission coefficients for first order approximation of corrugation are obtained in closed form for a special type of interface. It is found that these coefficients are proportional to the amplitude of corrugation and are functions of magnetoelastic properties of materials of the half-spaces as well as the angle of incidence. Special cases are deduced for anisotropic and isotropic materials for particular case of corrugation. Numerical computations are performed for a specific model of two different anisotropic magnetoelastic media. The effects of anisotropic magnetoelastic coupling parameter, the angle at which wave crosses the magnetic field, frequency factor, wave length of corrugation, and the amplitude of corrugation are shown through figures.     

金属平板覆盖负折射率媒质的电磁波反射系数的PLRC-FDTD分析

 推导了负折射率媒质中的FDTD分段线性递归卷积(PLRC)计算式,并将PLRC-FDTD方法用于仿真电磁波与负折射率媒质的相互作用, 计算了金属平板覆盖负折射率媒质层对垂直入射电磁波的反射系数。数值结果表明：负折射率媒质包层可以极大地减少目标的电磁回波能量,碰撞频率越大,振荡频率越小,其吸波性能越好;负折射率媒质碰撞频率、振荡频率及其分布形式是影响反射系数的重要因素。     

On the theory of X-ray coherent reflection from a rough surface

A solution of the problem of X-ray specular reflection from a statistically rough surface is presented. It is based on using the Green function formalism. The Kirchhoff formula is used to describe the transmission of the wave field through a rough interface. Generally, microscopically exact expressions for the coefficients of transmission through a rough surface and reflection from it are obtained by taking multiple scattering effects into account. Averaging of the obtained expressions over possible realizations of random roughness of the interface between media allows to obtain rigorous expressions for specular reflection and transmission coefficients. The behavior of exact solutions in the limiting case of infinite correlation lengths is studied. It is shown that, in this case, the obtained solution corresponds to the Debye-Waller normalization. Expressions for the reflection and transmission coefficients making it possible to carry out numerical calculations are obtained in the Bourret approximation of multiple-scattering theory.