北京市污水处理厂中全氟化合物的污染水平

研究了北京市污水处理厂中全氟化合物的污染水平.分别对北京市主要的七个污水处理厂的进出口污水和污泥样品进行了季节性采样,并对样品中的9种全氟化合物进行系统性分析,结果表明在所有的污泥和污水样品中均检测到一定浓度的全氟化合物.污水中主要的全氟化合物是全氟辛酸(PFOA),而在污泥中则为全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS).在进口污水中,全氟化合物总浓度是2.88～176ng/L,出口污水中是5.48～498ng/L,而相应的污泥当中的浓度则为1.21～32.0ng/g(干重).七个污水处理厂中,清河污水处理厂和酒仙桥污水处理厂的样品中全氟化合物的浓度最高,而方庄污水处理厂则最低.我们认为北京市污水处理厂最主要的污染源来自生活污水和商业污水.另外,研究还发现出口污水中全氟化合物的浓度往往要高于进口污水,分析原因是一部分全氟化合物可能是经由污水处理过程中产生的.PFOS浓度恰好相反,它在出口水中的浓度比进口水降低了约62%,造成这种现象的原因可能是在污水处理过程中污泥对PFOS具有较强的吸附作用.经过数据统计分析,我们发现出口污水中的全氟羧酸两两显著性相关,这也表明了这些物质可能具有相似的来源.最后,我们还计算了北京市污水处理厂...     

典型全氟有机酸类化合物的样品前处理与分析方法研究进展

全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛烷羧酸（PFOA）是两种典型的全氟有机酸类化合物,也是全氟化合物（PFCs）前体物的最终降解产物,具有肝毒性、胚胎毒性、生殖毒性、神经毒性,检出率最高。在各种被污染的介质中,PFOS和PFOA含量往往很低,基体复杂多样,快速高效的样品前处理技术成为测定的关键环节。目前,国际上对PFOS和PFOA的测定无统一标准,而我国关于PFCs的分析研究落后于国际发展水平。该文介绍了PFOS和PFOA的特性,系统总结和评述了前处理技术（液液萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、超声萃取和QuEChERS法）及分析方法（色谱-质谱方法、光谱法、酶联免疫法和电化学法）,以期为PFOS和PFOA的分析监测及标准制定提供参考。     

全氟羧酸盐海洋微表层富集与影响因素分析

通过环境调查和表面张力测定实验,观察了全氟辛酸盐（PFOA）和全氟寅酸盐（PFNA）在海洋微表层中的富集现象,探讨了污染物浓度、温度、盐度等热力学因素对PFOA海水表面富集的影响趋势．利用钢丝网法采集的黄海北部开阔海域微表层中（厚约200μm）,PFOA和PFNA的浓度分别为1．92～17．66ng／L和0．40～9．30ng／L,几何均值为4-27和1．38ng／L;微表层富集系数的几何均值为2．5（1．0～17）和8．2（2．1-42）．微表层中PFNA与PFOA浓度比值几何均值为0．33,显著不同于次表层海水中的组成比例（0．10）．海洋表层水温度和盐度是影响全氟表面活性剂微表层富集状态的主要热力学因素．温度增高时,微表层富集系数随之降低;盐度增加时,富集系数随之增加．     

应用于全氟辛烷磺酸萃取富集的全氟癸基修饰毛细管硅胶整体柱的制备及应用

利用溶胶-凝胶法,经过烷氧基硅烷的水解、硅羟基的缩聚、凝胶化、陈化、中孔制备、干燥和表面修饰等步骤制备了全氟癸基修饰的毛细管硅胶整体柱。采用该整体柱对全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)进行萃取富集,考察其富集特性和效率,并与传统的C18毛细管硅胶整体柱进行对比。结果表明,全氟癸基修饰毛细管硅胶整体柱(15 cm×75μm)对PFOS具有更高的吸附量和更好的富集选择性,其平均吸附量可以达到75 ng;样品中PFOS的质量浓度为0.25 mg/L时,富集倍数平均可以达到29倍。此全氟癸基修饰毛细管硅胶整体柱对PFOS具有良好的萃取富集性能,可用于水质中痕量PFOS的萃取富集。     

应用于全氟辛烷磺酸萃取富集的全氟癸基修饰毛细管硅胶整体柱的制备及应用

利用溶胶-凝胶法,经过烷氧基硅烷的水解、硅羟基的缩聚、凝胶化、陈化、中孔制备、干燥和表面修饰等步骤制备了全氟癸基修饰的毛细管硅胶整体柱。采用该整体柱对全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)进行萃取富集,考察其富集特性和效率,并与传统的C18毛细管硅胶整体柱进行对比。结果表明,全氟癸基修饰毛细管硅胶整体柱(15 cm×75 μm)对PFOS具有更高的吸附量和更好的富集选择性,其平均吸附量可以达到75 ng;样品中PFOS的质量浓度为0.25 mg/L时,富集倍数平均可以达到29倍。此全氟癸基修饰毛细管硅胶整体柱对PFOS具有良好的萃取富集性能,可用于水质中痕量PFOS的萃取富集。     

HPLC-MS/MS与ICP-MS分别测定血液中14种全氟化合物及常见金属元素

为了解广东儿童血液中全氟化合物(PFCs)和常见金属元素的含量水平,为儿童健康评估提供数据,该文采用蛋白沉淀法提取样品,高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)检测样品中14种PFCs。同时,以石墨全自动消解仪消解血液样品,电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)检测血液中钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)和锰(Mn)元素。结果显示,儿童血液中14种PFCs被普遍检出,其中全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛基羧酸(PFOA)的检出率及浓度最高,但在一些个体中发现较高浓度的其它碳链PFCs。PFCs浓度有随着年龄增长而下降的趋势,但除了全氟丁基磺酸外,无性别差异。另一方面,儿童血液中检出的Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn含量在正常范围内,未发现有性别差异。研究显示PFCs普遍存在儿童血液中,儿童PFCs暴露水平的研究应引起重视。在今后的监测中,不仅要关注PFOS和PFOA,也要关注其它碳链PFCs。     

氟调醇的环境污染与毒理学研究

多氟和全氟烷基化合物（PFASs）由于其独特的稳定性、疏水性和疏油性被广泛用于生产和生活中。PFASs的生产方式有两种：电化学氟化法（ECF）和调聚反应。由于持久性、毒性和生物富集性,ECF生产过程中产生的全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）及其盐和全氟辛基磺酰胺（POSF）于2009年被正式列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》的POPs名单,发达国家也开始逐渐停止用ECF方法生产PFASs。因此,调聚反应产生的PFASs前驱体氟调醇（FTOHs）的产量不断增加。研究表明,FTOHs经生物或非生物转化能够生成全氟烷基羧酸（PFCAs）,可能是PFCAs污染的间接来源。此外,FTOHs的一些中间代谢产物能够与多种生物分子共价结合,引起严重的毒性效应,而代谢终产物又能引起肝毒性和肾毒性等。近年来,FTOHs的环境问题已成为环境科学、毒理学和流行病学领域的研究热点。本文综述了FTOHs的生产状况、环境污染水平和相关代谢产物的毒性。最后讨论了目前存在的问题,并对未来的研究进行了展望。     

北京城区降雪中全氟化合物的污染水平

通过检测北京城区降雪中16种全氟化合物的浓度,考察了北京地区大气中全氟化合物的污染状况.2009年11月10日,在城区采集了共计43个地点的雪样.降雪中全氟化合物的平均总浓度范围为0.47~7.94ng/L.其中全氟庚酸(PFHpA)、全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟壬酸(PFOS)、全氟癸酸(PFNA)的检出率均接近100%.PFOA是最主要的全氟化合物,平均浓度为0.85ng/L.通过分析数据,发现南城雪样中的全氟化合物总浓度要明显高于北城地区.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定电子电气产品中全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定电子电气产品中全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的分析方法。采用加速溶剂萃取提取样品中PFOA和PFOS,二氯甲烷作溶剂,外标法定量,LC-MS/MS分析时间1 m in。电子电气产品中PFOS不同加标质量分数(0.25,0.75和1.25 mg/kg)的平均回收率分别为:91.6%、92.8%和94.7%;PFOA不同加标质量分数(0.50,1.25和2.25 mg/kg)的平均回收率分别为:90.1%、91.5%和93.4%;PFOS和PFOA测定的相对标准偏差分别为2.8%~3.3%和4.2%~4.9%。测定了金属框架涂层和氟聚合物材料中PFOS和PFOA的含量,PFOS含量分别为16μg/m2和0.89%,PFOA未检出     

定量核磁共振波谱法快速测定灭火剂材料中全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物

泡沫灭火剂中全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物(PFOS)的使用受到严格管控.针对灭火剂中PFOS快速测定的需求,建立了基于¹⁹F的定量核磁共振波谱(qNMR)检测方法.方法以全氟丁基磺酸钾为标准物质,通过计算全氟丁基磺酸钾的-CF3在化学位移δ-78.94处¹⁹F特征峰和PFOS的-CF₂在化学位移δ-117.12处¹⁹F特征峰的积分面积比值,进而实现PFOS定量分析.经测试,全氟丁基磺酸钾百分含量与定量峰面积线性相关系数为0.995 5,检出限为0.024%,定量限为0.080%.8种灭火剂产品的定性测定结果与实际标注情况相吻合,其中4种泡沫灭火剂产品中PFOS含量在0.106%～1.339%之间.研究结果表明,方法受基质干扰小、检测速度快、灵敏度高,可为泡沫灭火剂中PFOS的管控提供可靠的检测方法与数据支撑.     

Determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in sewage sludge samples using liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A new method is developed for the determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in sewage sludge samples. The analytes in sewage sludge samples are extracted by methanol and formic acid, cleaned by C18 solid-phase extraction, then separated, identified and quantitated by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF-MS). A C18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.5 μm) with gradient elution of MeOH–H₂O (60:40) containing 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate and MeOH–H₂O (80:20) is used for the chromatographic separation. [M−K]⁻ ions at m/z 498.93 for PFOS and [M−COOH]⁻ ion at m/z 368.97 for PFOA are selected for QTOF-MS in the negative electrospray ionization mode. The detection limits for PFOS and PFOA in sewage sludge samples are 0.5 and 0.8 ng/g, respectively. The spiked recoveries are in the range of 85–114 and 71–98% for PFOS and PFOA, respectively. The proposed method is successfully applied to the analysis of PFOS and PFOA in 16 sewage sludge samples from China. PFOS and PFOA are detected in most sewage sludge samples and the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA are up to 5383 and 4780 ng/g (oven dry weight), respectively.     

Determination of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonate in human tissues by liquid chromatography/single quadrupole mass spectrometry

A method is described that permits the measurement of the levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in human liver, kidney, adipose tissue, brain, basal ganglia, hypophysis, thyroid, gonads, pancreas, lung, skeletal muscle and blood, even in subjects not occupationally exposed to these compounds. The purification of samples involved the use of trifunctional (tC18) and strong anion-exchange (SAX) solid-phase extraction cartridges, and the analysis utilized a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a single quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC/MS). The analyses were conducted on a mixed-bed reversed-phase column by gradient runs using 3 mM ammonium acetate/methanol mixtures at different proportions as the mobile phase. The detector was used in electrospray negative ion mode by recording simultaneously the ions m/z 413.0 (PFOA) and 499.0 (PFOS). Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), added to the samples before the purification, was used as the internal standard (ion monitored = m/z 463.6). The recovery rates of the extraction procedure ranged from 79.6 to 95.6% (CV% 1.7-7.4%) for PFOA, from 79.7 to 100.8% (CV% = 1.2-7.1) for PFOS, and from 89.1 to 102.3% (CV% = 0.9-5.2 %) for PFNA. The calibration curves were linear up to at least 400 ng of analytes per gram of tissue. The detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) were 0.1 ng/g for both PFOA and PFOS measured in all tissues except adipose tissue, where the limits were about 0.2 ng/g. The content of analytes in tissues varied from 0.3 to 3.8 ng/g (respectively: basal ganglia and lung) for PFOA, and from 1.0 to 13.6 ng/g (respectively: skeletal muscle and liver) for the linear isomer of PFOS. The method is suitable to evaluate the content of PFOA and PFOS in different tissues taken from the general population exposed to very low concentrations of these pollutants.     

混合无机酸消解-固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析贝类壳体中的3种全氟磺酸化合物

建立了采用混合无机酸消解-固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱-电喷雾电离串联质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)分析贝类壳体中的3种全氟磺酸化合物的方法。将贝壳粉经硝酸/盐酸混合酸消解,用氢氧化钠调节消解液的pH值至6后采用Oasis WAX固相萃取柱富集净化,然后采用内标法通过HPLC-ESI-MS/MS在分时段选择反应监测模式下分析上述全氟磺酸化合物。结果表明,该方法对于贝壳中全氟丁烷磺酸、全氟己烷磺酸和全氟辛烷磺酸的检出限(LOD)分别为0.28, 0.42和0.43 ng/g,加标回收率为94.88%～96.24%。采用此方法对渤海湾两种双壳贝类壳体进行的采样分析也表明,贝壳中3种目标污染物的含量范围为＜LOD～0.70 ng/g,比其在贝类软组织中的含量低约1个数量级。实验结果表明混合酸消解-SPE提取是检测贝类壳体中此类污染物的有效前处理方法。     

Analysis of perfluorinated compounds in sewage sludge by pressurized solvent extraction followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are widely used in everyday life and one of the main recipients of these compounds is waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). Due to the structure and physicochemical properties of PFCs, these compounds could be redistributed from influent water to sludge. This work reports a new validated protocol for the analysis of 13 perfluorinated acids, 4 perfluorosulfonates and the perfluorooctanesulfonamide. The present work has been focused to develop a sensitive and robust method for the analysis of 18 PFCs in sewage sludge, based on pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up, analytes separation by liquid chromatography and analysis in a hybrid quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LC-QLiT-MS/MS) working in single reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The final methodology was validated using a blank sewage sludge fortified at different concentration levels. The method limits of detection were ranging in general from 15 to 79 ng/kg. These values were comparable to the decision limit (CCα) and the detection capability (CCβ), which were 17-1134 ng/kg and 18-1347 ng/kg, respectively. The percentage of recovery was from 79 to 111% in the most cases at different spiked levels. Finally, the repeatability of the method was in the range 4% (PFOS and PFOA) to 25% (RSD %). In order to evaluate the applicability of the method, 5 sludge samples were analyzed. The results showed that the 18 PFCs were present in all samples. However, the concentrations for most of them were below the limits of quantification. The compound present at higher concentrations was perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), which was in concentrations from 53.0 to 121.1 μg/kg. The other PFCs were at concentrations between 0.3 and 30.3 μg/kg.     

Determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in water samples by SPE-HPLC/electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are the most notable members of an emerging class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), perfluorochemicals (PFCs). A method for the determination of PFOS and PFOA in water samples was developed and validated in this study. Water samples collected from river and industrial effluent at Guangzhou, one of the most industrialized regions in China, were analyzed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Operational parameters of the ion trap mass spectrometer were optimized to improve sensitivity and selectivity of this method. The limits of quantitation and recoveries were 2.0 ng L^− 1 and 75% for PFOA and 0.50 ng L^− 1 and 88% for PFOS, respectively. In river water samples, 2.3-33 ng L^− 1 of PFOS and < 2.0-11 ng L^− 1 of PFPA were detected. And sewage effluents contained considerably higher concentrations of PFOS and PFOA.     

Determination of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate in water matrices by inline matrix elimination liquid chromatography with reversed phase separation and suppressed conductivity detection

This work describes a new method for the determination of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in water matrices by suppressed conductivity detection. Separation was achieved by isocratic elution on a reversed-phase column thermostated at 45°C using an aqueous mobile phase containing boric acid and acetonitrile. The PFOA and PFOS content in the water matrix were quantified by a pre-concentration technique. For the concentration range of 1 to 15 ng/mL and 2 to 30 ng/mL, the linear calibration curve for PFOA and PFOS yielded coefficients of determination (R(2)) of 0.9995 and 0.9985, respectively. The relative standard deviations were smaller than 1.5% for PFOA and PFOS. The retention-time precision of four consecutive 12 h injections was smaller than 0.641% and 0.818%, respectively. The presence of common divalent cations, such as calcium, magnesium, and iron in water matrices impairs PFOS recovery. This drawback was overcome by applying inline matrix elimination method. The optimized method was successfully applied for drinking water, ground water, and seawater samples.     

液相色谱-质谱联用法测定血液中全氟化合物

研究了快速溶剂萃取-液相色谱/质谱联用技术测定血液中PFAAs的方法。血液样品经过冷冻干燥,利用加速溶剂萃取的方法,最后使用液相色谱-质谱仪分析检测PFAAs成分。方法的回收率为74.6%~128.8%,检出限为1.10~25.1 ng/L。通过对珠江三角洲地区人群血液样本的分析,发现∑9PFAAs的浓度为26.8~557 ng/g,平均值为176±90.1 ng/g。血液中PFAAs的主要成分以PFHxA和PFOS为主,分别占血液中PFAAs浓度的20.97%和66.98%。人群血液中最常见和浓度最高的PFAAs是PFOS,而PFOA浓度相对较低。     

Determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in human plasma by large volume injection capillary column switching liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Rapid, selective, and sensitive methodology for the quantification of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in human plasma using packed capillary liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry has been developed. Plasma proteins were precipitated using acetonitrile and the resulting supernatant was diluted 1+1 with water containing 10 mM ammonium acetate (NH4Ac) prior to injection. Sample volumes of 250 microL were loaded onto a 30 mm x 0.32 mm ID 10 microm Kromasil C18 precolumn by a carrier solution consisting of 10 mM NH4Ac in ACN/H2O (5/95, v/v) at a flow rate of 100 microL/min, providing on-line analyte enrichment and sample clean-up. Backflushed elution onto a 100 mm x 0.32 mm ID 3.5 microm Kromasil C18 analytical column was conducted using an ACN/H2O solvent gradient containing 10 mM NH4Ac. In order to improve the robustness and performance of the method, perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHA) was used as internal standard. Separation and detection of PFOA, PFHA, and PFOS were achieved within 10 minutes. Ionization was performed in the negative mode in the m/z range 250-550. The method was validated over the concentration range 1-200 ng/mL for PFOA and over the range 5-200 ng/mL untreated plasma for PFOS, yielding correlation coefficients of 0.997 (PFOA) and 0.996 (PFOS), respectively. The within-assay (n = 6) and between-assay (n = 6) precisions were in the range 2.1-9.2 and 5.6-12%, respectively. The concentration limits of detection (cLOD) of PFOA was 0.5 ng/mL while the cLOD of PFOS was estimated to be 0.2 ng/mL in untreated plasma.     

Determination of polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters, perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids, perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids, perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids in lake trout from the Great Lakes region

A comprehensive method to extract perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids, perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids, perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids, and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters simultaneously from fish samples has been developed. The recoveries of target compounds ranged from 78?% to 121?%. The new method was used to analyze lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from the Great Lakes region. The results showed that the total perfluoroalkane sulfonate concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 145?ng/g (wet weight) with perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) as the dominant contaminant. Concentrations in fish between lakes were in the order of Lakes Ontario ≈ Erie > Huron > Superior ≈ Nipigon. The total perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 18.2?ng/g wet weight. The aggregate mean perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentration in fish across all lakes was 0.045?±?0.023?ng/g. Mean concentrations of PFOA were not significantly different (p?>?0.1) among the five lakes. Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids were detected in lake trout from Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, and Lake Huron with concentration ranging from non-detect (ND) to 0.032?ng/g. Polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters were detected only in lake trout from Lake Huron, at levels similar to perfluorooctanoic acid.