北京市污水处理厂中全氟化合物的污染水平

研究了北京市污水处理厂中全氟化合物的污染水平.分别对北京市主要的七个污水处理厂的进出口污水和污泥样品进行了季节性采样,并对样品中的9种全氟化合物进行系统性分析,结果表明在所有的污泥和污水样品中均检测到一定浓度的全氟化合物.污水中主要的全氟化合物是全氟辛酸(PFOA),而在污泥中则为全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS).在进口污水中,全氟化合物总浓度是2.88～176ng/L,出口污水中是5.48～498ng/L,而相应的污泥当中的浓度则为1.21～32.0ng/g(干重).七个污水处理厂中,清河污水处理厂和酒仙桥污水处理厂的样品中全氟化合物的浓度最高,而方庄污水处理厂则最低.我们认为北京市污水处理厂最主要的污染源来自生活污水和商业污水.另外,研究还发现出口污水中全氟化合物的浓度往往要高于进口污水,分析原因是一部分全氟化合物可能是经由污水处理过程中产生的.PFOS浓度恰好相反,它在出口水中的浓度比进口水降低了约62%,造成这种现象的原因可能是在污水处理过程中污泥对PFOS具有较强的吸附作用.经过数据统计分析,我们发现出口污水中的全氟羧酸两两显著性相关,这也表明了这些物质可能具有相似的来源.最后,我们还计算了北京市污水处理厂...     

污水厂污泥制备吸附剂及其在水处理中的应用

污水厂污泥制备吸附剂及其在水处理中的应用;污泥;吸附剂;污水处理     

全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸人体暴露途径解析及其污染控制技术

全氟辛酸（PFOA）和全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）是人工合成全氟化合物的典型代表。近年来,大量的环境调查数据表明它们普遍存在于多种环境介质、生物体甚至人体中,呈现出全球分布的态势,具有环境持久性和生物富集性,对人体健康存在潜在的危害,已成为一类新的环境持久性有机污染物而引起人们广泛的关注。本文介绍了PFOA和PFOS的环境来源和传输途径,解析了人体暴露的三种主要途径以及在食物、饮用水和空气/灰尘中的污染现状,并就围绕着它们所开展的污染控制技术方面的研究进行了评述。在此基础上,通过分析目前研究中所存在的问题,对今后的发展方向和研究重点进行了展望。     

典型全氟有机酸类化合物的样品前处理与分析方法研究进展

全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛烷羧酸（PFOA）是两种典型的全氟有机酸类化合物,也是全氟化合物（PFCs）前体物的最终降解产物,具有肝毒性、胚胎毒性、生殖毒性、神经毒性,检出率最高。在各种被污染的介质中,PFOS和PFOA含量往往很低,基体复杂多样,快速高效的样品前处理技术成为测定的关键环节。目前,国际上对PFOS和PFOA的测定无统一标准,而我国关于PFCs的分析研究落后于国际发展水平。该文介绍了PFOS和PFOA的特性,系统总结和评述了前处理技术（液液萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、超声萃取和QuEChERS法）及分析方法（色谱-质谱方法、光谱法、酶联免疫法和电化学法）,以期为PFOS和PFOA的分析监测及标准制定提供参考。     

北京城区降雪中全氟化合物的污染水平

通过检测北京城区降雪中16种全氟化合物的浓度,考察了北京地区大气中全氟化合物的污染状况.2009年11月10日,在城区采集了共计43个地点的雪样.降雪中全氟化合物的平均总浓度范围为0.47~7.94ng/L.其中全氟庚酸(PFHpA)、全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟壬酸(PFOS)、全氟癸酸(PFNA)的检出率均接近100%.PFOA是最主要的全氟化合物,平均浓度为0.85ng/L.通过分析数据,发现南城雪样中的全氟化合物总浓度要明显高于北城地区.     

水产品中全氟化合物的分析方法和分布特征的研究进展

综述了不同水产品(无脊椎动物、贝类、鱼类、海鸟、哺乳动物等)样品中全氟化合物(PFCs)的提取方法(有机溶剂-水提取、碱性消化提取、离子对液液提取、加压液体萃取以及超声萃取)、净化方法(二氧化硅柱层析、分散石墨化碳和/或弱阴离子交换固相萃取、混合模式固相萃取;QuEChERS或分散固相萃取;反向液液萃取;凝胶渗透色谱;低温冷冻去脂)、测定方法[超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)、湍流色谱-串联质谱法(TFC-MS/MS)、纳升液相色谱-串联质谱法(nano LC-MS/MS)、超高效液相色谱-飞行时间-质谱法(UPLC-TOF-MS)]和分布物征的研究进展,并对其进行了展望(引用文献76篇)。     

污水厂剩余污泥制备烟气脱硫吸附剂

以城市污水厂剩余污泥为原料,采用负载金属氧化物的方法进行改性制备烟气脱硫吸附剂,并进行了元素分析、孔结构、扫描电镜性质表征,采用热分析及傅里叶红外光谱法对污泥吸附剂在SO2-O2-H2O(g)-N2体系的吸附机理进行了探讨。结果表明,同时负载质量分数为5%的MnO2和质量分数为5%的MgO的吸附剂性能较好,污泥吸附剂以中孔和大孔结构为主,比表面积较小。在SO2入口质量浓度为2021.38mg/m3、O2质量分数为12%、H2O(g)质量分数为12%、气体流速为2.13m/min和温度为60℃的条件下,污泥吸附剂的脱硫效率为93.7%,吸附容量为99.3mg/g。氨溶液法再生效果较好,再生2次后,脱硫效率下降至93%,吸附容量为84.4mg/g。水蒸气存在时,复合氧化物的协同作用促进了对SO2的化学吸附。等温吸附过程可用Freundlich模型描述,吸附热值为78.4kJ/mol。固定床吸附模型的预测值与实验结果吻合较好。     

污水厂污泥堆肥后重金属形态变化分析

采用高温好氧静态强制通风堆肥工艺,研究了污水厂污泥与稻草、锯末、粉煤灰、磷矿粉、石灰按不同比例混合堆肥前后重金属在交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态3种不稳定态和包括有机结合态、残渣态的稳定态含量的变化。结果表明,该试验可以显著降低污泥中交换态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和As的含量,提高其它形态的含量。由此可见,堆肥处理可以在一定程度上降低重金属活性并保持养分,从而达到农业利用的目的。     

在全氟溶剂中全氟辛基磺酸稀土金属盐催化合成缩醛

氟两相催化;全氟辛基磺酸稀土金属盐;全氟溶剂;缩醛     

新阶段长三角一体化发展须处理好几类关系

作为中国经济活力最强、发育最为成熟的城市群之一,长三角具备坚实的经济基础和特点鲜明的区域合作模式,是中国最有条件实现现代化和一体化的区域。以上升为国家战略为标志,长三角一体化进入了新阶段。基于新阶段这一战略判断和长三角承担的新使命,长三角一体化须妥善处理好“质与量”“大与小”“同与异”“条与块”等几类关系：（1）质与量并行,以经济集聚提高发展效率;（2）大与小分明,全方位、立体化有序推进一体化国家战略;（3）同与异统一,以功能协同引导城市差异化、特色化发展;（4）条与块串联,以交通经济带建设推动都市圈等块状经济融合发展。     

长三角区域市场一体化与治理机制创新

市场一体化是长三角区域高质量一体化发展的基础和关键。实施这一项国家战略规划应该首先从长三角区域市场一体化开始。区域市场一体化有助于形成一体化发展的统一大市场,依据于强大国内市场可以转换中国经济全球化的模式,也有助于进入创新发展轨道。从过去鼓励地方政府间的竞争,转向提倡地方政府间的合作治理,建设、完善和创新区域治理机制,是在现有的行政体制中推进长三角区域高质量一体化发展的最有效途径。为此需要我们把竞争政策作为推进一体化发展的“一盘棋”的手段和机制,要以竞争政策为基础协调其他经济政策,为市场一体化创造政策协同的环境。     

长三角一体化发展示范区：国际经验、发展模式与实现路径

长三角一体化发展示范区作为中国高质量一体化发展的示范区,应积极吸收“成长三角”等国际上较为成熟的区域一体化的发展经验,从构建区域间合作创新体系和培育共识文化入手,注重发挥“毗邻效应”。在发展模式上,以跨行政区域体制机制协调为基础,以企业为主体,以创新为引领,联通内外贸易,实现虚实经济共荣。以改革措施的落地、以系统集成为抓手,通过完善顶层设计、深化实践创新、鼓励多极推动与强化同域整合,吸引长三角乃至全国优质的要素资源,培育具有掌控全球价值链能力的企业与产业集群,最终实现其作为新标杆、试验田和新引擎的目标。     

Simultaneous thermogravimetric-mass spectrometric study on the co-combustion of coal and sewage sludges

To combust coal together with a small percentage (<10%) of sewage sludge may be an option for the management of these wastes. Combustion of two different sewage sludge, one semianthracite coal and several sludges-coal blends (containing different dried mass% of each of the two sewage sludges) were studied by simultaneous TG/MS dynamic runs carried out at 5°C min^–1 in the temperature range 100–800°C. No interactions have been observed between coal and sludge during the blends combustion. Neither the combustion process, neither the studied emissions have changed appreciably for the mass% of sludge in the blends considered in this work.     

The effect of acid treatment on the pyrolysis behavior of sewage sludges

One sewage sludge (SLA) from Ávila region (Spain) was selected and used as raw material in order to study the influence of acid treatment on the pyrolysis behavior of sewage sludges. SLA was heat treated with acid solutions at pH 1 and pH 2 leading to SLA-1 and SLA-2, respectively. Characterization of samples has showed that acid treatment leads to metals removal and modifications in the organic matter composition of sewage sludge. Pyrolysis of three samples showed that SLA and SLA-1 have a similar pyrolysis behavior whereas SLA-2 shows a slightly extended temperature interval for pyrolysis, beginning at lower temperature and finishing at higher temperatures.     

Method development for analysis of short- and long-chain perfluorinated acids in solid matrices

In order to help to elucidate the transport and fate of perfluorinated acids (PFAs) in the environment, a reliable and sensitive analytical method has been developed in present study for determination of short- and long-chain PFAs in various solid matrices. The method consisted of solvent extraction of PFAs from solid matrices using sonication, solid phase extraction (SPE) using weak anion exchange (WAX) cartridges, clean-up of SPE eluent with dispersive carbon sorbent and quantitation by high performance liquid chromatography-negative electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-negative ESI-MS/MS). The method detection limits (MDL) and quantitation limits (MQL), which were analyte- and sample-dependent, ranged from 0.02 to 0.06?ng?g^?1 and 0.10 to 0.90?ng?g^?1, respectively. The recoveries of all PFAs were generally good enough for quantitative analysis of these chemicals (57–115%), especially for short-chain (<C8, 80–115%) PFAs excluded in previous studies because methods were not available. The precisions of this method, represented by the percent relative standard deviation (RSD) of spiked measurements, were in a range of 1–19%. In addition, matrix effect did not affect analyte quantification in solid matrices in most cases, and the validated method was successfully applied to analyses of short- and long-chain PFAs in various solid matrices.     

污水污泥空气气化特性的研究

利用外热式下吸固定床气化实验装置,以空气为气化剂对五种不同性质污泥的气化特性进行了研究。结果表明,升高气化温度有利于提高气化气的品质,气化气中CO、CH₄和H₂的含量和气化气热值随气化剂流量的减小而增加。污泥厌氧消化过程使气化气品质降低;污水处理工艺对污泥气化气组成和热值亦产生影响,其中连续SBR工艺的未消化污泥气化气中CO、CO₂的含量最高,而H₂、CH₄和C_mH_n的含量最低;活性污泥法的未消化污泥气化气中H₂和C_mH_n含量最高;A²/O工艺的未消化污泥气化气中CO、CO₂的含量最低,而CH₄的含量最高,且三个污水工艺污泥的气化气热值依次升高。     

珠江三角洲蔬菜中的锰

珠江三角洲蔬菜中锰的含量范围为５．０１＊１０＾－６－３４６．８＊１０＾－６,平均６２．９１＊１０＾－６,大多数蔬菜中锰的含量为２０＊１０＾－６－７０＊１０＾－６,叶菜类锰的平均含量为６９．２０＊１０＾－６,头菜类平均为１９．８５＊１０＾－６,果蔬菜类,花菜类平均为３８．９０＊１０＾－６。蔬菜中锰的含量与蔬菜种类和土壤性质有密切关系。     

Comparison of three digestion methods for the determination of the aqua regia soluble content of lead,cadmium and chromium in sewage sludges by ETAAS

A procedure for the determination of the aqua regia soluble content of lead, cadmium and chromium in a sewage sludge reference material (CRM 145R) by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) is described. A comparison of the dissolution procedure proposed in the certification report, to an oven-assisted digestion and a proposed microwave digestion procedure is performed. In the ETAAS method developed, 1 g of Pt proved to be an appropriate modifier for each of the above heavy metals. Possible sources of error at each analytical step are addressed. The metal contents obtained with the proposed method are in a good agreement at 95% significance level with the certified values given for CRM 145R.     

Occurrence of synthetic hormones in sewage effluents and Langat River and its tributaries,Malaysia

This study investigated for the first time the occurrence of selected synthetic hormones including 17α-ethinylestradiol, levonorgestrel, norethindrone and cyproterone acetate in Malaysian tropical waters. Samples were collected from the effluents of five sewage treatment plants (STPs) and at seven stations along the Langat River in Selangor, Malaysia, and its main tributaries. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In Langat river samples, only levonorgestrel and cyproterone acetate were found at 50% and 3.3% frequency. The concentrations detected for levonorgestrel ranged from less than the method detection limit (<MDL) to 213?ng?L^?1 and from?<?MDL to 76?ng?L^?1 for cyproterone acetate. For the STP effluent samples, levonorgestrel was <MDL in all samples and the concentrations detected were in the range?<?MDL – 262?ng?L^?1 for cyproterone acetate,?<?MDL ?11336?ng?L^?1 for norethindrone and?<?MDL – 1898?ng?L^?1 for 17α-ethinylestradiol.