大分子链的溶致凝聚过程

研究大分子链的凝聚从溶液考虑比较合适。溶液从稀溶液向亚浓、浓溶液的转变过程,本质上就是分子链从孤立单链状态向多链穿透、关联、缠结、凝聚的过程,称其为溶致凝聚过程。分子链溶致凝聚的类型十分丰富,包括凝聚成无定形态、结晶态和溶胶-凝胶转变等,讨论了这些过程中分子链溶致凝聚的特点。简要介绍了分子链凝聚过程涉及的基本物理问题:多体问题、复杂关联效应、平均场近似、临界指数,以及研究溶致凝聚的重要方法——标度律方法。     

DNA condensations on mica surfaces induced collaboratively by alcohol and hexammine cobalt

We performed systematic studies of λ-DNA condensation on mica surfaces induced by alcohol and hexammine cobalt (III) [Co(NH(3))(6)(3+)] using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The critical condensation concentration for [Co(NH(3))(6)(3+)] was found to be about 10 microM; the DNA molecules extended freely on mica when the concentration was below the critical value. The morphology of condensed DNA became more compact with increasing concentration. At about 500 microM [Co(NH(3))(6)(3+)] concentration, no condensation patterns could be observed due to charge inversion of the compact structures resulting in failure of adhesion to the positively charged surfaces. The critical concentration for alcohol was about 15% (v/v). At this concentration, a few intramolecular loops could be observed in the AFM images. With increasing ethanol concentration the condensation pattern became more complicated ranging from flower-like to pancake-like. When the solution contained both alcohol and hexammine cobalt (III), DNA condensation patterns could be observed even when the concentrations of the two condensation agents were lower than their critical values. We observed this phenomenon by adding mixtures of 10% alcohol and 8 microM hexammine cobalt (III) to DNA solutions. The condensation patterns were more compact than those of the condensation agents separately. Typical toroids were found at an appropriate alcohol and hexammine cobalt (III) concentration. The collaborative condensation phenomenon was analyzed by electrostatic interaction and charge neutralization.     

Fmoc保护氨基酸与Wang树脂的缩合反应

研究了保护氨基酸、Wang 树脂取代度、树脂粒度、搅拌方式对Fmoc-氨基酸-Wang树脂连接效率的影响. 结果表明, 保护氨基酸分子量的大小会因产生不同的位阻而影响缩合反应的效率, 分子量越小缩合效率越高; Wang树脂的取代度较高时, 已缩合的氨基酸给后续保护氨基酸的缩合形成阻碍, 使缩合效率降低; 粒径较小和搅拌较好时, 对保护氨基酸的粒内外扩散有利, 可提高反应速度和缩合效率.     

Formaldehyde Condensation Products of Model Phenols for Conifer Bark Tannins

Abstract

Gel permeation chromatography of the condensation products of phenols and formaldehyde proved effective in understanding the reactions of condensed tannins with formaldehyde. Rates of condensation of phloroglucinols, resorcinols, catechols, (+)catechin, and (-)epicatechin were examined to determine if methylol-tannins from southern pine bark could be prepared as resin intermediates. The phloroglucinols (models for the A-ring of pine bark tannins) were so much more reactive than were the resorcinols (models for the A-ring of wattle tannins), that preparation of methylol-tannins from pine bark tannins seems unlikely even though this approach has been applied successfully to synthesis of resins from wattle tannins. The methylol content of catechin-formaldehyde condensation products was very low. The catechol B-ring was unreactive under conditions in which condensations of pine bark tannins could be controlled. Although there is much less steric hindrance of the A-ring of (-)epicatechin than of (+)catechin, differences in the rates of condensation of these isomers were not detected. GPC and H-NMR spectra of (+)catechin condensation products showed that a dimer formed rapidly and that further condensation occurred more slowly.     

Solid state reaction of aromatic ketones with heteroaromatics

The solid state reactions of p-nitroacetophenone,acetyl-ferrocene with indole were catalyzed by anhydrous zinc chloride or aluminum chloride,and gave exclusively the 1:2 condensation products.The solid state condensation of aromatic ketones with l-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone was also investigated,and the 1:1 and 2:1 condensation products were obtained.The structures of eleven new products were determined by IR,MS,1H NMR and elemental analysis.     

Synthetic studies of proanthocyanidins. Part 3: Stereoselective 3,4-cis catechin and catechin condensation by TMSOTf-catalyzed intramolecular coupling method

TMSOTf-catalyzed intramolecular condensation for catechin and epicatechin units are described. A potential electrophile and a nucleophile were connected with diester linkers and TMSOTf-catalyzed condensation was examined. In comparison with intermolecular catechin and catechin condensation, the intramolecular condensation required high reaction temperature and reversed 3,4-cis product was obtained. The condensed product was transformed into the natural 3,4-cis (+)-catechin-(4β→8)-(+)-catechin dimer.     

环上取代基对苯乙酮和苯甲醛缩合反应的影响

苯乙酮衍生物与苯甲醛衍生物缩合制备各种查尔酮，报道了４种苯乙酮衍生物与９种苯甲醛之间相互缩合的结果，讨论了环上取代基对缩合反应的影响。苯甲醛环上取代基，除羟基外无论是吸电子基还是给电子基对缩合反应收率影响都不大；羟基处于醛基邻位和对位的苯甲醛与几种苯乙酮衍生物的缩合，多数没有得到预期的产物，或收率极低；苯乙酮环上的羟基对缩合反应影响很大，羟基超多，缩合越困难。提出了一种假设，试图解释羟基对缩合反应     

Teo的C~2模型与其它稠合规则之间关系的研究

提出了一个稠合型簇合物的稠合规则,讨论了唐氏拓扑结构规则和Mingos稠合规则的推广,扩大了两个稠合规则的应用范围.研究了在稠合型簇合物中Teo的C2模型与Mingos稠合规则、推广的唐氏拓扑结构规则和本文提出的稠合规则之间的关系.同时,利用提出的稠合型簇合物的稠合规则导出了超级簇合物"clusters of clusters"中原子和电子之间存在的魔数关系.     

Preparation of indolylmethanes catalyzed by metal hydrogen sulfates

Solid acids were developed and applied to the condensation reactions of indole with carbonyl compounds at ambient temperature. Tetra-(indolyl)methanes were obtained by the condensation reaction of indole with dialdehyde compounds.     

Syntheses of linear ethoxysiloxanes by the oxidative condensation of triethoxysilane

Linear ethoxysiloxanes were synthesized by the oxidative condensation of hydrosilane. Triethoxysilane was subjected to oxidation to form triethoxysilanol, and pentaethoxydisiloxane was formed by the condensation reaction of triethoxysilane with triethoxysilanol. Pentaethoxydisiloxane was also subjected to oxidative condensation to form a mixture of nona- and decaethoxytetrasiloxanes. In contrast, pentaethoxydisiloxane, heptaethoxytrisiloxane, and nonaethoxytetrasiloxanes were subjected to the reaction with ethanol in the presence of zinc to isolate hexaethoxydisiloxane, octaethoxytrisiloxane, and decaethoxytetrasiloxane, respectively.     

An investigation of the catalytic potential of mono- and dicationic imidazolium N-heterocyclic carbenes in the benzoin condensation

The catalytic potential of imidazolium salts in the benzoin condensation was investigated. Various aromatic aldehydes were tested in the benzoin condensation under the optimised protocol to afford α-hydroxyketones using N-heterocyclic carbenes derived from mono- and dicationic imidazolium salts. The products were obtained in good yields within short reaction times. Dicationic imidazolium salts with a long aliphatic chain between the imidazole rings were found to be more effective pre-catalysts for the benzoin condensation in comparison to the corresponding monocationic salts having the same aliphatic chain length.     

Synthesis of 2-alkylidenepyrrolidines and pyrroles by condensation of 1,3-dicarbonyl dianions with alpha-azidoketones and subsequent intramolecular Staudinger-aza-Wittig reaction

The condensation of 1,3-dicarbonyl dianions with alpha-azidoketones afforded open-chained condensation products that were transformed into pyrroles by Staudinger-aza-Wittig reactions and the subsequent treatment with trifluoroacetic acid.     

The condensation products of 2,3,6-trisubstituted-1,4-naphthoquinones with 2-aminothiophenol

The 2,6-disubstituted-, 3,6-disubstituted-5H-benzo[a]phenothiazin-5-one derivatives and 7-substituted-benzo[a] [1,4]benzothiazino[3,2-a]phenothiazine derivatives were prepared by the condensation of 2,3,6-trisubstituted-1,4-naphthoquinones with 2-aminothiophenol. The resulting compounds were subjected to reduction, dehalogenation and condensation with aniline. Some of the condensation intermediates were isolated and the reaction mechanism was also investigated.     

Synthesis of Some New 2,4-Disubstituted Hydrazinothiazoles and 2,5-Disubstituted Thiazolidinones

A series of hydrazinothiazoles has been synthesized by the condensation of thiosemicarbazones and α-bromoketones. Similarly the hydrazinothiazolidiones were prepared by the condensation of thiosemicarbazone and α-bromoesters. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by NMR and LCMS studies.     

对硝基苯磺酰基乙酸酯与芳香醛的缩合反应

对硝基苯磺酰基乙酸酯与芳香醛在六氢吡啶醋酸盐催化下发生缩合反应生成α,β-不饱和砜,研究了催化剂对反应影响,发现DPA(3-Dimethylaminophenylpropylamine)是最有效的催化剂,可以替代六氢吡啶。在NaCl/DMSO/H2O体系中,缩合产物2-(对硝基苯磺酰基)-3-苯丙烯酸乙酯在185℃反应,得到脱羧物E-2-(对硝基)苯磺酰基苯乙烯。用1HNMR确证了缩合产物构型为E。     

Synthesis of pyrazole,isoxazole, and pyrimidine derivatives from 2-arylsulfonyl-2-cyanovinyl ethyl ethers

1-Substituted 4-arylsulfonyl-5-aminopyrazoles were obtained by condensation of 2-arylsulfonyl-2-cyanovinyl ethyl ethers with hydrazine or its derivatives (phenylhydrazine and semicarbazide); condensation with hydroxylamine gave 4-arylsulfonyl-5-aminoisoxazoles, and condensation with thiourea gave 2-thioxo-4-amino-5-arylsulfonyl-1,2-dihydropyrimidines.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 969–971, July, 1978.     

Δ~5-3β-取代5甾烯并取代[17,16-c]吡唑(异噁唑)啉-5′-酮类化合物的合成

3β 取代 5 甾烯 17 酮与碳酸二甲酯经克莱森缩合所得产物再分别与肼或羟胺反应 ,合成了几种新的Δ5 3 β 取代 5 甾烯并 1′ 取代 [17,16 c]吡唑啉 5′ 酮和Δ5 3 β 取代 5 甾烯并 [17,16 c]异唑啉 5′ 酮化合物 ,其结构均经元素分析 ,IR和1HNMR确证。     

邻氨基二苯醚类重氮盐的水解及分子内缩合反应

用邻氨基二苯醚类化合物进行重氮化水解反应制备邻羟基二苯醚类化合物, 对影响氯代邻氨基二苯醚重氮盐水解反应和分子内关环反应的因素进行了系统研究, 讨论了取代基、金属及其离子催化等对两类反应的影响规律, 揭示了在金属离子催化下, 邻氨基二苯醚类化合物重氮盐发生分子内关环反应的规律, 并推测了反应机理.     

环丙沙星的合成工艺改进

对环丙沙星(1)的合成工艺进行了改进。在2,4-二氯-5-氟苯乙酮和碳酸二甲酯的缩合反应中,用甲醇钠代替氢化钠;在乙氧亚甲基化反应中,用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺二甲缩醛代替价格昂贵的原甲酸三乙酯;在哌嗪取代反应中,采用硼络合物的方法,提高了取代反应的选择性。1及其中间体的结构经1H NMR确证。缩合反应收率80.6%,亚甲基化和胺化的总收率70.8%,哌嗪取代收率90.8%。     

Phosphazene base-catalyzed condensation of trimethylsilylacetate with carbonyl compounds

The t-Bu-P4 base was found to be an excellent catalyst for the condensation of trimethylsilylacetate or trimethylacetonitrile with carbonyl compounds to form functionalized alkenes and beta-enaminoesters were also synthesized by the condensation with formanilides.