呋喃与双卤分子间卤键的电子密度拓扑研究

用DFT和MP2(full)方法研究了呋喃-XY (XY＝ClF, BrF, BrCl)体系分子间的相互作用, 讨论了两种卤键类型 Y—X…O和Y—X…π的作用. 研究表明: Y—X…π的相互作用比Y—X…O的作用强, 计算得到的分子间相互作用能按照呋喃-BrF＞呋喃-ClF＞呋喃-BrCl的顺序依次降低. 形成卤键后, 两种类型卤键复合物中的电子受体X—Y键伸长, 其振动频率发生红移. 利用电子密度拓扑方法对卤键的电子密度拓扑性质进行了分析.     

H2CO与双卤分子间卤键的电子密度分析

运用B3LYP和MP2方法在6-311++G(d,p)基组水平上, 对H2CO-XY(XY=F2、Cl2、Br2、ClF、BrF、BrCl)卤键体系进行构型全优化, 得到了O…X—Y型卤键复合物. 结果表明, MP2/6-311++G(d,p)计算结果与实验值较吻合. 并在MP2水平下计算了分子间的相互作用能, 用完全均衡校正CP(counterpoise procedure)方法对基函数重叠误差(BSSE)进行了校正. 利用电子密度拓扑分析方法对卤键复合物的电子密度拓扑性质进行了分析研究.     

乙烯、乙炔与双卤分子间π型卤键的电子密度拓扑研究

运用DFT和MP2(full)在6-311++G(d, p)和aug-cc-pvdz基组水平上, 对一系列简单的分子间π型卤键体系C2H4(C2H2)-XY(XY= F2、Cl2、Br2、ClF、BrF、BrCl) 进行构型全优化, 得到了T型卤键复合物. 结果表明MP2(full)/ 6-311++G(d, p)计算结果与实验结果较吻合. 并在MP2水平上计算了分子间的相互作用能, 用标准Counterpoise procedure (CP)方法对基函数迭加误差(BSSE)进行了校正. 利用电子密度拓扑分析方法对卤键复合物的拓扑性质进行了分析研究.     

H2O, H2S与双卤分子间相互作用的电子密度拓扑研究

运用量子化学微扰理论MP2和密度泛函B3LYP方法, 采用6-311＋＋G(d,p)基组, 对H₂O, H₂S与双卤分子XY (XY＝F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, ClF, BrF, BrCl)形成的卤键复合物进行构型全优化, 并计算得到了这些体系的分子间相互作用能. 利用电子密度拓扑分析方法对卤键复合物的拓扑性质进行了分析研究, 探讨了该类分子间卤键的作用本质. 结果表明, 形成卤键后, 作为电子受体的双卤分子X—Y键长增长, 振动频率减小. 复合物体系中的卤键介于共价键与离子键之间, 偏于静电作用成分为主.     

H2O, H2S与双卤分子间相互作用的电子密度拓扑研究

运用量子化学微扰理论MP2和密度泛函B3LYP方法, 采用6-311＋＋G(d,p)基组, 对H₂O, H₂S与双卤分子XY (XY＝F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, ClF, BrF, BrCl)形成的卤键复合物进行构型全优化, 并计算得到了这些体系的分子间相互作用能. 利用电子密度拓扑分析方法对卤键复合物的拓扑性质进行了分析研究, 探讨了该类分子间卤键的作用本质. 结果表明, 形成卤键后, 作为电子受体的双卤分子X—Y键长增长, 振动频率减小. 复合物体系中的卤键介于共价键与离子键之间, 偏于静电作用成分为主.     

半经验分子轨道法的电子密度拓扑分析（Ⅱ）

化学反应过程中的过渡态结构及氢键的拓扑性质,是近年来刚刚涉及的课题,本文讨论了文献[1]的方法对偏离平衡构型的过渡态结构及超分子体系的可用性问题及对计算精度较敏感的电子密度拉普拉斯量的拓扑特性。     

通过价层电子密度分析展现分子电子结构

迄今已有众多实空间函数被提出用来揭示化学上感兴趣的分子电子结构特征,例如化学键、孤对电子和多中心电子共轭。在这些分析方法中,电子定域化函数(ELF)、电子密度的拉普拉斯(∇²ρ)和变形密度(ρ_def)被广泛用于实际研究。众所周知,分析分子的总电子密度无法像以上提及的方法那样展现出与分子电子结构有关的丰富的信息。但是,在本文中,通过数个实例以及通过与ELF、∇²ρ和ρ_def的对比,我们指出若只关注价层电子密度分布,分子电子结构特征也是可能被探究的。我们发现对大多数情况,对非常简单的价层电子密度的分析也可以给出与ELF、∇²ρ和ρ_def分析类似的信息,并且这种分析具有计算复杂度更低的额外优点。我们希望本文的工作可以使得化学家们关注长期被忽视的价层电子密度所具有的重要价值。也值得注意的是,价层电子密度分析并非完全没有缺点,当这种方法无法提供丰富信息的时候,研究者仍需借助于其它类型的分析手段。     

(CH2)2O, (CH2)2S与双卤分子间卤键的理论研究

运用量子化学密度泛函B3LYP方法, 采用6-311＋＋G(d,p)及aug-cc-pVDZ基组, 通过CP校正的几何梯度优化对(CH2)2O和(CH2)2S与双卤分子XY (XY＝Cl2, Br2, ClF, BrF, BrCl)形成的卤键复合物的几何构型、振动频率和相互作用能等进行了研究. 利用电子密度拓扑分析理论方法对卤键复合物的拓扑性质进行了分析研究, 探讨了该类分子间卤键的作用本质. 结果表明, (CH2)2O和(CH2)2S与双卤分子间的卤键介于共价键与离子键之间, 偏于静电作用成分为主. 形成卤键后, 双卤分子的键长增加, 振动频率减小, 原子积分性质发生改变. 卤键键长的变化、键能的强弱、键鞍点处的电子密度值与双卤分子的电负性有关.     

C4H6O,C4H6S与XF (X＝F,Cl, Br)分子间卤键的电子密度拓扑研究

运用MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ方法对2,5-二氢呋喃, 2,5-二氢噻吩与XF (X＝F, Cl, Br)之间的卤键作用进行了理论研究. 研究发现: C₄H₆O, C₄H₆S与XF之间不仅存在O(S)…XF n型卤键, C＝C双键与XF分子亦可形成π型卤键|对于C₄H₆O与XF之间的n型和π型卤键以及C₄H₆S与XF之间的π型卤键, 卤键键能ΔE、键鞍点处的电子密度ρ(r_c)以及电子给体到受体之间的电子转移数Δq(XF)均按B…F₂＜B…ClF＜B…BrF (B＝C₄H₆O, C₄H₆S)的顺序依次增大|对于卤键键能较大的体系C₄H₆O…BrF(n), C₄H₆O…BrF(π), C₄H₆S…F₂(n), C₄H₆S…ClF(n), C₄H₆S…BrF(n), C₄H₆S…BrF(π), 卤键作用介于离子键和共价键之间|而对于其它的卤键键能较小的体系, 卤键作用为闭壳层静电作用.     

B…HY/BrY(B=C4H4,C6H6,Y=F,Cl,Br)分子间作用的电子密度拓扑研究

运用MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ对B…HY氢键复合物和B…BrY卤键复合物(B=C4H14,CdH6,Y=F,Cl,Br)的几何构型及相互作用能进行了研究.研究发现对于相同的路易斯碱来说,B…HY和B…BrY的几何构型非常类似,B…BrY卤键键能大于B…HY氢键键能.电子密度拓扑分析表明C4H4(S)…BrY,C4H4(T).…BrF之间的卤键作用介于离子键和共价键之间,其余的氢键和卤键作用均为闭壳层相互作用.形成氢键和卤键后,卤化氢和双卤分子的原子积分性质都发生了变化,B…HY中H原子能量增加,而B…BrY中Br原子能量减少.     

Chemical bonding in view of electron charge density and kinetic energy density descriptors

Stalke's dilemma, stating that different chemical interpretations are obtained when one and the same density is interpreted either by means of natural bond orbital (NBO) and subsequent natural resonance theory (NRT) application or by the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), is reinvestigated. It is shown that within the framework of QTAIM, the question as to whether for a given molecule two atoms are bonded or not is only meaningful in the context of a well‐defined reference geometry. The localized‐orbital‐locator (LOL) is applied to map out patterns in covalent bonding interaction, and produces results that are consistent for a variety of reference geometries. Furthermore, LOL interpretations are in accord with NBO/NRT, and assist in an interpretation in terms of covalent bonding. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.J Comput Chem, 2009.     

On the Nature of the Positronic Bond

Recently it has been proposed that the positron, the anti-particle analog of the electron, is capable of forming an anti-matter bond in a composite system consists of two hydride anions and a positron [Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57 , 8859–8864 (2018)]. In order to dig into the nature of this novel bond the newly developed multi-component quantum theory of atoms in molecules (MC-QTAIM) is applied to this positronic system. The topological analysis reveals that this species is composed of two atoms in molecules, each containing a proton and half of the electronic and the positronic populations. Further analysis elucidates that the electron exchange phenomenon is virtually non-existent between the two atoms and no electronic covalent bond is conceivable in between. On the other hand, it is demonstrated that the positron density enclosed in each atom is capable of stabilizing interactions with the electron density of the neighboring atom. This electrostatic interaction suffices to make the whole system bonded against all dissociation channels. Thus, the positron indeed acts like an anti-matter glue between the two atoms.     

Testing theory beyond molecular structure: Electron density distributions of complex molecules

The electron density distribution (EDD) of a molecular system can be determined experimentally from elaborate X‐ray diffraction measurements or calculated with quantum mechanical methods: This provides a unique opportunity for mutual validation of the experimental and theoretical methods—a validation that goes far beyond comparison of molecular structures. Two examples of complex molecular systems of biologic relevance are presented. The first is the cocrystallized complex of betaine, imidazole, and picric acid, 1, which is a 75‐atom molecular complex serving as a model for the active site in the serine proteases class of enzymes, the so‐called catalytic triad. For 1 the experimental charge density was determined by combined modeling of single crystal synchrotron X‐ray and neutron diffraction data measured at 28(1) K, and it is compared with ab initio theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) level of theory. Overall, the agreement is good, but in one strong N? H? O hydrogen bond clear differences are observed. The second example concerns the EDD of the mixed valence trinuclear oxo‐centered iron carboxylate, [Fe₃O(OOCC(CH₃)₃)₆(NC₅H₅)₃], 2. This molecule contains 133 atoms (542 electrons) including three open‐shell iron atoms, and the experimental investigation is based on synchrotron X‐ray diffraction data. Calculations in the experimental geometry at the commonly used UB3LYP/LanL2DZ level of theory are not able to reproduce a number of experimentally observed electron density features. In particular, the sp³‐like distribution on the central oxygen atom and the electron deformations on the iron centers are at variance with experiment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004     

Evolution of chemical bonding and electron density rearrangements during D3h → D3d reaction in monolayered TiS2: A QTAIM and ELF study

Monolayered titanium disulfide TiS₂, a prospective nanoelectronic material, was previously shown to be subject to an exothermic solid‐state D_3h–D_3d reaction that proceeds via a newly discovered transition state. Here, we study the reaction in detail using topological methods of quantum chemistry (quantum theory of atoms in molecules and electron localization function analysis) and show how electron density and chemical bonding between the atoms change in the course of the reaction. The reaction is shown to undergo a series of topological catastrophes, associated with elementary chemical events such as break and formation of bonds (including the unexpected formation of S? S bonding between sulfur layers), and rearrangement of electron density of outer valence and core shells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A Full Topological Analysis of Unstable and Metastable Bond Critical Points

Researchers are developing conceptually based models linking the structure and dynamics of molecular charge density to certain properties. Here we report on our efforts to identify features within the charge density that are indicative of instability and metastability. Towards this, we use our extensions to the quantum theory of atoms in molecules that capitalize on a molecule’s ridges to define a natural simplex over the charge density. The resulting simplicial complex can be represented at various levels by its 0‐, 1‐, and 2‐skeleton (dependent sets of points, lines, and surfaces). We show that the geometry of these n‐skeletons retains critical information regarding the structure and stability of molecular systems while greatly simplifying charge density analysis. As an example, we use our methods to uncover the fingerprints of instability and metastability in two much‐discussed systems, that is, the di‐benzene complex and the He and adamantane inclusion complex.     

Fast density matrix-based partitioning of the energy over the atoms in a molecule consistent with the Hirshfeld-I partitioning of the electron density

For the Hirshfeld-I atom in the molecule (AIM) model, associated single-atom energies and interaction energies at the Hartree-Fock level are efficiently determined in one-electron Hilbert space. In contrast to most other approaches, the energy terms are fully consistent with the partitioning of the underlying one-electron density matrix (1DM). Starting from the Hirshfeld-I AIM model for the electron density, the molecular 1DM is partitioned with a previously introduced double-atom scheme (Vanfleteren et al., J Chem Phys 2010, 132, 164111). Single-atom density matrices are constructed from the atomic and bond contributions of the double-atom scheme. As the Hartree-Fock energy can be expressed solely in terms of the 1DM, the partitioning of the latter over the AIM naturally leads to a corresponding partitioning of the Hartree-Fock energy. When the size of the molecule or the molecular basis set does not grow too large, the method shows considerable computational advantages compared with other approaches that require cumbersome numerical integration of the molecular energy integrals weighted by atomic weight functions.     

Information distance analysis of molecular electron densities

The information‐theoretic basis of the Hirshfeld partitioning of the molecular electronic density into the densities of the “stockholder” atoms‐in‐molecules (AIM) is summarized. It is argued that these AIM densities minimize both the directed divergence (Kullback–Leibler) and divergence (Kullback) measures of the entropy deficiency between the AIM and their free atom analogs of the promolecule. The local equalization of the information distance densities of the Hirshfeld components, at the local value of the corresponding global entropy deficiency density, is outlined and several approximate relations are established between the alternative local measures of the missing information and the familiar function of a difference between the molecular and promolecule densities. Various global (of the system as a whole) and atomic measures of the entropy deficiency or the displacements relative to the isoelectronic promolecule, defined for densities or probabilities (shape functions) in both the local resolution and the Hirshfeld AIM discretization, are introduced and tested. This analysis is performed also for the valence electron (frozen‐core) approximation. Illustrative results for representative linear molecules, including diatomics, triatomics, and tetraatomics, are reported. They are interpreted as complementary characteristics of changes in the net AIM charge distribution and of the displacements in the information content of the electron distributions of bonded atoms. These numerical results confirm the overall similarity of the stockholder AIM to their free atom analogs and reflect the information displacements due to the AIM polarization and charge transfer in molecules. They also demonstrate the semiquantitative nature of the approximate relations established between the entropy deficiency densities and the related functions involving the density difference function. This development extends the range of interpretations based on the density difference diagrams into probing the associated information displacements in a molecule accompanying the formation of the chemical bonds. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002