乙醇/柴油混合燃料的相溶性及对发动机性能影响的研究

利用助溶剂解决乙醇/柴油的相溶性问题,讨论了混合燃料中乙醇和助溶剂添加量对相溶性的影响,并使用助溶剂体积分数为1.5%、乙醇体积分数分别为5%、10%、15%的混合燃料及 20号纯柴油（分别表示为E5、E10、E15和 E0）在发动机台架上进行了性能和排放试验。研究结果表明,柴油的烃组成是决定相分离温度的决定性因素;对全部测试油品,乙醇体积分数在10%、助溶剂添加体积分数为1.5%时,混合燃料相溶性较好。台架试验显示,随着混合燃料中乙醇掺烧比例的增加,发动机的燃油消耗率逐渐增加,而发动机的额定功率和最大扭矩逐渐降低,但最大扭矩降低的幅度较小;此外,随着乙醇掺烧比例的增加,CO比排放量减少,HC、NOx和PM的比排放量逐渐增加,但NOx和PM的比排放量增加幅度不大。10%体积分数的乙醇添加量是乙醇/柴油的最佳掺烧比。     

F-T柴油在直喷式柴油机中燃烧与排放特性的研究

煤通过Fischer-Tropsch (F-T)合成可得到十六烷值高、硫和芳香烃质量分数极低的F-T柴油。研究分析了未作改动的单缸直喷式柴油机燃用F-T柴油时的燃烧和排放特性。结果表明,与燃用0号柴油相比,燃用F-T柴油时的滞燃期平均缩短18.7%,预混燃烧放热峰值降低26.8%,扩散燃烧放热峰值较高,燃烧持续期相当。燃用F-T柴油时的最高燃烧压力略低,最大压力升高率显著下降,机械损失和燃烧噪音较小,燃油消耗率和热效率都得到显著改善。燃用F-T柴油可同时降低CO、HC、NOx和炭烟排放,其中NOx和炭烟分别平均降低16.7%和40.3%。研究表明,F-T柴油是柴油机良好的清洁代用燃料。     

燃料特性对车用柴油机有害排放的影响

研究了车用柴油机燃用不同品质燃油时,其排气烟度、颗粒PM、氮氧化物NO_x、碳氢HC和一氧化碳的排放特性,采用了五种不同硫含量、芳烃含量和十六烷值的柴油,进行了发动机台架实验和模拟整车NEDC循环实验。结果表明,随着燃油硫含量的减少,柴油机排气烟度、HC、CO、SO₂排放有所下降;模拟整车NEDC循环的PM排放显著降低;NO_x排放的变化幅度很小。随着燃油芳烃含量的降低,柴油机排气烟度、PM、NO_x、HC、CO排放的降幅显著。随着燃油十六烷值的升高,柴油机的排气烟度大都呈持续下降趋势;PM、HC排放显著降低;NO_x、CO排放的变化幅度较小。     

掺烧MTBE对电喷汽油机排放特性的影响

将增氧剂甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）按一定比例添加到90#无铅汽油中，在汽油机台架上，考查了不同掺混比的MTBE/ 汽油混合燃料对电喷汽油机排放特性的影响及三效催化器的净化性能。 实验结果表明, 电喷汽油机掺烧MTBE后，只是在负荷很小时对CO排放有明显改善，而在其他工况下，CO排放改善效果不明显，甚至有所恶化；低速时对碳氢化合物（THC）和 NOx 排放有所改善;中速和高速时的改善效果不明显。催化转化器对CO和THC转化率均能达到70%~99%，对 NOx 的催化转化率相对低一些，为12%~55%。三效催化器的转化率与燃料中MTBE的体积分数、汽油机转速和负荷有关。     

车用尿素液的测定方法

<正>国家环保部《关于实施国家第四阶段车用压燃式发动机与汽车污染物排放标准的公告》规定所有生产、进口、销售和注册登记的车用压燃式发动机与汽车必须符合国四标准的要求。"所谓车用压燃式发动机与汽车,主要是指柴油发动机和柴油车。据经济之声报道,大货车尾气排放污染,是严重影响PM2.5指标参数的重要因素。据环保部的数据,2011年我国的柴油车仅占机动车总保有量的6.3%,而氮氧化物排放量     

含金属分子筛上Nox选择性催化还原研究进展 I 含非贵金属分子筛体系

贫燃发动机车(包括柴油机),因其能提高燃料的利用、减少温室气体CO2的排放,从而引起了广泛关注.由于贫燃发动机的尾气富含氧,传统的三效催化剂不能有效地控制和转化其中的NOx,因此开发新的催化剂已经引起了世界各国的重视.     

稀土复合型柴油催化助燃剂的研制及应用

采用铈、铂的有机配合物及碳酸酯制备出一种稀土复合型柴油催化助燃剂.通过发动机台架试验,表明添加剂可有效降低碳烟PM和NOz排放,并且发动机热效率有所提高.     

适用于HCCI的生物柴油替代混合物简化机理的构建及验证（英文）

在正庚烷以及葵酸甲酯混合物详细机理的基础上,提出了一个适用于均质压燃发动机的生物柴油简化机理模型。该模型包含113种物质以及306个反应,通过路径分析以及温度敏感性分析方法得到。采用实验所得的燃料着火延迟时间、发动机缸内压力以及CO的排放来验证该简化机理的有效性。结果显示简化机理模型同正庚烷以及葵酸甲酯的着火延迟时间保持一致,并且能有效模拟缸内的压力变化过程以及CO的排放。为了进一步验证简化机理的有效性,将简化机理计算结果同详细机理进行对比。结果显示简化机理的缸内压力、缸内温度以及主要物质的变化趋势同详细机理保持一致。因此,简化机理是合理的。     

生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的理化及排放特性研究

对生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的表面张力、运动黏度、抗磨性、氧化稳定性以及碳烟排放等特性进行了测试和研究.结果表明,生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的表面张力随生物柴油含量的增加呈抛物线趋势变化,并随温度升高呈幂函数曲线下降.生物柴油的磨斑直径小于柴油,最大卡咬极限压力大于柴油.生物柴油的质量分数为40％-70％,混合燃料的氧化稳定性...     

环烷酸铈消烟助燃剂改善内燃机有害排放的研究

消除柴油机排放污染应当主要限制柴油机颗粒排放水平。研究具有助燃与消烟作用的柴油添加剂自然成为降低柴油机颗粒排放的重要途径。通过台架试验考察环烷酸铈消烟助燃剂加剂前后发动机的排气烟度、速度特性、负荷特性，以及排气温度等指标，结果表明环烷酸铈消烟助燃剂可降低内燃机排放中的NO2，CO化合物或碳烟等有害物质，特别对碳烟、NO2排放平均下降幅度较大。     

Sulfur impact on diesel emission control- A review

The effect of sulfur on diesel emission control is reviewed in this paper. Diesel exhaust differs from that of petrol engine exhaust in two major characteristics. Firstly, diesel exhaust contains a far higher amount of particulate matter, and secondly, the exhaust is far leaner, that is, far more oxidizing than a typical exhaust from petrol engines. Under these conditions, the conventional three-way catalysts are not effective in reducing NO_x . Emission from diesel engines is a complex phenomenon. The composition, the properties and the amount of these emissions depend on strictly technical parameters such as engine design and engine operation characteristics and on fuel and lube oil composition. Diesel fuel contains a small amount of sulfur which has an adverse effect even on the raw particulate emissions. The investigations on the effect of sulfur on hydrocarbons, CO and NO_x abatement in diesel exhaust gas is reviewed together with the newest technologies to avoid catalyst deactivation by unwanted SO₂ reactions.     

催化型DPF对车用柴油机气态污染物的影响研究

基于催化器小样评价测试仪对催化型颗粒捕集器CDPF小样进行活性评价,再结合柴油机台架性能测试,采用AVL(Systemforemissionsamplingandmeasurement,SESAM)FT-IR傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对全尺寸CDPF进行柴油机气态污染物影响研究,综合分析不同催化剂的CDPF对柴油机排放(二次气溶胶)气态前体物的影响。结果表明,随贵金属含量的增加,CDPF小样对CO、C3H8的起燃温度t50依次降低。相同物种起燃温度因相同比例贵金属的剂量不同而异。在高温时,催化剂中贵金属含量、价态以及混合气组分协同作用对C3H8转换效率影响明显;在柴油机台架性能实验中,全尺寸CDPF对CO、THC具有更低的起燃温度。在适度反应温度范围内,增加Pt负载量会促进NO氧化,Pd多以氧化态PdO存在促进NO的氧化,并且PdO还原成的Pd会促进催化剂热稳定性。NO氧化生成NO2的过程受到NO2浓度的抑制,同时也受柴油机排气中氧浓度的影响。在Pt、Pd和Rh同在的催化剂中,Pd含量较低的CDPF对SO2的吸附量较大,但随温度升高,助剂中CeO2促进SO2脱附,使CDPF具有一定的抗硫性。     

Effects of Reactive Species Produced by Electrolysis of Water Mist and Air through Non-Thermal Plasma on the Performance and Exhaust Gas of Gasoline Engines

Countries are paying increasing attention to environmental issues and are moving towards the goal of energy saving and carbon reduction. This research presents a method to analyse the effects of the use of non-thermal plasma (NTP) and water injection (WI) devices on the efficiency of internal combustion engines. The devices were installed on the intake manifold to investigate the effects of additional substances produced by electrolysis on the engine performance and exhaust emissions. According to the results, the addition of the NTP and WI devices affected the power efficiency and the rate of change of the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the internal combustion engines. In addition, the change rate of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the exhaust gases was affected. In conclusion, the study found that the additional substances generated by the NTP-electrolysed water mist or air influenced the fuel combustion efficiency and exhaust emissions.     

Experimental comparison of performance and emission characteristics of 4-stroke CI engine operated with Roselle and Jatropha biodiesel blends

The environmental degradation, combined with the continuous depletion of the world's fossil fuel reserves, has forced the search for alternative fuels. This study was performed to investigate the performance of novel biodiesels in the CI engine. The experiments were performed at three different compressions ratios (16:1, 17:1, 18:1) and four loading conditions (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%). Different types of fuels such as jatropha biodiesel (JB), roselle biodiesel (RB), and ternary biodiesel (TB) were prepared and analyzed. The thermal performance of different fuels was analyzed in terms of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT). The emission characteristics such as CO₂ emission, NO_x emission, and smoke emission were analyzed for all types of fuels. The results of these fuels in the engine were compared with mineral diesel (MD). The BTE was increased with increasing compression ratios and loads for all types of fuels. The BSFC was increased with increasing compression ratios but decreased with increasing loads. The increase in emission of NO_x was observed at higher compression ratios and loads. However, the CO₂ emission was decreased at higher loads and lower compression ratio. The performance curves achieved with a 20% jatropha biodiesel blend showed results that were approximate to those obtained with pure MD. The comparative analysis between different fuels showed that JB exhibit higher thermal performance as compared to other biodiesels. Therefore, JB can be a better alternative to conventional fuel.     

有机金属化合物降低柴油机炭烟排放及其机理的研究

在直喷式柴油机上按自由加速法进行了柴油机炭烟排放试验，考察了8种有机金属化合物降低炭烟排放的效果，并对其作用机理进行了研究。实验表明，8种有机金属化合物均能有效降低炭烟排放，降烟效果顺序为二壬基萘磺酸钡>二茂铁>环烷酸铁>石油磺酸钡>环烷酸锰>环烷酸铜>环烷酸钡>环烷酸铈。在纯柴油中添加4‰二壬基萘磺酸钡时，降低炭烟排放40.7%；添加1‰二茂铁时，降低炭烟排放35.3%。试验还表明，有机结构影响有机金属化合物的降烟效果，同时影响着它在添加量上的感受性。炭烟的生成，主要与生成的乙炔（C2H2）和多环芳香烃（PAH）有关，而炭烟的氧化则与炭烟周围氧浓度和炭烟颗粒表面积有关。多数有机金属化合物本身携氧，能使燃油迅速分解生成CO，CO的增加使PAH明显减少，从而抑止炭烟的生成。茂型金属有机物能活化CO分子，进而有效抑止炭烟先导物的生成。     

Emission profile of rapeseed methyl ester and its blend in a diesel engine

Fatty acid methyl esters, also known as biodiesel, have been shown to have a great deal of potential as petro-diesel substitutes. Biodiesel comprise a renewable alternative energy source, the development of which would clearly reduce global dependence on petroleum and would also help to reduce air pollution. This paper analyzes the fuel properties of rapeseed biodiesel and its blend with petro-diesel, as well as the emission profiles of a diesel engine on these fuels. Fuels performance studies were conducted in order to acquire comparative data regarding specific fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, including levels of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), smoke density, and NO_x, in an effort to assess the performance of these biodiesel and blend. The fuel consumption amount of oil operations at high loads was similar or greater than that observed during petro-diesel operation. The use of biodiesel is associated with lower smoke density than would be seen with petro-diesel. However, biodiesel and its blend increased the emission of CO, CO₂, and nitrogen oxides, to a greater degree than was seen with petro-diesel. The above results indicate that rapeseed biodiesel can be partially substituted for petro-diesel under most operating conditions, regarding both performance parameters and exhaust, without any modifications having to be made to the engine.     

一种具有低SO2氧化活性并满足欧V排放标准的柴油车氧化型催化剂

制备了具有高性能的稀土储氧材料Ce_0.75Zr_0.25O₂-Al₂O₃,Ti_0.9Zr_0.1O₂复合材料和Cr改性的β分子筛(Cr-β分子筛),并以此制备了单Pt型柴油车尾气净化氧化型催化剂.低温N₂吸附-脱附、储氧量测试结果表明,Ce_0.75Zr_0.25O₂-Al₂O₃样品具有较大的比表面积和优异的储氧性能,Ti_0.9Zr_0.1O₂复合材料也具有优越的织构性能.催化剂对HC和CO具有较高的催化活性,可使SOF在140℃开始转化,且具有较低的SO₂氧化活性.在YC4F国Ⅳ柴油机的测试结果表明,经该催化剂处理后的尾气排放能够满足欧Ⅴ排放标准对HC和CO排放要求.